' 


L 




m 



ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR 



It. . 

THE LATIN LANGUAGE, 



WITH A SERIES OF 



LATIN AND ENGLISH EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION AND 

A COLLECTJON OF LATIN READING LESSONS, 

WITH THE REQUISITE VOCABULARIES. 



DR. RAPHAEL KUHNER, 

CONRECTOR OF THE LYCEUM, HANOVER. 



TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 



j/t>champlin, 

PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND LATIN IN WATERVILLE COLLEGE, 



^ 




BOSTON: 
JAMES MUNROE AND COMPANY. 

1845. 






A 



^n^i^ 



s"^ 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by 

J. T. Champlin, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maine. 



^ /^ 3 



ANDOVER: 

ALLEN, MORRILL AND WARDWELL, 
PRINTERS. 



I 



PREFACE. 



The unrivalled reputation of Kuhner as a grammarian in both 
the Greek and Latin languages, renders it unnecessary that any 
apology should be made for presenting to the American public the 
following translation of his Elementary Latin Grammar. His mer- 
its, before known to a few of our riper scholars, have lately been 
made familiar to all through the excellent translation of his Greek 
School Grammar by Messrs. Edwards and Taylor. It is understood 
also, that the same gentlemen have in preparation his Elementary 
Greek Grammar. 

It seemed but proper, therefore, that a beginning should be made 
towards bringing before the public some of the results of his gram- 
matical labors (equally profound and ingenious) in the Latin lan- 
guage. And no one, it is to be presumed, who duly considers the 
state of Latin learning among us, will deem it improper that a begin- 
ning has been made with an elementary treatise. The publication, 
within a few years past, of a translation of Krebs' Guide for Writ- 
ing Latin and a new and enlarged edition of Beck's Latin Syntax, 
has done much towards supplying American students with the gram- 
matical helps for studying the language critically. But with the ex- 
ception of the Ciceronian by Dr. Sears, which, admirably adapted 
as it is to its purpose, is not designed to supply the place of a gram- 
mar, nothing of importance has been published during this period to 
supply the deficiencies for elementary instruction. 

There is needed then, more especially, an elementary work on 
Latin Grammar, which shall give a right start to our scholars and 
put them in possession of the essential principles of the language in 
the shortest and most effectual way. Such a grammar, it is believ- 
ed, the present will be found to be. No one can take a class over 
it, without being impressed with its admirable order, precision and 
adaptedness to the purposes of elementary instruction. The pupil 



IV PREFACE. 

will here find the most happy arrangement of parts,, each preparing 
the way for the following, the simplest and most philosophical state- 
ment of principles, and every expedient resorted to, which genius 
and skill could invent, to aid the understanding and the memory. 
While it does not profess to embrace every minute principle of the 
language, it presents a selection of principles so judiciously made, so 
comprehensively stated and so extended withal, that it is believed, 
that it will be found to contain quite as many principles, applicable 
in reading the strictly classical writers of Latin, as many much more 
extended grammars ; certainly enough to meet the demands of ordi- 
nary students in the usual course of preparation for college. 

The plan of the work, as given by the author, is briefly as follows. 
Every grammatical form or principle of syntax, as soon as learned, 
is to be rendered practical and fixed in the mind, by translations 
first from the Latin into the English, and then from the English into 
the Latin. To prepare the pupil for these exercises in transla- 
tion, such forms of the verb as are requisite for constructing the sim- 
plest sentences are given at the outset, and a few simple rules of syn- 
tax as they are required, while on almost every page, lists of Latin 
words with their definitions are given to be committed to memory, 
most of which, also, are collected and arranged in alphabetical Vo- 
cabularies at the end of the book. As many of the examples for 
translation as possible, were selected unaltered from the classics, oth- 
ers were slightly altered to suit the cases for which they were em- 
ployed, and the remainder composed by the author, yet always so as 
to embody classical ideas and turns of thought. The examples in 
English may be translated into Latin, either viva voce or by writing, 
at the discretion of the teacher. 

The translation here presented is from the second edition of the 
original work, published in 1844. Previously to receiving this edi- 
tion, the translator had completed, within a few pages, the entire trans- 
lation of the first ; but on comparing the two editions, the alterations 
were found to be so great as to make the last almost a new work. 
He abandoned, therefore, his first translation, and commenced with 
the second edition de novo. Although this has delayed the publica- 
tion of the work a few months, no one, it is presumed, will regret it, 
when he reflects, that he is thereby put in possession of a vastly bet- 
ter book, and probably of a somewhat better translation. During 
the interval between the publication of the first and second editions. 



PREFACE. V 

the author had prepared a larger Latin Grammar and been daily em- 
ployed in teaching his elementary work, all which prepared him for 
making very important changes in a second edition. By this pro- 
cess, the book has been brought to the high state of perfection in 
which it here appears. Besides its general office as a grammar, it 
is designed to contain all that the pupil will need during the first 
year or more of his study of the language, serving as grammar, read- 
ing-book and lexicon. The adaptedness of such a book to the wants 
of beginners, the experienced teacher will not fail to perceive. 

It should be stated, however, that while the translation has 
been made from the second edition throughout, the translator has ta- 
ken the hberty to introduce a few remarks and paragraphs (in one 
or two instances with slight modifications) from the first edition, 
which had been omitted in the second, apparently, because they were 
considered more appropriate to the author's larger grammar to which 
this was to serve exclusively as an introduction. The different po- 
sition which the book will occupy in this country rendered it proper 
that these should be retained in the translation, even though, in one 
or two instances, they may appear a little inconsistent with the gen- 
eral plan of the work. For the same reason, the translator has ad- 
ded three short Appendices, chiefly from KUhner's larger Latin 
Grammar, of which that on Prosody, as it will be perceived, is de- 
signed only for the scanning of Hexameter verse. 

With regard to the mode of using the book, the intelligent teach- 
er will be the best judge. The author, however, suggests that, after 
completing the Etymology, the pupil should commence the more 
simple of the Latin reading lessons in connection with the study of 
the Syntax. And it may be added, that in some cases it will prob- 
ably be found best, to take the pupil over the first and perhaps the 
second Course, omitting the English exercises at first, and then re- 
turn and take them up in connection with a thorough review of the 
whole. Perhaps also, a judicious teacher, following out the general 
plan of the author, of diminishing difficulties by division and distri- 
bution, will think best, with very young pupils in particular, to 
omit some other things the first time over and take them up at sub- 
sequent reviews. But whatever course is pursued in teaching the 
book, a complete mastery of all that it contains should be aimed at 
from the beginning, and should be actually attained before it is 
left. 

1* 



VI PREFACE. 

In conclusion, the translator would express his obligations to the 
Rev. Dr. Sears, of the Newton Theological Institution, who very 
kindly listened to the reading of the greater part of the manuscript 
and suggested such corrections as his superior knowledge of German 
enabled him to do, and to ]Mi\ James H. Hanson, Principal of the 
Waterville Academy, who has given very important assistance in 
correcting the sheets as they passed through the press. 

Waterville College, ) 
Feb. 1845. ( 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



ETYMOLOGY.' 



FIRST COURSE. 

CHAPTER I. 

Of the Sounds and Letters of the Language. 

Division of the Letters § 1 

Pronunciation of the Letters 2 

CHAPTER 11. 

Of Syllables. 

Of the Measure or Quantity of Syllables 3 

Of Accent 4 

Of the Division of Syllables 5 

CHAPTER IIL 1 
Parts of Speech. — Inflection . . .6 

Partial treatment of the Verb 7 — 11 

First Conjugation .......... 8 

Second Conjugation 9 

Third Conjugation ' . 10 

Fourth Conjugation 11 

CHAPTER IV. 
Of the Substantive and Adjective. 

Classification of Substantives 12 

Gender of the Substantive 13 

Number, Case and Declension 14 

Gender and Declension of the Adjective 35 

First Declension .......... 16 

Second Declension l'^ 

Third Declension 18—21 



Vlll CONTENTS. 

Paradigms of Adjectives of the Third Declension . . . . § 22 

Fourth Declension 23 

Fifth Declension 24 

Comparison of Adjectives and Participles 25 

CHAPTER. V. 

Of the Adverb. 
Classification and Formation of Adverbs . . . . . . - 26 

Comparison of Adverbs ......... 27 

CHAPTER VI. 
Of the Pronoun. 

Personal Pronouns 28 

Demonstrative Pronouns 29 

Relative and Interrogative Pronouns ...... 30 

Indefinite Pronouns .......... 31 

Correlative Pronouns . 32 

CHAPTER VII. 
Of the Numerals 33 

CHAPTER VIII. 
Table OF the Prepositions ........ 34 



SECOND COURSE. 

Greek Nouns of the First Declension ...... 35 

Of the Gender of the Second Declension ...... 36 

Remarks on Particular Case-endings of the Third Declension . . 37 

Of the Gender of the Third Declension 38—40 

Masculine 38 

Feminine 39 

Neuter 40 

Of the Gender of the Fourth Declension 41 



THIRD COURSE. 

CHAPTER I. 

Of the Verb. 

Classes of Verbs 42 

Tenses of the Verb 43 

Modes of the Verb .......... 44 

Infinitive, Participle, Supine, Gerund and Gerundive ... 45 



CONTENTS. IX 

Persons and Numbers of the Verb . . . . . . . § 4() 

Conjugation ........... 47 

Formation of the Tenses .48 

Conjugation of the Auxiliary verb 5?i7ft ...... 49 

Active of the Four Regular Conjugations 50 

Passive 51 

Inflection of Verbs in io after the Third Conjugation ... 52 

Deponents of the Four Conjugations ........ 53 

Periphrastic Conjugation . . . . . . . . .54 

Catalogue of verbs which vary in the formation of their tenses from 

the paradigms given in §§ .50 and 51 ..... 55 — 69 

First Conjugation ......... 55 — 57 

Second Conjugation ........ 58 — 60 

Third Conjugation . 61—68 

Fourth Conjugation ......... 69 

Particular Irregular Verbs ....... 70 — 76 

1) Possum 70 

2) Edo . 71 

3) Fero 72 

4) Volo, nolo, malo ......... 73 

5) Eo 74 

6) Queo, nequeo ......... 75 

7) Fio . 76 

Defective Verbs 77 

Impersonal Verbs .......... 78 

CHAPTER n. 

Preposition. — Conjunction. — Interjection .... 79 



CHAPTER III. 



The Formation of Wobds 



80 



SYNTAX. 



Sentence. Subject. Predicate 

Limitation of the Subject and Predicate 

Agreement 

Double Nominative 

Classes of Verbs 

Tenses of the Verb 

Modes of the Verb 

Of the Cases 

Genitive 

Accusative 

Dative 

Ablative 



81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
-91 



90 
91 



X CONTENTS. 

Construction of names of Towns §92 

Remarks on the use of the Prepositions ...... 93 

Of the use of the Pronouns 94 

Of the use of the Numerals 95 

Infinitive ............ 136 

Supine 97 

Gerund 98 

Gerundive 99 

Participle 100 

COMPOUND SENTENCES. 

A. Coordinate Sentences 101 

B. Subordinate Sentences ........ 102 

Of the nsc^ of the Modes in Subordinate Sentences . . . 103 

Succession of the Tenses in Subjunctive Subordinate Sentences 104 

I. Substantive Sentences 105—108 

A. Accusative with the Infinitive ...... 105 

B. Ut, ne, ut ne, ut non, with the Subjunctive . . . 106 
" C. Quo, quominus, quin, with the Subjunctive . . . 107 

D. Quod, that^ with the Indicative . . . . . 108 

II. Adjective Sentences ..... ^ . . 109 

III. Adverbial Sentences 110 — 114 

a. Adverbial Sentences of Time 110 

b. Causal Adverbial Sentences . . . . . .111 

c. Conditional Adverbial Sentences 112 

d. Concessive Adverbial Sentences ..... 113 

e. Adverbial Sentences of Comparison .... 114 

Of Interrogative Sentences ....... 115 

Of the Form of Obliqce Discourse 116 

First Appendix. 
Of Prosody : 

Of Syllables 117 

Hexameter Verse 118 

Scansion ........... 119 

Second Appendix. 

Of Abbreviations ]20 

Third Appendix. 

Of the Roman Calendar 121 

Collection of Latin Reading Lessons. 
Vocabularies. 



ETYMOLOGY, 



FIRST COURSE, 



CHAPTER L 

Of the Sounds and Letters of the Language. 
§ 1. Division of the Letters. 

1. The Latin Language has as signs of its sounds, 
twenty-five letters, viz. six vowels and nineteen consonants. 

abcdefghijklm 
nopq rs t uvxyz 
ABCDEFGHIJKLM 
NOPQRSTUVXYZ 

Remark 1. The capital letters are used only : a) at the beginniDg 
of a sentence, after a period, an interrogation or exclamation point and 
after a colon (:), where the words of another are quoted; — b) in proper 
names, as : Romulus. — The letter k is used in but very few words. 

2. The vowels are either short or long. The short vowels 
are distinguished by w, the long ones by -, as : a, a, perpla- 
ces. The sign n signifies, that the vowel over which it 
stands can be used either as short or long, as : a. 

3. The Latin Language has the following diphthongs : 
ae. oe. au. eu. e^, e. g. aequitas, equity, foedus, league, 
aurum, gold, Eurus, the east ivind, hei, alas. 

Rem. 2. When ae and oe are to be pronounced separately, this is in- 
dicated by two points (puncta diaeresis, j?oiwf5 o/'sepamfton) placed over 
the second vowel (e), as : aer, the air, poeta, a poet. The diphthong eu 
is found in only a few Latin, but in many Greek words, as : Eurotas ; 
in general, therefore, eu should be separated in pronunciation, as: 
deus (pronounced, deus) God. In like manner, also, must ei be almost 
invariably pronounced separately, as: dei (pronounced, dei) of God, for 
ei as a diphthong occurs in but a very few words, as : hei, alas. 



12 PRONUNCIATION. QUANTITY. [§ 2, 3. 

4. The consonants, according to the greater or less influ- 
ence of the organs of speech in their pronunciation, are 
divided into : 

a) Liquids : 1, m, n, r ; 

b) Spirants :* h, s, v, j ; 

c) Mutes : b, c, d, f, g, k, p, q, t, x, z. 

§ 2. Pronunciation of the Letters. 

C before e, i, i/, ae, oe, en, is pronounced like s, but in 
other cases like k, as : celsus (selsus) cicer, cymba, caecus, 
ceu, coelum; but, caro (karo), coUum, custos, clamor; 

Ch is pronounced like k; 

Gu before a vowel in the same syllable Wkegiu. as : lingua ; 

Ph like our/, as : pharetra ; 

Rh as a simple r, as : Khea ; 

Sell like sk, as : schola (skola) ; 

Qu is pronounced like kiv, as : aqua ; 

>Sm before a vowel in the same syllable like 52^*, as : suasor; 

Ti before a vowel is pronounced like shi, as : actio 
(acshio). But if the i is long, the hissing sound disappears, 
as : totius. Besides, ti (with the i short) is pronounced 
without the hissing sound : a) if there is immediately be- 
fore the t another /, an 5, or an x, as : Attius, ostium, mix- 
tio ; b) in Greek words as : Miltiades, tiara. 



CHAPTER n. 

Of Syllables. 
§ 3. Of the Measure or Quantity of Syllables. 

1. A syllable is short by nature, when its vowel is short 
and this short vowel is followed either by another vowel or 
a single consonant, as : deus, God, ^'kx^x, father. 

2. A syllable is long- by nature, when its vowel is long, 
as : mater, a mother, murus, a ivall. Particularly, all sylla- 
bles are long in which there is a diphthong, as : plausus, 

* Spirants, i. e. letters formed principally by the breath. — Tr. 



§ 4.] QUANTITY. — -ACCENT. 13 

applause^ and in which two vowels are contracted into one, 
as : lacus, of a lake, (contracted from lacuis, the original 
form of the genitive of lacus, a lake). 

3. A syllable, which ends with a long vowel, is short hy 
position^ i. e. by the position of the vowel, when the follow"- 
ing syllable begins with a vowel, as: de in deamlulo, J 
take a lualk^pro in proavu, a great-grand-father, prae in 
praeacutus, very sharp. 

4. A syllable with a short vowel is long by position, 
when this short vowel is followed by two or more conso- 
nants, or by j, or x, or z, as: per in perdo ; aliciijus; but 
in the compounds oi jiigum, the vowel before y remains 
short, as : bijugus. iJ with a consonant, forms no position, 
as : stomachus, the stomach. 

Remark. The position before a mute ivith a liquid (§ 1, 4), for the 
most part, does not make the short vowel long, as : cerebrum, the hrain, 
arbitror, I think, locuples, rich. But in two cases the position of a 
mute with a liquid makes the preceding short vowel long : a) in com- 
pounds, as: abrumpo, from db ; b) when one of the three liquids: I, w, 
71, follows one of the three mutes: &, d, g, as: biblus, agmen, a inarch 
(from ago), magnus, great. 

§4. Of Accent."^ 

1. Monosyllables with a vowel short by nature, are pro- 
nounced with the acute accent (^), monosyllables with a 
vow^el long by nature, with the circumflex accent (a), as: et, 
vir (viri), ut, dux (ducis) ; mos (moris), jus (juris), lex (legis), 
mons. 

2. Dissyllables have the accent upon the penult^ and in- 
deed: 

a) Tlie acute accent, when the penult is short by nature, 
as: virum (i), ducem (u), homo (6), arte; or when the ulti-^ 
mate is long, whether the penult is long or short, as : Miisae 
(u) mores (6) bonae (6) ; 

b) The circumflex accent, when the pen/ult is long by 
nature and the idtimate short, as : mater (a), Musa. 

3. Words of three or more syllables have the accent : 

* This paragraph may be passed over, provided the teacher will see that 
the right pronunciation of the words is given in reading. 

2 



14 ACCENT. DIVISION OF SYLLABLES. [^ 5. 

a) Upon the antepenult^ and indeed, the acute accent^ 
when the penult is short, whether the last syllable is short or 
long, as : homine, homines, hominibus, mediocris, tenebrae ; 

b) Upon the penult, and indeed, the acute accent, when 
both the penult and ultimate are long, as: acuto (u), araares 
(a) ; or when the penult is long- only by position, in which 
case the ultimate may be either long or short, as : amanlur, 
amantes ; — but the circumflex accent, if the penult is long by 
nature and the ultimate short, as : acutus, amare.* 

Remark. The short monosyllabic enclitics (i. e. particles which 
always stand annexed to other words, and therefore lose their accent) : 
que, ve, ne, ce, met, etc. draw the accent of the word to which they are 
attached from the antepenult to the ultimate, as : sc^lera sceleraque, 
homines hominr^sque, hominibus hominihusque. But if the accent is 
upon the penult, the drawing back of the accent to the last syllable, 
takes place only when this is already long, or by its union with the 
enclitic becomes long by position; but if the last syllable is short and 
remains so, the accent does not change syllables, as : scelestus sceles- 
tiisque, sceltsta scel^staque, plerique pleraeque pleraque, utraque ut- 
raque. 

^ o. Of the Division of Syllables.^ 

1. General Rule. Syllables end with a vowel, and be- 
gin with a consonant. "When, therefore, a consonant stands 
between two vowels, it belongs to the following syllable, 
as : pa-ter, a-ma-mus. 

2. Subordinate Rule. When two or three consonants, 
with which a Latin word can begin, stand between the 
vowels of two syllables, they are to be joined to the second 
syllable. The most common combinations of consonants 
are : a mute with a liquid, and s with a mute or with a 
mute and a liquid, as: ma-gnus, great, 2i-gri, fields, pe-stis, 

plague, a-stra, the stars. In all other cases, the consonants 

* That is to say, in general, if the penult is long it has the accent, but if 
not, the antrpenult. — Tr. 

t These rules for the division of syllables are drawn from the ancient 
grammarians and are generally observed in Europe. In this country, it is 
more common (and perhaps better, especially for beginners) to follow the 
analogies of our own language in dividing a Latin word into syllables. For 
a fuller account of the principles of division here adopted, see Appendix to 
Beck's Latin Syntax. — Tr. 



^ 6.] PARTS OF SPEECH. INFLECTION. 15 

between two vowels are divided, as : an-nus, a year^ am- 

nis, a river^ mon-tes, mountains. 

Remark. A compound word must be divided according to its com- 
ponent parts, as : ab-avus, a great-fi^reat-grcmdfaiher. If a letter is in- 
serted, it is attached to the first word, as : prod-esse, to profit. 



CHAPTER III. 

§ 6. Parts of Speech — Inflection. 

1. The Substantive designates an object (a person or 
thing), as: mmi^ icoman, house. 

2. The Verb expresses an action (something which an 
object does), as: to bloom, to dance, to sleep, to love, to 
praise, e. g. the rose blooms; the boy dances; the child 
sleeps; God loves n^en", the teacher /^ratse^ the scholars. 

3. The Adjective expresses a property or quality, as: 
small, great, beautiful, e. g. a small boy ; a beautiful rose ; a 
great house. 

4. The Adverb expresses the ivay and manner in which 
an action takes place, as ; beautifully, siveetly, e. g. the rose 
blooms beautifully ; the child sleeps sweetly. 

Rem. J. There are adverbs also, which express the place, where^ and 
the time wJien the action takes place, as : here, there, yesterday, to-day. 

5. The Pronoun points to an object, as: /, thou, he, this 
that. 

6. The Numeral expresses number or multitude, as : one, 
tivo, three, many, few. 

7. The Preposition is a word which stands before a noun, 
and expresses the relations oi place, of time and other rela- 
tions which an object sustains to an action, as : the boy 
stands before the house; the child laughs /or joy. 

8. The Conjunction is a word which serves to connect 
words and sentences, as : and, but, because. 

Rem. 2. Besides, there are other words which are barely signs of 
emotion^ and are called Interjections. 

9. By inflection we understand the variation or modiiica- 



16 



PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB. 



[§§ 7, 8. 



tion of a word in order to express a particular relation, as : 
thou love5^5 he loves, the child's clothes, the man's hat. 
The inflection of the substantive, adjective, pronoun and 
numeral, is called declension, that of verbs, conjiig-ation. 
The remaining parts of speech do not admit of inflection. 

§ 7. Partial Treatment of the Verb, 
All the verbs of the Latin Language are divided into 
four classes or conjugations, which are distinguished by the 
termination of the infinitive as follows: 



First Conjugation 


— are as : amdre, to love, 


Second 


— ere " monere, to admonish, 


Third 


— ere " regere, to govern, 


Fourth " 


— ire " audire, to hear. 



§ 8. First Conjugation : amare, to love. 



PRESENT ACTIVE. 

Indicative. 


PRESENT PASSIVE. 

Indicative. 


I. 
2. 
3. 
1. 
2. 
3. 


a mo, / love 
amds, thou lovest 
amdt, he, she, it loves 
amdmus, we love 
amdtis, you love 
amant, they love. 


amor, 1 am loved 
amdm, thou art loved 
amdtur, he, she, it is loved 
amdmur, we are loved 
amdmlni, you are loved 
amantur, they are loved. 


2. 
2. 


Imperative, 
amd, love thou 
amdte, love ye. 





I. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 



aro 1. I plough. 
delecto 1. 1 delight. 
educo 1. 7 bying up. 
laudo 1. I praise. 

Laudo. Vituperas. 



{vexo 1. I annoy. 
vigllo 1. I watch. 
jvitupero 1. I censure. 
jvuhiero 1. I wound. 

Pugnatis. Arant. Lauda. 



orno ]. I adorn. 
pugno 1. Ifght. 
salto 1. / dance. 
lento 1. / try. 

Saltat. Vigilamus. 
Pugnate. Tentat saltare. Detector. Vulneraris. Vexatur. Lauda- 
mur. Vituperamini. Ornantur. Laudaris. Educamlni. Vitupera- 
mur. Educor. Edilcantur- Delectamur. Ornaris. Saltatis. Vul- 
nerantur. Laudamlni. Vigila. Saltate. 

I watch. Thou fightest. He ploughs. We praise. You censure. 



U- 



PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB. 



17 



They dance. Fight thou. Praise ye. They try to fight. I am 
praised. Thou art censured. He is adorned. We are delighted. 
You are wounded. They are annoyed. They are praised. Thou 
art brought up. They are censured. We are brought up. You praise. 
We are adorned. He is wounded. They praise. 





§ 9. Second Conjugation : 


nionere, to admonish. 




PRESENT ACTIVE. 

Indicative. 


PRESENT PASSIVE. 

Indicative. 


1. 

2. 
3. 
]. 
2. 
3. 


moneo, / admonish 
mones, thou admonishest 
nionef, he, site, it admonishes 
monemus, we admonish 
monetis, you admonish 
montnt, they admonish. 


moneor, / am admonished 
moueris, thou art admonished 
monetur, he, she it is admonished 
monemur, we are admonished 
monemini, you are admonished 
momntur, they are admonished. 


2. 
2. 


Imperative, 
mone, admonish thou 
monete, admonish ye. 





II. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

rideo 2. / laugh. 
taceo 2. / am silent. 
terreo 2. Ifriglden. 
et, and. 



Dobeo 2. I must, ought.lgaudeo 2. I rejoice. 
doceo 2. I teach, instruct.^ maneo 2. / remain 
exerceo 2. I exercise. mordeo 2. I bite. 
fleo 2. I wttp. |moveo 2. I move. 

floreo 2. I bloom. jpareo 2. I obey. 



si, if. 



[ 



Doceo. Taces. Ridet. Gaudemus. Exercetis. Flent. Tace. 
Manete. Tacere debes. Terreor. Exerceris. Movetur. Docemur. 
Mordemlni. Docentur. Doces. Tacemus. Doceris. Parere debent. 
Florent. Exercemur. Manetis. Educaris et doceris. Moventur. 
Tacent. Parete. Si paretis, laudamini. Si tacemus, laudamur. Sal- 
tamus et gaudemus. Tentate docere. Mordentur et vuhierantur. 

I rejoice. Thou exercisest. He weeps. We teach. You are silent. 
They laugh. Remain thou. Be ye silent. You must remain. I am 
bitten. Thou art frightened. He is instructed. You teach. I am 
silent. We are moved. We must be silent. I exercise my self (= am 
exercised). Rejoice ye. You are brought up and instructed. I am 
instructed. I laugh. Obey thou. If thou obeyest thou art praised. 
You dance and rejoice. We ti*y to teach. We are bitten and wound- 
ed. If you weep you are censured. 

2* 



18 



PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB. 



[^ 10. 



§ 10. Third Conjvgation : regere, to govern. 





PRESENT ACTIVE. 


PRESENT PASSIVE. 




Indicative. 


Indicative. 


1. 

2. 
3. 
1. 
2. 
3. 


rego, I govern 
regis, thou governest 
regit, he, she, it governs 
regimus, we govern 
regltis, you govern 
regunt, they govern. 


regor, / am governed 
regeris, thou art governed 
regitur, he, she, it is governed 
regimur, we are governed 
regimini, you are governed 
reguntur, they are governed. 


2. 
2. 


Imperative, 
rege, govern thou 
regite, govern ye. 





JII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 



Bibo 3. / drink. 
iCano 3. I sing. 
cedo 3. I give way. 
defendo 3. / defend. 
diligo 3. / esteem, love. 
edo 3. I eat. 



fallo 3. / deceive. 
laedo 3. / hurt. 
lego 3. I read. 
ludo 3. I play. 
pin go 3, I paint. 



piingo 3. I pick, sting. 
scribo 3. / write. 
vinco 3. / conquer, van- 
quish. 
bene adv. well. 
male, adv. ill, badly. 



Scribo. Legis. Laedit. Canlmus. Edltis. Bibunt Pinge. Scri- 
bite. Scribere debes. Fallor. Vinceris. Defenditur. Diliglmiir. 
Pungimini. Laeduntur. Ede et bibe. Lude. Legite. Canere ten- 
tat Pingis. Defendlmur. Diligeris. Vincimini. Si vincitis, lauda- 
mlni. Bene scribunt. Laederis. Edunt. Si cedis, vinceris. Si male 
scribis, vituperaris. Si bene pingltis, laudamini. 

I sing. Thou eatest. He drinks. We write. You read. They 
defend. Write thou. Paint ye. You must read. I am esteemed. 
Thou art stung. He is hurt. We are deceived. We are vanquished. 
You defend. They esteem. Eat ye and drink. He is conquered. 
Play ye. They try to read. You paint. They are defended. You 
are esteemed. If thou singest well, thou ail praised. He writes well. 
You are hurt. If you write well you are praised. If you give way 
you are conquered. If you write badly you £ire. censured. 



§11.] 



PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB. 



19 



§ 11. Fourth Conjugation : audire, to hear. 



PRESENT ACTIVE. 

Indicative. 


PRESENT PASSIVE. 

Indicative. 


1. 
2. 
3. 

k 

3. 


audio, / hear 
audls, thou hearest 
audit, he, she, it hears 
audlmus, we hear 
auditis you hear 
audiunt, th^y hear. 


audior, / am heard 
audlm, thou art heard 
audltur, he, she, it is heard 
audlmur, we are heard 
audlmlni, you are heard 
audiuntur, they are heard. 


2. 
2. 


Imperative, 
audi, hear thou 
audlte hear ye. 





Besides, the following forms of the irregular verb sum 
should be noted : 

est, he, she, it is, sunt, they are, esse, to he, 

ej'at, he, she, it was, erant, they were. 



sallo 4. / leap. 
venio 4. / come. 
vestio 4. / clothe. 
vincio 4. / biiid, chain. 
valde adv. greatly. 

Punitis. Saliunt. Veni. 



IV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Custodio 4. / guard. gan-io 4. / chatter. 

(lormio 4. / sleep. nutrio 4. / nourish. 

erudio 4. I instruct. punio 4. I punish. 

ferlo 4. I beat, strike. jreperio 4. I find. 

lidcio 4. I support. \ 

Erudio. Garris. Dormit. Ferimus. 
Salite. Tento reperire. Vincior. Custodiris. Feritur. Vestimur. 
Nutrimini. Fulciuntur. Audi. Dormite. Bene erudimur. Si bene 
erudis, laudaris ; si male erudis, vituperaris. Si vinceris, vinciris. 
Vestiuntur. Si male scribimus, punimur. Bene custodimini. Dor- 
Trtimus. Salitis. Bene erudiuntur. Audite. Vincimus. Vincimus. 
Valde ferimur^ Valde vituperamini et punimlni. 

I strike. Thou punishest. He leaps. We instruct. You chatter. 
They sleep. Leap thou. Come ye. Tliey try to instruct. I clothe 
myself (== am clothed). Thou art nourished. He supports himself 
(= is supported). We are bound. You are guarded. They are 
beaten. Hear ye. You are well instructed. He leaps. He is well 
instructed. If you are vanquished, you are bound. We are well 
guarded. He clothes himself (= is clothed). They are badly in- 
stnicted. 

1 praise, I teach, I give way, I guard. Thou praisest, thou teachest, 



20 SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. [^ 12. 

thou givest way, tbou guardest. He praises, he teaches, he gives 
way, he guards. We censure, we exercise, we read, we sleep. 
You censure, you exercise, jou read, you sleep. They censure, 
they exercise, they read, they sleep. Adorn thou, obey thou, write 
thou, punish thou. Adorn ye, obey ye, write ye, punish ye. We 
must adorn, we must obey, we must write, we must punish. I 
am annoyed, I am bitten, I am pricked, I am bound. Thou art an- 
noyed, thou art bitten, thou art pricked, thou art bound. He is an- 
noyed, he is bitten, he is pricked, he is bound. We are well brought 
U]), we are greatly frightened, we are greatly esteemed, we are well 
instructed. You are well brought up, you are greatly frightened, you 
are greatly esteemed, you are well instructed. They are well brought 
up, they are greatly frightened, they are greatly esteemed, they are 
well instructed. 



CHAPTER IV. 

Of the Substantive and Adjective. 
§ 12. Classification of Substantives. 

1. The substantive (§ 6, 1.) is called concrete^ when it 
designates ?i person or thing' which has an actual and inde- 
pendent existence, as : man^ lion, floiuer, army ; it is called 
abstract, on the contrary, when it signifies an action or qual- 
ity conceived of as independent of a subject, as : virtue, 
luisdom. 

2. The Concretes are : 

a) Appelative nouns, when they indicate a whole spe- 
cies, or an individual of a class, as : man, loornan, flower, 
lion ; 

b) Proper nouns, when they designate only single per- 
sons as things which do not belong to a class, as: Marius, 
Rome ; 

c) Material nouns, when they indicate the simple ma- 
terial, as : milk, dust, ivater, gold; 

d) Collective nouns, when they designate a number of 
single persons or things as one whole, as : army, cavalry, 
fleet, herd. 



^ 13, 14.] SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. 2l 

§13. Gender of the Suhstaniive. 

The Gender of Substantives, which is three-fold, as in 
EngHsh, is determined partly by their meaning' and partly 
by their endings. The rules of gender founded upon the 
endings will be treated of under the particular declensions. 
With reference to the meaning the following general rules 
obtain : 

1. Of the mascidine gender, are the names and designa- 
tions of males, nations, winds, months, most rivers and 
mountains. 

2. Of the feminine gender, are the names and designa- 
tions of females, of most countries, islands, towns and 
trees, shrubs and small plants. 

Of the neuter gender, are the names of the letters of the 
alphabet, the infinilive, all indeclinable words (excepting, 
however, the names of persons from foreign languages) 
and every word used as the mere symbol of a sound, as : 
man is a monosyllable. 

4. Of the common gender, are the names of persons 
which have but one form for the masculine and feminine, 
as : dux, a male or female leader. 

1. Nations, men, rivers, winds 
These and months are masculines. 

2. Women, isles, lands, trees and town' 
These as feminine are found. 

8. Whatever cannot be declined 

This is of the neuter kind. 
4. Common is whatever can 

Include a woman and a man. 

§ 14. Niimher^ Case and Declension. 

1. The substantive and adjective have, like the verb, two 
numbers, the Sing., which denotes a unity^ and the Plur., 
which denotes ^ plurality^ and six cases in each number, 
viz.: 

1. Nominative, answering the question lulio? or ivhat? 

2. Genitive, answering the question, ivhose ? 



22 FIEST DECLENSION. ^ [§^ 15, 16. 

3. Dative, answering the question, to or for ivhom ? or 
lahat ? 

4. Accusative, answering the question, ivhom ? or tchat ? 

5. Vocative, the case of direct address ; 

6. Ablative, answering the questions, tvhence ? ivhere- 
with ? ivherehy ? luhen ? at loJiat time, etc. 

Remark. The Nom. and Voc. are called casus recti; the other 
cases, casus obllqui. Substantives and adjectives of the neuter gender 
have the Nom. Ace. and Voc. ahke. 

2. The Latin language h^sjive declensions. 

§ 15. Gender and Declension of the Adjective. 

1. The adjective, in Latin, agrees with its substantive in 
gender, number and case, as: filia bona, the good daughter, 
filia est bona, the daughter is good, fdius bonus, the good 
son, films est bonus, the son is good, bellum moium, the evil 
tvar, bellum est malum, the ivar is evil. 

2. Hence, the adjective, like the substantive, has a three- 
fold gender. Still, not all adjectives have separate forms 
for the three genders, but many have only two distinct end- 
ings, viz. one for the Masc. and Fem. and the other for the 
Neut., some, indeed, have only one form for all genders. 

3. The declension of the adjective corresponds with the 
first three declensions of nouns. 

§ 16. First Declension. 

Nouns of the first declension ending in a are all femi- 
nine. The feminine of adjectives of the second declension 
is declined like nouns in a, see § 17. 

Rem. 1. Exceptions to this rule occur only out of regard to the gen- 
eral rules of gender (§ 13.), thus, e. g. agricola, a husbandman^ is Masc. ; 
so also are most names of rivers of this declension, as : Matrona, the 
Marne, Trebia, Sequana, the Seine. But the names of mountains, as : 
Aetna, Ossa, remain Feminine. 



$ 16.] 



FIRST DECLENSION. 



23 







Case-E 


ndings. 






Singular 


Nominative 


a 


Plural 


Nominative 


ae 




Genitive 


ae 




Genitive 


arum 




Dative 


ae 




Dative 


is 




Accusative 


am 




Accusative 


as 




Vocative 


a 




Vocative 


ae 




Ablative 


a 




Ablative 


is 



Paradigms. 





Singular. 


Plural. 


Nominative 


mensa, the table 


mensae, the tables 


Genitive 


mensae, of the table 


mensdrwrn, of the tables 


Dative 


mensae, to the table 


mensls, to the tables 


Accusative 


meusdm, the table 


mensds, the tables 


Vocative 


mensd, table 


mensae, O tables 


Ablative 


mensd, by the table. 


mensls, by the tables. 



Rem. 2. As the Latin language has neither the definite article the 
nor the indefinite article a or an, mensa may signify either in a general 
sense table, or a table, or the table. 

Rem. 3. Some nouns are used only in tlie plural, as : nuptiae, a 
wedding, nuptiarum, of a wedding. 

Rem. 4. The dative and ablative plural have the ending dbiis (fi3r is) 
in : dea, a goddess, filia, a daughter, when they are to be distinguished 
from corresponding masculine forms, e. g. filiis et filiabus, to sons and 
daughters, diis et deabus, to gods and goddesses. 

Rem. 5. Concerning Greek nouns of the first Dec. see § 35. 



V. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 



Agricola, husbandman. 
aqua, water. 



ciconia, a stork. 
copia, abundance, multi- 
tude. 
herba, an herb. 
planta, a plant. 
procella, a storm. 

Rule of Syntax. 
is green, has two parts : 



querela, complaint 

plaintive cry. 
ran a, a frog. 
terra, the earth. 
coaxo 1 . / croak. 
devoro 1. / devour. 
turbo 1. I disturb. 
noceo 2. I injure. 

Every sentence, e. g. the plant blooms, the meadow 



ajgigno 3. / beget, pro- 
duce. 
pulchre, adv. beautiful- 

quam, how ! 

a, ab (with the abl.) by 

{a stands only before 

vowels). 



24 



SECOND DECLENSION. 



[§ 17. 



a) The subject, i. e. the person or thing of wliich something is as- 
serted (the plant ; the meadow) ; 

b) The predicate, i. e. that which is asserted of the subject {blooms ; 
is gi'een). 

The subject is commonly a substantive and stands in the nomina- 
tive ; the predicate is commonly a verb (e. g. blooms), or an adjective 
in connection with the verb to be (e. g. is green). 

Rana coaxat. Agricola delectatur querela ranae. Ciconia nocet 
ranae. Ciconia devorat ranam. O rana, coaxa! Aqua turbatur a 
rana. Plantae florent. Terra vestitur copia plantarum. Procellae 
nocent plantis. Terra gignit plantas. O f)lantae, quam pulchre orna- 
tis terram ! Terra vestitur plantis. 

The plant blooms. The herb of the ])lant blooms. The storm 
injures the plant. I love the plant. O plant how beautifully thou 
bloomest. I am delighted with (abl.) the plant. The frogs croak. 
The plaintive cry of the frogs delights the husbandmen. The storks 
injure the frogs. The storks devour the frogs. O frogs, croak ye. 
The water is distui'bed by the frogs. 



§ 17. Second Declension. 

Words of the second declension (substantives and ad- 
jectives) end in the Nom. in iis, er, zr, and um, of which 
those in vs^ er, and ir are of the masculine and those in um 
of the neuter gender. For the exceptions see § 36. 







Case-E 


n din g s. 










Singular 


Nom. 


us (er, ir) , um 


Plural 


Nom. 


i; 




a 




Gen. 


i 




Gen. 




oriim 






Dat. 







Dat. 




is 






Ace. 


um 




Ace. 


6s; 




a 




Voc. 


e (er, Ir) ; um 




Voc. 


1 5 




a 




Abl. 


6 




Abl. 




is 





17. 



SECOND DECLENSION. 



25 



Paradigms 



Singular. 



N. hortus, the garden puer, the boy 



hoYti,of the garden puerl, of the hoy 
horto^/.o the garden puero, to the boy 
hoTtuin,thc garden puer-u???, the boy 
horte, garden puer, O boy 
hoiio iby the garden puero, by the boy 



ager,thejield 
digri, of the field 
agro, to the field 
digvum, the field 
ager, field 
agro, by the field 



vir, the man 
viri, of the man 
viro, to the man 
v\rum, the man 
vir, tnan 
viro, by the man. 



Plural. 

horti, the gardens pueri, the boys agri, the fields v\ri,themen 
horidrum, of the puerorwrn, of the agrorum, of the wndriim., of the 

gardens boys fi.elds m,en 

horti5, to the gar- puerz5, to the boys agri5, to the fields viris, to the men 

dens 
horios, the gardens -puerds., the boys agvds, the fields vivos, the men 
liortt, gardens pueri, boys agri, fields viri, men 

horti5, by the gar- pnerisjjythe boys. agri5, by the fields v'iris,by the men 

dens. 



bellwrn, the roar 
belli, of the war 
hello, to the war 
belliim, the icar 
bellff//?, rear 



Singular, 
bonils, good bona, good 



boni 
bono 
honum 
bone 



hello, by the war. bono 



bella, the wars bont 

heWorum., of the bonorwm 

v)ars 

helli5, to the wars bonis 

bella, the icars bono5 

belld, tears boni 

belli5, by the wars, bonis 



bonae 

bon«e 

bonam 

bono 

bona 



Plural. 



bonac 
hondrum 

bonis 
bonas 
bonae 
bonis 



bonwm, good 

boni 

bono 

bonwm 

honmn 

bono 



bona 
bonorwm 



bonis 
bona 
bona 
bonis. 



free 
liber 
liberi 
libero 
liberitw 
liber 
libero 



liberi 



free 

libera 

liberie 

liberae 

liberarre 

libera 

libera 



free 

hhevum 

liberi 

libero 

liber«?7i 

hberum 

libero 



liberae libera 



\herdruin liberariim. hherorum 



liberis 
libsrds 
liberi 
liberis 



libaris 
lil)eras 
liberae 
liberis 



liberis 
libera 
libera 
liberis. 



Singular. 

beautiful beautiful beautiful 

pulcher pulchra pulchriiTTi 

pnlchri pulchrae pulchri 

pulchro pulchrae pulchro 

pulchrzim pulchra?ri pulchr-am 

pulcher pulchra pulchriim 

pulchro pulchra pulchro 

Plural. 

piilchn pulchrae pulchra 

palchror&7/i pulchrdnt?/? pu\ch\-orum 

pulchrls piilchrls pulchrls 

pulchros pulchrds pnlchra 

pulchrl pulchrae pnlchrd 

pulchrls pulchrls pulchris. 



26 SECOND DECLENSION. [$ 17. 

In like manner decline : 

Vir bonus, a good man, femina bona, a good woman, exemplum bon- 
um, a good example, hortus pulcher, a beautiful garden, rosa pulchra, a 
beautiful rose, ovum pulchrum, a beautiful egg, ager fecundus, the pro- 
ductive field, vir liber, a free man, scriba bonus, a good scribe. 

Rem. 1. Most words in er reject the e in all the oblique cases except 
in the vocative singular, as : ager, G. agr-i ; only the following retain 
the e ; puer, G. pueri, socer, father-in-laiv, gener, son-in-law, vesper, 
evening, liberi, children, and the adjectives: asper, aspera, asperum, 
rough, lacer, torn, ]iber,yree, miser, miserable, prosper, fortunate, tener, 
tender, ar\d the compounds of/er and ger, as: fruglfer, yrmY bearing, 
cornlger, horned. Dexter, right, has both forms: dexter, dextra, dex- 
trum, G. dextri, dextrae; also, though less frequently: dexter, dextera, 
dexterum, G. dexteri. 

Rem. 2. The Voc. Sing, of filius, (a son) is fili and that of mens (my) 
is mi, as : O mi fili, (but, O mea filia, O meum ofiicium). This Voc. in I 
also, is found in proper names in lus, aius and eius, hence : I (for Ic), 
al (for aie), el (for eie), as : Tulllus TulU, Virgilius Virglll. Mercurius 
Merciirl, Antonius Antonl, Gains Ga'i, Pompeius Pompe'i. 

Rem. 3. The word deus (God) is deus also in the Voc; in the plu- 
ral it is thus declined : N. dii, G. deorum, D. diis, Ace. deos, V. dii, 
Abl. diis. 

Rem. 4. The Gen. plural of some nouns has the ending um (for 
orum), e. g. nummum (from nummus), of money, talentum (from talen- 
tixm), of talents. 

Rem. 5. Some Greek words, but rarely except in poetry, have the 
ending os (Ace. on) for the masculine and feminine, and on for the 
neuter gender, as : Uios, llion. Greek words in eus (one syllable) are 
thus declined: N. Orpheus (two syllables), G. Orphei, D. Orpheo, Ace. 
Orpheum, Voc. Orpheu (two syllables), Abl. Orpheo. 



VI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Equus, i, m. horse. raolestus,a,um,/roM&Ze- committo 3. / commit 

frumentum, i, n. grain. some. to. 

granum, i, n. corn. varius, a, um, various, curro 3. / run. 

juba, ae,/. mane. vireo 2. Ifiourish. hinnio 4. I neigh. 

musca, ae,ffiy. colo 3. / attend to, cul- celerlter, adv. sivijlly. 

fecundus, a, um, pro- tivate, honor, revere. in (with the abl.), in, 
ductive. upon. 

Rule or Syntax. A noun in the Gen., Dat, or Ace, which is con- 
nected with the predicate and limits it, is called the object; e. g. in the 
sentence : the man guides the horse, " man" is the subject and " horse" the 
object which limits " guides." When the noun is in the Ace. it is called 
the suffering object (receiving the direct action). 

Equus hinnit. Juba equi est pulchra. Muscae sunt molestae equo. 



f 17.] SECOND DECLENSION. 27 

Vir regit equum. Eque, celeriter curre. Equo pulchro delector. 
Agri sunt fecundi. Herbae agrorum sunt variae. Agricola committit 
agris grana frumenti. Agricola colit agros. Agri, quam pulchre yire- 
tis ! In agris multae herbae florent. 

* The field is productive. The herbs of the field are various. The 
husbandman commits the corns of grain to the field. The husband- 
man cultivates the field. O field, how beautifully thou flourishest! 
Various herbs bloom in the field. The horses neigh. The mane of 
the horse is beautiful. Flies are troublesome to horses. Men govern 
horses. O horses, run swiftly. We are delighted with (abl.) beauti- 
ful horses. 

Vn. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Deus, see Rem. 3. mundus, i, w. world. magnus, a, um, great 

dea, see § 16. Rem. 4. praesidium, i, n. pro- propitius, a, um, pro- 
filius, see Rem. 2. tedion, aid. pitious, favorable. 

filia, see § 16. Rem. 4. templum, i, n. temple. meus, a, um, see Rem. 
levlr, i, m. brother-in- benevolentia, ae, /. be- 2. 

law. nevolence. miser, era,erum,twe<cA- 

socer, i, m. father-in- carus, a, um, dear. ed. 

latv. improbus, a, um, toick- praebeo 2. / afford, 

gener, i, m. son-in-law. ed. exstruo 3. / build. 

Dii mundum regunt. Deos propitios collte. Praebe, o deus bone, 
miseris praesidium. Dii improbos puniunt. Diis et deabus templa 
exstruuntur. Benevolentia deorum est magna. Filius levlri bene legit. 
Socero est hortus pulcher. Boni viri bonis viris cari sunt Filia gen- 
eri pulchre pingit. 

The gods are propitious to men. Good men are dear to the gods. 

* With regard to the arrangement of the words in forming a Latin sen- 
tence, the teacher must be the principal guide. The rigid laws of arrange- 
ment in the English language, allowed of but little being done in the way of 
imitating the Latin arrangement in the English exercises. Something, 
however, has been attempted in this way, which, together with a desire to 
preserve a strictly literal and grammatical expression of the thoughts, will 
account for the apparently awkward construction of many of the sentences. 
— It may be suggested, also, that a close study of the position of the words 
in the Latin exercises, will very often guide the student in translating the 
English exercises. As to particular rules on this subject, it would not be 
proper, perhaps, to state more than the following, applicable where no em- 
phasis rests upon any word in the sentence. In this case, 1) The predicate 
follows the subject, as in English, 2) the adjective, or noun in the Genitive, 
comes after its noun, \\) the verb folloics the case or cases which it governs, 
4) the adverb precedes the word which it limits. But when these words 
are emphatic, the order in each case is reversed. For fuller directions on 
ttiis subject, see Krebs' Guide for writing Latin, §§ 468—514. — Tr. 



28 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



[U8. 



The wicked are punished by (ab) the gods. The world is governed 
by (ab) the gods. Afford, O good gods, protection to the wretched. 
The gods honor the temples. The gods love the good. O God, pun- 
ish the wicked. Write, my sons. Sons-in-law are dear to fathers-in- 
law, God is propitious to good sons and good daughters. Write, my 
son, paint, my daughter. 



§ 18. Third Declension. 
1. The third Declension has the following case-endings 



Sing. 


Nom. 


__ 


Plur. 


Nom. 


es Mut. a (ia) 




Gen. 


Is 




Gen. 


um (ium) 




Dat. 


i 




Dat. 


ibus 




Ace. 


em, JVewi. like Nom. 




Ace. 


es a (ia) 




Voc. 


like the Nom. 




Voc. 


es a (ia) 




Abl. 


e(i) 




Abl. 


ibus 



Rem. 1. In the Nom. the pure stem is often changed. It may al- 
ways be found, however, by removing from the Gen. is, the ending of 
that case, as : rex, king, G. reg-is the stem therefore is reg. Also i, d, 
n and nf, are rejected from the stem in the Nom. before 5, as : laus, 
praise, G. laud-is, stem : laud ; Salamis, G. Salamin-is, Atlas, G. Atlant- 
is. The r, of the stem, often passes over into s, as : mos, custom, G. 
mor-is. Most masculines and feminines whose stem ends in n, have 
rejected this letter in the Nom. as : leo, a lion, G. leon-is. Greek proper 
names whose stem ends in ont reject the t in the nominative, as: Xen- 
ophon, Xenophont-is. 

Rem. 2. JVeuters, as a general thing, present the pure stem in the 
Nom., as; exemplar, a pattern, G. exemplar-is. Still, variations from 
this are introduced into many words out of regard to the laws of eu- 
phony in the Latin language, as : carmen, a poem (for carmin), G. carmin- 
is, ebur, ivory (for ebor), G. ebor-is, corpus, the body (instead of corpor), 
G. corp6r-is, caput, the head (for capit), G. capit-is. When the stem 
of a Greek word ends in at, the t is rejected in the Nom., as: poema 
{Cor poemat), a poem, G. poemat-is; so also in the neuters: cor, cord-is, 
the heart, lac, lact-is, milk. 

Rem. 3. Concerning the endings e and i, a and ia, um and ium, see 
§37. 

2. Concerning the g-ender^ the following general rules ob- 
tain : 

1) Of the mascidine gender are the nouns in o, or, os^ 
er, and imparisijllables, in es. 

Rem. 4. Parisyllables are words with the same number of syllables 
in the Gen. as in the Nom., as : nubes, a cloud, G. nubis ; imparisylla- 



$§ 19—20.] 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



29 



bles, on the contrary, are words which have more syllables in the Gen. 
than in the Nom., as : miles, soldier, G. militis. 

2) Of the feminine gender are nouns in, as, is, aus, us 
(Gen. utis or udis), x, s with a consonant before it and pari- 
syllables in es. 

3) Of the neuter gender are nouns in a, e, c, /, en, ar, ur^ 
ut and us (Gen. oris, eris, uris). 

Rem. 4. For the exceptions to these rules see §§ 38 — 40. 



§ 


19. I. The Nominative presents the pure 


stem. 




colour [m.] 


goose [m.) 


father [m.) 


anivial (n.) 


spur [n.) 


S.N. 


color 


anser 


pater 


animal 


calcar 


G. 


colorts 


anseris 


patris 


animah'5 


calcaris 


D. 


colon 


anseri 


patn 


animali 


calcari 


A. 


colore??! 


ansere??i 


patre??i 


animal 


calcar 


V. 


color 


anser 


pater 


animal 


calcar 


A. 


colore 


an sere 


patre 


animali 


calcari 


P.N. 


col6re'5 


anseres 


patre5 


animalifl 


cal carta 


G. 


colonm 


anserM??i 


patrMTO 


aniinalm7?i 


calcartw??i 


D. 


Qo\6uhus 


anseri6MS 


patri&it5 


animaU6u5 


calcart6u5 


A. 


colore"5 


anseres 


patres 


animal?a 


calcarZa 


V. 


colored 


an seres 


patres 


animalla 


calcaria 


A. 


(loXbribiis 


ansert6it5 


patri6w5 


nnimaMbus 


calcsinbiLS. 



§ 20. II. The Nominative presents the stem changed accord' 
ing to the laius of euphony. 





?ia?ne (m.) 


lion [m.) 


hody (n.) 


sea (n.) 


S. Nom. and Voc. 


nomen 


leo 


corpus 


mare 


Genitive 


nomlnis 


leonts 


corporis 


maris 


Dative 


nomini 


leoni 


corpori 


mari 


Accusative 


nomen 


le6rie??i 


corpus 


mare 


Ablative 


nomine 


leone 


corpore 


mart 


P. N. Ace. and V. 


nomina 


leoncs 


corpora 


mar7a 


Genitive 


nomlnwm 


le6nM??i 


corp6rwr?i 


mar?Mm 


Dat. and Abl. 


nomint6ii5 


le6iu&M5 


corp6rl6w5 


m-dxibus. 



3* 



30 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



P21. 



§21. III. 


The Nominative adds s to the stem. 




root (/.) city (/) 


praise (/.) 


cloud if.) 


S. Nom. and Voc. 


radix urbs 


laus 


nube-s 


Genitive 


radicis urhis 


laud?5 


nubi-s 


Dative 


radici urbi 


laudi 


nubi 


Accusative 


radicem urbem 


laudewi 


nube'm 


Ablative 


radice urbe 


laude 


nube 


P. N. Ace. and V. 


radices urbes 


laud 65 


nube-5 


Genitive 


radicwm urbmm 


laudum 


nubi-«m 


Dat. and Abl. 


radictfeiis wrhlhus 


Iaudl6w5 


nubI-6M5. 



Rem. 1. Nouns in ter and ber, as: ipater, father, mater, mother, frater, 
brother, as well as adjectives in her and cer, as: celeber, celebrated, acer, 
sharp, reject the e in the oblique cases; see pater above. 

Rem. 2. Greek proper names whose stem ends in on or on, in good 
prose, form their Nom. almost always in o, as: Agamemno, G. 6n-is; 
Plato. Solo, Bito, G. 6n-is ; those, on the contrary, whose stem ends in 
ont form their Nom., in the best writers, in on, as : Xenophon, G. 
ont-is. 

Vni. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Dolor, oris, m. pain, suf- popiilus, i, m. people. vester, tra, trum, your. 

feiing. tormentum, i, n. torture, praedico 1. / extol. 

orator, oris, m. orator, acerhus, a,nm, pungent, tolero 1. 1 endure, 
animus, 1, m. soul, mind, disertus, a,um, eZog-ue^if. succumbo 3. / sink 

courage. [quence. ignavus, a, um, indo- under. 

eloquentla, ae, f. elo- lent, cowardly. gravlter, adv. heavily, 

facundia, ae, /. fluency praeclarus, a, um, noble. violently. 

of speech. tnus, sl, um, thy. -patientev, patiently. 

numerus, i, m. number, noster, tra, trum, our. ob, on account of 

quantity. 

Orator est disertus. Eloquentia oratoris movet animos nostros. Ora- 
tori paret populus. Oratorem praedicamus ob facundiam. Q orator, 
quam praeclara est tua eloquentla ! Ab oratore populus regltur. Do- 
lores sunt acerbi. Numerus dolorum est magnus. Doloribus succum- 
bitis. Vir patienter tolerat dolores. O dolores, quam gravlter pungltis ! 
Doloribus vincuntur ignavi viri. 

The pain is pungent. Bear ye the tortures of the pain. Thou sink- 
est under the suffering. The man endures the pain patiently. O pain, 
how violently thou stingest. A cowardly man is vanquished by (abl.) 
pain. Orators are eloquent. The eloquence of the orator nioves our 
minds. The people obey the orators. Orators are extolled on ac- 
count of their fluency of speech. O orators, how noble is your elo- 
quence ! The world is governed by (ab) the orators. 



$22. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



31 



§ 22. Paradigms of Adjectives of the Third Declension. 

Preliminary Remark. The following paradigms present the forms 
of the tliree classes of adjectives of the thiid Dec. vvitli oner, two and 
three endings. Adjectives of one ending terminate in Z, r, 5, x, ^nd par- 
ticiples (Present Participles only) in 715, G. ntis, as: amans, loving, G. 
amantis. For the irregular adjectives of the second Dec. : unus, ullus, 
etc., duo and ambo, see § 33. 





Singular. | 


N. and V. 


sharp. delightful. 
(m.) (f.) (n.) (ni.&f.) (n.) 
acer acris acre suavis suave 


greater. 
(m. &f.) (n.) 
major majus, 


Gen. 


acris acris acris suavis suavis 


majuris majoris 


Dat. 


acri acri acri suavi suavi 


majuri n)ajori 


Ace. 


acrera acrem acre suavem suave 


majorem majus 


Abl. 


acri acri acri suavi suavi 


majore majore 




Plural. 1 


N.V.&Ac. 


acres acres acria 


suaves suavia 


majores majora 


Genitive 
D. &Abl. 


acrium acrium acrium 
acribus acribus acribus 


suavium suaviuin 
suavibus suavibus 


majurum majGrum 
majurlbus majuribus. 




Singular. Plural. 


Norn. & Vc 


c. 


audax {m.f. n.) bold 


audaces (m.f.) audacia (n.) 


Genitive 
Dat. & Abl 
Ace. 




audacis 

audaci 

audacem (m./.), audax (n.) 


audacium audacium 
audacibus audacibus 
audaces audacia. 



In like manner decline : 



odor acer, sharp odor, 

odoris acris 

campus viridis, green 

campi viridis [fieid, 

vir major, greater man, 

viri maj(3ris 

miles audax, bold sol- 

militis audacis [dicr. 



acetum acre, sharp vin- 
aceti acris [^g^'>'i 

pratum viride, green 
prati viridis [meadow^ 
corpus majus, greater 
corporis majoris [body, 
animal audax, bold an- 
animalis audacis [imal. 



aqua acris, sAarp icater, 
aquae acris 

silva viridis, green 
silvae viridis [wood, 
femina major, greater 
feminae majoris [?«ome7i 
leaena audax, bold lion- 
leaenae audacis [ess, 

Remark. For the Abl. Sing, in i and e, the Nom. Plur. in ia and a, 
and the Gen. Plur. in ium and um, see § 36. 

IX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
Alacer, cris, ere, lively, litterae, arum,/, litera- virtus, iitis,/. viiiue. 

spirited. tiire. vox, ocis,/. voice. 

fortis, e, brave. discipulus, i, r)i. scholar, cousto 1. 1 consist in, of. 

grsi\\s, e, severe, serious, fundamentum, i, n. haheo 2. I have. 
mortaHs, e, mortal. foundation. incumbo 3. (with in and 

immortalis, e, immortal, avis, is,/, bird. the ace.) / apply my- 

omnis, e, each, the whole, homo, Inis, m. man. self to. 

plur. all. hostis, is, m. enemy. non, not. 

iDdustnn,B.e,f. industry, mos, 6ns, m. custom. ne ('with the Imper.) 
pietas, atis, /. piety. not. 



32 



FOURTH DECLENSION. 



[^23. 



Miles forti animo pugnare debet. Siiavi avium voce delectamur. 
Discipuli laus constat bonis moribus et acri industrla. Pietasest funda- 
meiitum omnium virtutum. Viri fortes non vincuntur doloribus gravi- 
bus. Ne cedrte hostibus audacibus. Puer alacri animo in litteras in- 
cumbere debet Homines corpora mortalia habent, animos immortales 

§ 23. Fourth Declension. 
Nouns of the fourth Dec. have in the Nom. the two end- 
ings : us and w, of these the first is of the masculine and the 
last of the feminine gender. For the exceptions, see § 41. 

Case-Endings. 



Sing. 


Nom. 


us; JVeut. 


u 


Plur. 


Nom. 


us; 


Mut 


ua 




Gen. 


us ; us or u 




Gen. 




uum 






Dat. 


ui or a ; 


u 




Dat. 




ibus 






Ace. 


um; 


u 




Ace. 


us; 




ua 




Voc. 


us; 


u 




Voc. 


us; 




ua 




Abl. 


u 






Abl. 




ibiis 









Paradigms. 








Singular. 


Plural. 1 


N. 


fvuctus [m.), fruit. 


cornw. (n.), horn. 


fructiis 


corniid 


G. 


fructM5 


coruus or u 


fractuum 


cornitum 


D. 


fructui or ii 


cornw 


frucnhiis 


cornt&M5 


A. 


frucium 


cornw 


fruct.w5 


corniid 


V. 


fructits 


cornw 


fructM5 


cornwcl 


A. 


fructM 


cornii 


fructlbus 


cornlbus. 



Rem. 1. The follow^ing words in the Dat. and Abl. Plur. have the end- 
ing ubus for "ibus : acus (f.), a needle, arcus (m.), a bow, artus (m.), a 
joint, limb, partus (m.), a birth, lacus (m.), a lake, pond, quercus, (f), the 
oak, specus (m.), a den, grotto, tribus (f.), a tribe, company, pecu (n.), cat- 
tle, (as a species), and veru (n.), a spit. Ficus (f ), us, afgtree, forms 
the Dat. and Abl. Plur. according to the second Dec. : ficis. 

Rem. 2. The word domus (f ) a house, is declined as follows : 



Sing. N. V. 


domws 


Plur.N. V. 


domiis 


Gen. 


domiXs 


Gen. 


domimm and domdrwm 


Dat. 


domul 


Dat. 


domt6w5 


Ace. 


domum 


Ace. 


domo5 rarely domiis 


Abl. 


domo 


Abl. 


domlbiLS 



The form domi is used only in the meaning at home, at the house ; 
thus : domi meae, domi tuae, domi alienae, ai my, thy^ another's house. 



^ 23.] FOURTH DECLENSION. 33 

X. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Luctus, us, m. grief. arriarus, a, um, hitter. iiidu\geo2. 1 give myself 

lusus, us, m. sport. gratiis, a, um, agreeahle, vp to. 

sensus, us, m. sense, grateful. fraDgo 3. / hreak, hreak 

feeling. praetlitus, a, um, (with down. 

hesiia, ae. f animal. Ab\.) endowed with. succumho S. I sink un- 

vis (only Ace. vim and quantus, a, um, how der. 

Abl. vi) power, force, great. libenter, adv. with de- 
might, puerilis, e, childish. light. 

voluj)tas, atis, /. pleas- sapiens, tis, ime ; subst. suaxlter, adv. pleasantly, 

lire. a wise man. vehementer, adv. vio- 

genus, eris, n. gender, evito 1. I avoid. lenily. 

kind. ipa.1'0 ^ . I provide. 

Lusus pueris gratus est. Genera lusus suntvaria. Pueri libenter in- 
dulgent lusui. Vjr gravis evitat lusum puerilem. O lusus, quam sua- 
viter animos puerorum delectas ! Pueri delectantur lusu. Sensus sunt 
acres. Vis sensuum est magna. Vir foriis non succumbit sensibus 
doloris. Bestiae habent sensus acres. O sensus, quantas voluptates 
hominibus paratis ! Animalia sunt praedita sensibus. 

The feeling of pain is bitter. The power of grief is great. The 
brave man does not sink under grief The wise man endures grief 
patiently. O grief, how violently thou tormentest the minds of men ! 
The wise man is not broken down by (abl.) grief The sports of chil- 
dren are agreeable. There are various kinds of sport. The boys give 
themselves up to sports with delight. The serious man avoids child- 
ish sports. O sports, how pleasantly you delight the minds of boys ! 
In (abl.) sports the boys are delighted. 

XL Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Fremitus, us, m. noise, tuus, a, um, thy. resono 1. / resound. 

genu, us or u, n. knee, noster, tra, trum, our. vacillo 1. I waver. 

tonitru, us or u, n. thun- vester, tra, trum, your, permoveo 2. / move. 

der. validus, a, um, strong, antecedo 3. I precede. 

vigor, oris, m. power. horribilis, e, frightful, extimesco 3. 1 fear. 

fulmen, Inis, n. light- terribllis, e, terrible. flecto 3. / bend. 

ning. supplex, icis, suppliant ; procu mbo 3. Ifall down. 

robur, oris, n. strength. subst. the suppliant, in (with .j^cc. and Abl.) 

multus, a, um, much, mdlco 1. I indicate. in, upon. 

many. 

Tonitru terriblle animos hominura permovet. Fremitus tonitrus 
(tonitru) est horribilis. Fulmen antecedit tonitru. Multi homines ex- 
timescunt tonitru. O tonitru, quam horribilis est fremitus tuus. Do- 



34 FIFTH DECLENSION. [^ 24. 

mus resonat tonitru. Genua virorjjm sunt vallda. Vigor genuum indi- 
cat robur corporis. Magna vis est genibus. Suppllces procumbunt in 
genua. O genua, ne vacillate! In genibus est magna vis. 

The knee of man is strong. Power of the knee indicates strength 
of body. The knee has great power (= to the knee there is great 
power). The suppliant bends the knee. O knee, waver not ! In the 
knee is great power. The thunder is terrible. The noise of the 
thunder is frightful. Lightnings precede the thunders. Fear thou 
not the thunder. O thunder, how terrible is thy noise. The house re- 
sounds with (abl.) frightful thunderings (= thunders). 

Xn. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Vmxis, ns, f. pine. perniciosus, a, urn, de- sedeo2. /stY. 

pu ella, ae,y! g-iVZ. strudive. cingo 3. / gird, sur- 

sagitta, ae./. arrow. timldus, a, um, timid. round. 

frater, tris, m. brother, insignis, e, remarkable, contremisco 3. 1 tremble, 
soror, oris,/, sister. aediflco 1. I build. quake. 

imber, bris, 7n. rmn. hahlto 1. I dwell. pingo 3. I paint ; acu 

piscis, is, 7n./s^. adjaceo 2. (with Dat.) / ipingo, I embroider. 

rex, regis, m. king. lie by. saepe, adv. often. 

venator, oris, m. hunter, contorqueo 2. / hurl, sub (with Abl.), under. 
continuus, a, um, con- shoot, 
tinuous. 

Aestate sub quercubus et in speciibus libenter sedemus. Hortus re- 
gis ornatur multis pinlbus, ficis et lacubus. Puellae acubus pingunt. 
Oratores timldi saepe omnibus artilbus contremiscunt. Venatores ar- 
ciibus sagittas contorquent. Domus altitudo est insignis. Domui nos- 
trae adjacet lacus. Frater aediflcat domum. Magnus numerus est 
domuum (domorum) in urbe. Domlbus perniciosi sunt imbres con- 
tiniii. Domos regis cingunt multae pinus. 

Oaks and pines surround our house. The king dwells in a beauti- 
ful house. We dwell in beautiful houses. The height of the house 
is remarkable. In the lake are fishes. The king has many and beau- 
tiful houses. I tremble in all [my] limbs. A great lake lies by our 
houses. My sisters embroider. Many houses are built in the city 
My brothers sit in the garden under oaks, and my sisters in grottos. 
Many arrows are shot by bows. 

§ 24. Fifth Declension. 

All nouns of the fifth declension end in the Nom. in es 
and are oi xhe feminine gender. 



$24. 



FIFTH DECLENSION. 



35 



Exceptions : Masculine are, dies, a day, and meridies, mid-day ; yet 
dies in the Sing, is feminine when it signifies a definite day, a day fixed 
upon or appointed, as : dies dicta, dies constituta, a day appointed, also, 
when it signifies length of time, as: dies perexigua, a very short space; 
still, in both these meanings it is sometimes used as masculine. 



Case-Endings and Paradigms. 







affair, thing. 




day. 




S. N. es PL es 


S. res, 


PI. res 


dies, 


PI. 


dies 


G.ei 


erum 


rei 


rerum 


diei 




d'lerum 


D. ei 


ebus 


lei 


rebiis 


diei 




diebus 


A. em 


es 


rem 


res 


diem 




dies 


V. es 


es 


res 


res 


dies 




dies 


A. e 


ebus 


re 


rebus 


die 




diebvs. 



Rem. 1. The e in ei, the ending of the Gen. and Dat. is short when 
a consonant stands before it, as : rei, fidei ; but long when a vowel 
stands before it, as : diei, faciei. 

Rem. 2. Only res and dies form all the cases of the Sing, and Plur. ; 
all the other nouns of the fifth declension are destitute of the Gen., Dat. 
and Abl. Plur., these cases being siipphed by the corresponding cases 
of synonymous nouns of the other declensions. 



Xin. TVbrds to be learned and Exercises for translation. 



Spes, ei,fhope. 

aerumna, aef. hardship, 
trouble. 

vita, ae,/. life. 

solatium, i, n. consola- 
tion. 

conditio, onis, /. con- 
dition, state. 

tempus, oris, n. time. 



adversus, a, um, ad- 
verse; res adversae, 
adversity. 

certus, a, um, certain. 

incertus, a, um, uncer- 
tain. 

dubius, a, um, doubtful. 

humanus, a, um, human. 

vanus, a, um, vain. 



dulcis, e, sweet. 
felicior, m. and/, feli- 
cius, n., oris, more 
fortunate. 
afflicto 1. I overwhelm. 
recreo 1. I refresh. 
amitto 3. / lose. 
oppono 3. / oppose. 
facile, adv. easily. 



Spes incerta et dubia est. Vis spei est magna in animis hominum. 
Homines facile indulgent spei vanae. Spem feliciorum temporum non 
debemus amittere in aerumnis vitae. O spes, dulci solatioanimos mis- 
erorum hominum recreas! Spe vana saepe falllmur. Res humanae 
sunt incertae et dubiae. Conditio rerum humanarum est dubia. Re- 
bus adversis opponite virtutem. Ne extimescite res adversas. O res 
humanae, quam saepe animos hominum fallltis ! Animus sapientis 
non afflictatui rebus adveris. 



36 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. [^ 25. 

XrV. JVords to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Fides, e\,f.Jidelitij. rarus, a, um, rare. servo 1. 1 preserve. 

amicitia, ae, /. friend- sereiius, a, um, bright, debeo 2. / owe. 

ship. tutus, a, um, safe. conquiesco 3. Ifndsai- 

exemphim, ],n. example, verus, a, uiri, ^rue. isfaction. 

salus, utis,/. safety, wel- tristis, e, lowery, sad. succedo 3. I follow. 

fare. avolo 1. Ify away, van- cito, adv. swiftly. 

ver, eris, n. spring. ish. cupide, adv. eagerly. 

adventus, us, m. arrival, convoco 1. / call togeth- etiam, conj. also. 

portus, us, m. haven. er. modo — modo, now — 

iucoiTuptus, a, um, un- exspecto 1. / expect, now. 

corrupted. await. 

The fidelity of fi'iends refreshes our minds in the hardships of life. 
Examples of true fidelity of friendship are rare. To the fidelity of 
our friends we owe our safety. The true friend preserves [his] fidelity 
also in adversity. O fidelity, thou providest for unfortunate men a 
safe haven ! In the fidelity of friends we find satisfaction. The days 
are now bright, now lowery. The arrival of the bright days of spring 
are to all men agreeable. Lowery days follow bright days. We 
eagerly await the bright days of spring. O ye beautiful days of spring, 
how swiftly you fly away! In (abl.) the bright days of spring we are 
delighted. Mid-day is bright. On (abl.) a certain day, the soldiers 
of the city are called together. 

§ 25. Comparison of Adjectives and Participles. 

1. There are three decrees of quality : 

1) The positive, as: the man is learned (vir est doctus) ; 

2) The comparative., as : the father is more learned than 
the son (pater est doct-ior qumn fi I i us) ; 

3) The superlative, as : Cicero was the most learned of 
all the Romans (Cicero erat doct-issimus omniam Roman- 
orum). 

2. The superlative, in Latin, is also used to express in 
general, a verij high degree of a quality, as : pater tuus est 
doct-issimus, thy father is very learned. 

3. For indicating the comparative and superlative, the 
Latin language has the following forms : 

a) For the comparative : lor, Masc. and Fem., lus, neuter; 

b) For the superlative : issimus, issvna, issimum. 



$25.] 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 



37 



4. These endings are joined directly to the stem, which 
may be found, in all cases, by removing, in words of the 
second Declension, the Nominative-ending us^ and in those 
of the third, the Genitive-ending is^ as : 



Laet-us, joyfid 
doct-us, learned 
pudic-us, bashful, modest 
imbecill-us,/ee&Ze 
lev-is, light 
fertil-is, fertile 
dives (G. divlt-is), rich 
prudens (G. prude nt-is), 

prudent 
amaiis (G. amant-is), 

loving 
felix (G. felic-is), happy 



Comp. laet-ior, ius 

— AocX-ior 

— pii die-tor 

— imbecill-ior 

— lev-ior 

— fertil-ior 

— divit-ror 

— prudent-ior 



Sup. Iaet-mi7ni/,s, a, um 

— doct-issimus 

— imd'ic-issimus 

— imheciW-issimiis 

— \ev-issimus 

— feni]-issimus 

— divh-issimus 

— ynudent-issimus 



— amant-2or — amant-issimus 



— felic-ior — fellc-issimus 



the 



5. Adjectives in er have the ending rimus, a, um in 
superlative, as : 

miser (G. niiser-i), a, um [unhappy] celer (G. celer-is), is, e, [swifl] 
miser-ior, ius celer-ior, ius 

miser-n/nw5, a, um ; celer-n'mw5, a, um ; 

pulcher (G. pulchr-i), a, um (fteawh*- pauper (G. pauper-is), [poor] 

ful) pauper-ior, ius 

pulchr-ior, ius pauper-rimw^, a, um. 

pulcher-rimif5, a, um. 

So also : vetus, G. veter-is, old (Comp. veterior, ius, is rarely used) 
Sup. veter-rimus ; and nuper-us, a, um, recent^ (Comp. vi^anting) Sup. 
nuper-rimus. 

6. The six following adjectives in ilis form the superla- 
tive by adding Emus to the stem, viz: faciiis, easy^ difficTlis, 
difficulty similis, like, dissimilis, unlike, gracilis, slim, slender, 
and humilis, loio, as : 

facll-is, e C. facil-ior, ius S. facil-Zimii5, a, um. 

7. Compound adjectives in d^cus ficus and volus, form 
the comparative by adding entior, ius, and the superlative 
by adding entissimus, a, um to the root, as : 



maledicus, slanderous 
maguificus, magnificent 
benevolus, benevolent 



C. maledic-enffor 
m a gni fie -enhor 
benevol-eniior 
4 



S. maledic-enf?55iww5 
mugmfic-entissimus 
hcnevol-entissimus 



38 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 



[§25. 



But those in dtcus {i long) are compared regularly, as : 
pudicus, bashful, modest, pudic-ior, pudic-issimus. 

8. Besides, the following adjectives of irregular compari- 
son are to be observed : 



bonus, good 
malus, had 
magnus, great 
parvus, small 
multus, much 



nequam, wicked 
senex, old 
juvenis, young 
exierus, outward 
inferus, helow 
superus, above 
posterus, hind 



C. mel-ior, ius, better 

pej-or 

maj-or 

min-or 

plus (neutr.) more 

plures (m. and f.),plura 
(n.) more 
C. nequ-ior, 

sen-ior, 

jun-ior 

exter-ior, 

infer-ior, 

super-ior, 

poster-iorf 



S. optimus, a, um, best 
pesslmus 
maximus 
minimus 
plurimus, most 
plurimi, most 

S. nequissimus 
wanting 
wanting 
extremus, outermost 
infimus and imus 
supremus, and summus 
postremus, hindermost 



9. Finally, there are several adjectives of which the posi- 
tive is wanting, e. g. : 

(citra, on this side) citer-ior, ius citlmus, nearest 

(intra, within) inter-ior, ius intimus, inmost 

(ultra, beyond) ulter-ior, ius ultlmus, last 

(prope, near) prop-ior, ius proximus, next 

Rem. 1. Instead of the comparison by terminations, the Latin lan- 
guage often expresses the comparative by the positive with magis 
(more), and the superlative by the positive with maxime (most). This 
periphrastic form is necessary in those adjectives which want the ter- 
minational comparative and superlative. 

Rem. 2. Some adjectives have a superlative but not a comparative 
form, as: novus, new, novissimus; invictus, invincible, inviclissimus. 
On the contrary, others have a comparative but not a superlative form, 
as: diuturnus, lasting, diuturnior, maxime diuturnus; proclivis, sloping, 
inclined, proclivior, maxime proclivis ; especially, nearly all in His, llis, 
dlis, bllis, as : agilis, nimble, agilior, maxime agiHs. 

Rem. 3. To the adjectives which have not the terminational com- 
parison, belong: a) those which have a vowel before the ending us, as; 
idoneus. Jit, magis idoneus, maxime idoneus; ]n\\s, pious, affectionate; 
perspicuus, clear; egregius, excellent; necessanus, necessary ; — b) nearly 
all in, icus, Imus, Inus, ivu^, orus, undus, andus, bundus, as : lubrlcus, 
slippery; legitimus, lawful, matutinus, early, fugitivus, fugitive, canorus, 
harmonious, venerandus, worthy of veneration, moribun d u s, c(?/in^; — c) 
several of no particular class, as: almus, nourishing, canus, hoary, cicur, 
tame, claudus, lame, compos, powerful, impos, impotent of, cui-vus, bent, 



§ 25.] COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 39 

ferus, mild, gnarus, acquainted with, mediocris, mediocre, memor, mind- 
ful of, mirus, ivonderful, par, equal, proedltus, endowed with, rudis, rude, 
etc. ; — finally, some, which, on account of their signification, admit of 
no degrees; e. g. those which denote a mafe7*iaZ; those compounded 
with per, prae (except praeclarus) and suh, as : permagnus, vei-y great, 
praedives, very rich, subdifficllis, somewhat difficult; those having the 
diminutive form, as : parvulus, tiny, vetCdus, oldish. 

XV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Beneficentia, ae,/. he- lux, lucis,/. light. munificus, a, um, mu- 

7ieficence. ratio, 6nis,y. reason. nificent. 

luna, ae, f the moon. simulatio, 6ms, f pre- secundus, a, um,/ai;or- 

natura, ae,/. nature. tence. able; res secundae, 

sapientia, ae,y. wisdom, sol, solis, m. sun. prosperity. 

odium, i, n. hatred. sonitus, us, m. sound. amabllis, e, amiable. 

amor, oris, m. love. accommodatus, a, um, velox, ocis, swift. 

hirundo, Inis, f. swal- suited to. nihil, indecL, nothing, 

low. garrulus, a, um, chatter- quam, conj., than. 

liberalitas, atis, f. liber- ing, loquacious, 
ality. 

Nihil est naturae hominis accommodatius, quam beneficentia. Nihil 
est amabilius, quam virtus. Lux est velocior, quam sonitus. Nihil est 
melius, quam sapientia. Multi magis garruli sunt, quam hirundlnes. 
Pauperes saepe sunt munificentiores, quam divites. In adversis rebus 
saepe sunt homines prudentiores, quam in secundis. Divitissimorum 
vita saepe est miserrima. Simulatio amoris pejor est, quam odium. 
Nihil est melius, quam ratio. Sol major est, quam terra ; luna minor 
est, quam terra. 

XVI. Words to be learned and Exercises Jor translation. 

Patria, ae, /. native adulatio, onis, f fatte- beneftcus, a, urn, 6ene/*- 
country. ry. icent. 

poeta, ae, m. a poet. similitudo, inis,/. simi- Graecus, a, um, Greek. 

simia, ae,/. an ape. larity. suus, a, um, his, her, 

Syracusae, arum, /. valetudo, Inis,/ health. its. 

Syracuse. afiinitas, atis,/ relation- niger, gra, grum, black. 

corvus, ), m. a crow. ship. celeber, bris, bre, fre- 

malum, i, n. evil. virgo, inis, /. a young quented. 

murus, i, m. a wall. woman. brevis, e, short. 

Homerus, i, m. Homer, crus, uris, n. shin, leg. simplex, icis, simple. 

Lacedaemonius, i, m. beatus, a, um, peaceful, valeo 2. / am strong, 
a Lacedemonian happy. avail. 

labor, oris, m. labor. contemno 3. / despise. 

Omnium beatissimus est sapiens. Homerus omnium Graecorum 



40 CLASSIFICATION AND FORMATION OF ADVERBS. [§ 26. 

poetarum est veterrimus. Adulatio est pessimum malum. Urbs Syra- 
cusae maxima et pulcherrima erat omnium Graecarum urbium. Pes- 
simi homines sunt maledicentissimi. In amicitia plus valet similitude 
morum, quam afRnitas. 

Nothing is better than virtue. God is the greatest, best and wisest 
of all. The customs of the Lacedemonians were very simple. The 
horse is very swift. Crows are very black. The haven is very much 
frequented. The father is very benevolent and very beneficent. The 
king is building a very magnificent palace (=house). Young women 
should (= must) be very modest. The ape is very much like man. 
The leg of the stork is very slender. Nothing is sweeter than friend- 
ship. The Lacedemonians were very brave. Light is very swift. 
Nothing is worse than the pretence of love. The sun is very great. 
The life of man is very short. The richest are often the most wretch- 
ed. The poorest are often the happiest. The labor is very easy. The 
customs of men are very unhke. The king is very munificent. The 
worst men are often very happy. The best men are often despised 
by (ab) the worst. The health of my friend is very feeble. The 
garden of thy father is very beautiful. The labor is very hard. The 
walls of the city are very low. Most men love their native countiy. 



CHAPTER V. 

Of the Adverb. 
§ 26. Classification and Formation of Adverbs. 

1. The common endings of adverbs (§ 6, 4.) are e and er 
{iter); those derived from adjectives of the second declen- 
sion, are formed by annexing e to the root of the adjective, 
as: clams, clar-e, liber (G. liber-i), liber-e, pulcher (G. pul- 
chr-i), pulchr-e. Only bene (well) from bonus, and male 
(badly), from mains have a short e. 

2. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declen- 
sion are formed, by adding er to the stem of those in ans 
and ens, and iter to the stem of all others, as : 

clar-us, a, um, clear, renowned clar-e 

liber, a, um, (G. liber-i), /ree liber-e 



$27. 



COMPARISON OF ADVEEBS. 



41 



pulcher, chra, chrum (G. pulchr-i) pulchr-e 
prudens (G. prudent-is), knowing prudent-er 

amans (G. amant-is), loving amant-er 

fortis (G. fort-is), brave fort-iter 

Audax (G. audac-is), bold, has audac-fer (for audac-iter). 

3. Besides adverbs of the above-named endings, there 
are a number which have the termination of neuter adjec- 
tives in either the accusative or ablative case, as : multum, 
much, plurimum, most, solum and tantum, only, facile, easily, 
difficile (and difficulter), luith difficulty, recens, recently ; — 
tuto, safely, raro, rarely, continuo, immediately, cxehYO, fre- 
quently, fslso, falsely, subito, suddenly, iperpetuo, continually. 

4. There are still other adverbial terminations, as: coel- 
itus, from heaven, penitus, deeply, entirely; sensiin, by de- 
grees, passfm, everyivhere ; caterva^im, by troops, grega^im, 
by flocks, etc. 



§ 27. Comparison of Adverbs. 

Adverbs derived from adjectives use for the comparative, 
the neuter singular of the comparative of the adjectives 
from which they are derived, and in the superlative change 
us of the superlative of their adjectives into e, as : 

laet-e, joyfully 
doct-e, learnedly 
lev-iter, lightly 
felic-Iter, happily 
magniflc-e, magnificently 
simil-iter, alike 
ben-e, well 
mal-e, badly 



Comp. laet-iW 
doct-ius 
lev-ius 
fe\ic-ius 
magmfic-entius 
smnl-ius 
mel-ius better 
pejus 



Sup. laet-issime, most joyfully 
doct-issime 
ley-issime 
feVic-issime 
magn'ific-entissime 
simW-llme 
optlme, best 
pessime. 



42 



PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 



[^28. 



CHAPTER VI. 

Of the Pronoun (Comp. § 6, 5). 

§ 28. I. Personal Pronouns, 

a. Substantive Personal Pronouns. 







Singular. 




Nom. 


ego,/ 


tu, thou 


wanting 


Gen. 


mei, of me 


tui, of thee 


sui, of himself her- 


Dat. 


mlhi, to me 


trbi, to thee 


self etc. 


Ace. 


me, me 


te, thee 


sibi, to himself etc. 


Abl. 


me, hy me 


te, by thee 
Plural. 


se, himself etc. 
se, by himself etc. 


Nom. 


nos, we 


vos, you 


wanting 


Gen. 


nostri, of us 


vestri, of you 


sui, of themselves 




nostrum, of among 


vestrum, of among 






us 


you 




Dat. 


nobis, to us 


vobis to you 


sibi, io themselves 


Ace. 


nos, us 


vos, you 


se, themselves 


Abl. 


nobis, by us. 


vobls, 6^ you. 


se, &3/ themselves. 



Rem. 1. The Voc. of all the pronouns, if used, is like the Nom. 
The preposition cum (with), which governs the Abl., is joined to me, te, 
etc., thus : mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum, with me, with 
thee, with one''s self with us, with you. 

Rem. 2. In order to give more emphasis to the personal pronouns, 
the syllable met is added to all the forms given in the above table, with 
the exception of tu and the Gen. Plur. of ego and tu, as : egomet, te- 
met, siblmet, nosmet, vosmet ; — to tu is added te : tute, thou thyself 
— se is doubled to render it more emphatic : sese. For the difference 
of meaning between nostri, vestri and nostrum, vestrum, see § 94. 

b. Adjective Personal Pronouns or Possessive 
Pronouns. 

Adjective-personal pronouns are formed from the Gen. 
of Substantive-personal pronouns. They are called pos- 
sessive, because they represent an objective as the possession 
of an individual of the first, second or third person. 
From mei comes mens, mea, meum, my. (For the Voc. mi see § 



17. Rem. 1.) 



— tui — tuus, tua, tuum, thy. 

— sui — suus, sua, suum, his, her, its. 

— nostri — noster, nostra, nostrum, our. 

— vestri — vester, vestra, vestrum, your. 



$ 28.] PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 43 

Remark 3. For giving greater force and emphasis, the ending pte 
is joined to the Abl. Sing, of suus, as : suopte manu, with Ms (own, very) 
hand, suopte gladio (with his sword). For the same reason also, met 
(see Rem. 2) is joined to the obUque cases of suus, as : suismet capitibus. 

XVII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Magister, tri, m, teacher, aequahs, e. equal. laboro 1. / lahor. 

praeceptum, i, n. pre- sahitaris, e. salutai-y. narro 1. / relate. 

cept, principle. [er. canto 1. / sing. voco 1. / call. 

praeceptor,6ris, mimc^- clamo 1. I cry. doleo 2. I grieve. 

tractatio, onis, f. hand- impero 1. (with Dat.) / disco 3. / learn. 

ling, pursuit. command, govern. ludo 3. I play. 

Veritas, aus,yi truth. imperium, i, n. com- attente, adv. attentively. 
gratus, a, um, agreeable. mand, dominion. inter, praep. (with Acc.]f 

iratus, a, um, offended, between, among. 

angry. 

Rule of Syntax. The personal pronouns in the Nom., ego, tu, etc., 
are used only when there is some emphasis to be placed upon them, 
hence especially in antitheses. The same is true of the i)ossessive 
pronouns, meus, tuus, etc., e. g. meu^ frater diligens est, iwwspiger; but: 
frater me amat (not : frater meus me amat). 

Ego canto, tu clamas, amicus vocat. Nos narramus, vos saltatis, 
fratres laborant. Ego fleo, tu rides, frater dolet. Nos, praeceptores, 
docemus, vos, discipuli, discitis. Ego ludo, tu discis, soror acu pingit. 
Nos scribimus, vos legitis, fratres pingunt. Ego salio, tu feris, puer 
dormit. Nos, magistri, vos, o discipuli, erudimus ; vos, boni discipuli, 
attente auditis praecepta nostra. Virtutes inter se aequales sunt. Im- 
perare sibi maximum imperium est. Iratus non est apud se. Tracta- 
tio litterarum nobis salutaris est. Veritas semper mihi grata est. 

XVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Modus, i, m. measure, proxlmus, a, um, next, obrepo 3. (with dat.) 1 
manner. par, aris, equal. creap up, steal upon. 

vitium, i, n. a fault. dimico 1. 1 fight. acriter, adv. spiritedly. 

civis, is, m. citizen. discordo l. I am at va- per, praep. (with ace), 

parentes, ium, m. pa- riance with. through. 

rents. porto 1. / bear, carry. propter, praep. (with 

caput, rtis, n. head. faveo 2. I favor. ace), on account of. 

cantus, us, n. song. splendeo 2. I shine. de, praep. {with abl), of 

redltus, us, m. return. expeto 3. / strive to oh- concerning, over, at. 
tain. 

Vitia nobis virtutum nomine obrepunt. Nos favemus vobis, vos fa- 
vetis nobis. Tu me amas, ego te amo. Mihi mea vita, tibi, tua cara 
est. Virtus splendet per se semper. Cantus nos delectat. Parentes 



44 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. [^28. 

a nobis diliguntur. O mi fili, semper mihi pare ! Frater me et te 
amat. Egomet mihi sum proximus. Tute tibi impera. Virtus prop- 
ter sese colitLir. Suapte natura virtus expetitur. Gives de suismet 
capitibus dimicant. Sapiens omnia sua secum portat. Nos vobiscum 
de patris reditu gaudemus. Tu tecum pugnas. Oratio tua tecum pug- 
nat. Deus tecum est. Saepe animus secum discordat. Hostes nobis- 
cum acriter pugnant. 

I relate, thou dancest, the brother labors. We sing, you write, the 
friends call. I, the teacher, teach; thou, the scholar, learnest. We 
weep, you laugh, the brothers grieve. I write, thou readest, the broth- 
er paints. We play, you learn, the sisters embroider. I, the teacher, 
instruct thee, O scholar ; thou, O good scholar, hearest attentively my 
precepts. The enemies fight spiritedly with you. Angry [men] are 
not in their right mind (= by themselves). God is with us. You re- 
joice with us at the return of [oin*] father. 

I carry all my [secrets] with myself. O my son and my daughter, 
always obey me ! You love us, we love you. Our life is dear to us, 
yours to you. Bad men are always at variance with themselves. The 
pursuit of literature is salutary to me. Truth is always agreeable to 
us. Our parents love thee and me in (abl.) like (= equal) manner. 
Men love themselves. Virtue is beautiful in (per) itself I favor thee, 
thou favorest me. Our native country is dear to us. 

XIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Gura, ae, /. care, con- industrius, a, um, in- immemor, oris, un- 

cern. dustrious, diligent. mindful of. 

ira, ae,/. anger. mirus, a, um, wonder- potens, ntis, powerfid, 

desiderium, i. n. long- ful, extraordinary. master of. 

ing, desire. -perfidus, a, um, faith- impotens, ntis, noi ^ot«- 

conservatrix, icis, f. less. erful, not master of. 

preserver. absens, ntis, absent. teneo 2. / hold, possess. 

judex, icis, m. judge. insiplens, ntis, unwise, ango 3. 1 trouble. 

benignus, a, um, kind, memor, oris, mindful 
of 

Omnis natura est conservatrix sui (preserver of herself). Mirum 
desiderium urbis, meorum et tui me tenet (longing after the city, etc.). 
Pater vehementer tua sui memoria delectatur (by thy remembrance of 
him). Ira est impotens sui. Sapiens semper potens sui est. Vestri 
cura me angit (concern for you). Omnes homines sunt benigni judi- 
ces sui. Vehementer grata mihi est memoria nostri tua (thy remem- 
brance of us). Amicus mei et tui est memor. Pater absens rnagno 



$29. 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 



45 



desiderio tenetur mei, et tui, mi frater, et vestri, o sorores. Amici sunt 
nostri memores. Multi vestrum mihi placent. Plurimi nostrum te 
valde diligunt. 

The absent father has a great concern /or us (= of us). The unwise 
[man] is not master of himself. The faithless friend is unmindful of 
me. Your remembrance of me is very agreeable. Care about thee 
(== of thee) troubles me. The most of you, my scholars, are diligent. 
The most of us love [our] native country. 



§ 29. II. Demonstrative Pronouns. 





Singular. | 


Nom. 


IS, ea, id, he, she, it ; the same 


i-dem, ea-dem, i-dem, the very 
same 


Gen. 


ejus, of him, her, it; of the 
same 


ejus-dem, of the very same 


Dat. 


ei, to him, her, it ; to the same 


ei-dem, to the very same 


Ace. 


eum, eam, id, him, her, it ; the 


eun-dem, ean-dem, idem, the 




same 


very same 


Abl. 


eo, ea, eo, hy him, her, it ; hy 


eo-dem, ea-dem, eo-dem, by the 




th£ same. 


very same. 




Plural. 1 


Nom. 


ii, eae, ea, they ; the same 


ii-dem, eae-dem, ea-dem, the 
very same 


Gen. 


eorum, earum, eorum, of them ; 


eorun-dem, earun-dem, eorun- 




of the same 


dem, of the very same 


Dat. 


iis (seldom eis), to them; to 


iis-dem (eis-dem), to the very 




the same 


same 


Ace. 


eos, eas, ea, them ; the same 


eos-dem, eas-dem, ea-dem, the 
very same 


Abl. 


iis (seldom eis), hy them ; by 


iis-dem (eis-dem), by the very 




the same. 


same. 



Remark. 1. The pronoun is, ea, id may be translated as follows : 
1) the same (the one just mentioned); 2) Gen. e. g. filius ejus, his or her 
son. Dat., to him, to her, to it. Ace. him, her, it ; Plur. Nom. they. Gen. 
e. g. filius eorum or earum, their son, Dat. to them. Ace. the7n ; — 3) in 
connection with a noun : this, e. g. eum regem, this kinfs; ; — 4) he, she, 
it (who). In the oblique cases, it is distinguished from sai and suns in 
meaning, by not referring back, as they do, to the subject of the 
sentence. 



46 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 



[^29. 



Singular. j 


Norn. 


iste, ista, istud, this, that 


iUe, ilia, illud, that 


Gen. 


istlus, of this, of that 


illi us, of that 


Dat. 


istI, to this, to that 


iltl, to that 


Ace. 


istum, islam, istud, this, that 


ilium, illam, illud, that 


Abl. 


isto, ista, ist(3, by this, by that. 


illo, ilia, illo, by that. 


Plural (after the II. Dec.) 


N. isti, ae, a; G. istorum, arum, orum ; D. and Abl. istis; A. istos, as, a; 


N. illi, ae, a; G. illorum, arum, orum; D. and Abl. illis ; A. illos, as, a. 


Singular. 


Nom. 


hic, haec, hoc, this 


ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self 


Gen. 


hujus, of this 


ipsius 


Dat. 


huic, to this 


jpsi 


Ace. 


hunc, banc, hoc, this 


ipsum, ipsam, ipsum 


Abl. 


hoc, hac, hoc, by this. 


ipso, ipsa, ipso. 


Plural. 


N. hi,hae,/iaec; G. horum,harum,horum; D. and Abl. his; A.hos, has,/jaef; 


N. ipsi, ipsae, ipsa ; G. ipsorum, arum, orum; D. and Abl. ipsis; A. ipsos,as,a. 



Remark 2. The enclitic ce is joined to hie, haec, hoc in order to in- 
crease its demonstrative power : hicce, haecce, hocce, this here ; the 
following forms occur most frequently : hujusce, hosce, hisce. From 
these forms connected with the interrogative particle ne we have : hic- 
cine, haeccme, hoccine, this ? but in general only after a foregoing c. 
Also from the connection of this ce with iste and ille we have the fol- 
lowing forms : Sing. N. istic, istaec, istuc ; illic, illaec, illuc ; Ace. is- 
tunc, istanc, istuc ; illunc, illanc, illuc ; Abl. istoc, istac, istoc ; illoc, iliac, 
illoc ; PI. N. and Ace. Neut istaec, illaec. 

The student may decline : 
idem equus, the very same horse, eadem rana, the very same frog, idem 

vittum, the very same fault, G. ejusdem equi, ejusdem ranae, ejusdem 

vitii; 
iste vir, this man, ista femlna, this woman, istud nomen, this name, istius 

viri, istius feminae, istius nomlnis ; 
hic puer, this boy, haec puella, this girl, hoc praeceptum, this precept, 

hujus pueri, hujus puellae, hujus praecepti ; 

ille sensus, that feeling, ilia res, that thing, illud cornu, that horn, 

illius sensus, illius rei, illius cornus (u). 

Rem. 3. Hic, Jiaec, hoc, refers to an object in the presence of the one speak- 
ing, which pertains to the one spealdng or which he calls attention to ; iste, 
ista, istud refers to an object in the presence of the one addressed or which 
pertains to the one addressed ; ille, ilia, illud refers to an object which lies 
remote from the speaker and forms a contrast with hic, haec, hoc. 



^29.] DEMONSTRATIVE PPwONOUNS. 47 

XX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation, 

Diligentia, ae, /. dili- dux, uc\s,m. leader, gen- mendax, acis, lying, 

gence, exactness. eral. liar. 

ignavia, ae,/. indolence. Xenophon, ontis, m. hebeto 1. / blunt, en- 

litterae, arum,/, a letter. Xenophon. feeble. 

memoria, ae,/. memory, carmen, inis, n. poem, firmo 1. / make firm, 

schola, ae,/ a school, addictus, a, um^ devoted strengthen. 

sententia, ae,/ opinion, to. vito ] . / avoid. 

view. fidus, a, um, faithful. placeo 2. I please, 

scr'iptor, 6ns, m. ivriter. saevus, a, um, fierce, displlceo 2. I displease. 

auctoritas, atis, / au- cruel. faveo 2. I am favorable 

thority. ■ elegans, ntis, elegant. to. 

tarditas, atis, / slow- iners, ertis, awkward, credo 3. / believe, trust. 

ness, indolence. inactive. 

Xenophon est elegantissimus scriptor ; ejus libros libenter lego, 
Amicum fidum babeo; ei addictissimus sum. Fratris carmen valde 
mihi placet ; lege id. Ignavia corpus hebetat, labor firmat ; illam vita, 
hunc expete. Hae litterae graviter me movent. Haec carmina suavis- 
sima sunt. Isti homini mendaci ne crede. Huic duci milites libenter 
parent. Illi viro omnes favent. Praeclarum est istud tuum praceptum. 
Haec sententia mihi placet, ilia displlcet. Hoc bellum est saevissi- 
mum. Hie puer industrms est, ille iners. Memoria teneo praeclarum 
illud praeceptum. Iste tuus amicus est vir o])timus. Ista vestra auc- 
toritas est maxima. Hujus discipuli diligentiang. laudo, ilJius tarditatem 
vitupero; illi schola est gratissima, huic molestissima. 

XXI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Tortuna, ae, f. fortune, clarus, a, um, clear, re- tracto 1. I pursue. 

Alexander, dri, m. Alex- nowned. obsideo 2. / besiege. 

ander. Delpbicus, a um, Del- studeo 2. I strive. 

Pompeius, i, m. Pom- phic. fido 3. I trust. 

pey. inimicus, a, um, hostile ; difFido. / distrust. 

factum, i, n. deed. subst. enemy. nosco 3. / am acquaint- 

meritum, i, n. desert. seditiosus, a, um, sedi- ed with, know. 

oraculurn, i, n. oracle. tious. agnosco3. [understand. 

Caesar, aris, m. Caesar, admirabllis, e, wonder- resisto 3. Iresist. 

imperator, oris, m. gen- ful. sentio 4. / feel, think, 

eral. laudabllis, e,praisewor- judge. [f>^- 

virtus, utis,/ bravery. thy. pro, praep. (with abl.) 

opus, eris, n. work. expugno 1. / capture. quia, conj. because. 

Multi homines de iisdem rebus eodem die non eadem sentiunt. In- 
sipiens eidem sententiae modo fidit, modo difFidit. Ipsi imperatori se- 
ditiosi milites resistunt. Animus ipse se movet. Virtus est per se ipsa 



48 RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. [§ 30. 

laudabilis. Saepe nihil est homini ioimicius, quam sibi ipse. Omne 
animal se ipsum diligit. Carior nobis esse debet patria, quam nosmet 
ipsi. Praeclarum est illud praeceptum oraculi Delphlci : Nosce te ip- 
sum. Mendax saepe sibi ipsi diffidit 

Xenophon is a very elegant writer, I read Piim with very great de- 
light (libentissime). The brother and his friend are very dear to me. 
The teacher praises and censures the scholars according to {pro with 
abl.) their desert. We perceive God from his works. We honor [our] 
parents, because their deserts to [de with abl.) us are very great. The 
enemies besiege the city and strive to capture it. 

This book I read with delight. This poem pleases me, that dis- 
pleases. I praise the industry of this scholar. The deeds of that great 
Alexander are extolled by (ab) all writers. Caesar and Pompey were 
very renowned generals ; to that, fortune was more favorable than to 
this ; the bravery of this and that [one] was wonderful. 

The king himself is leader of the army. Thou dost not always 
judge the very same concerning the very same thing. The father and 
the son pursue the very same literary studies (= literature). The 
virtues are of (per) themselves praiseworthy. Man loves himself. 
[Thy] native country ought to be dearer to thee than thou thyself. 
Understand yourselves. Liars often distrust themselves. 

§ 30. in. Relative Pronouns. IV. Interrogative Pronouns. 



Singular. 



Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 



qui, quae, quod, who^ which 
cujus, whose, of whom, of which 
cui, to whom, to which 
quem, quam, quod, whom, which 
quo, qua, quo, by whom, by which 

Plural. 



quis (m. &y^), quid, ivho ? what ? 
cujus, whose ? of whom ? of what ? 
cui, to whom? to whaf^ 
quem, quam, quid, ivhom ? whaf? 
quo, qua, quo, by ivhom, by what ? 



Nom. 'qui, quae, quae, who, which I qui, quae, quae, who'? whaf? 



Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 
Abl. 



quorum, quarum, quorum, quorum, quarum, quorum 



whose, of whom, of which 
quibus, to whom, to which 
quos, quas, quae, whom, which 
quibus, by whom, by which. 



ivhose'? of ivhom'? of what? 
quibus, to whom ? to what ? 
quos, quas, quae, ivhom? what? 
quibus, by ivhom? by what? 



Rem. 1. The preposition cum is joined to the Abl., as: quocum, for 
which quicum is often used. 

Rem. 2. In quisquis{quaequae rare), quicquid{whoeYer, whatever) hoth. 
pronouns are declined, as : quoquo, quibusquibus, e. g. quoquo mode 



§ 30.] RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 49 

res se habet, in whatever way the thing has itself; quicquid id est, what- 
ever it is ; On the contrary, in quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque (which- 
soever, whatsoever) cunque is barely annexed to the diiferent cases of 
qui, quae, quod, as : G. cujuscunque, etc. 

Rem. 3. Quis, quid, are used substantively, as : quis scribit ? quid 
scribitur ? So also in the Ace, as : quid agis? The remaining forms 
do not differ from qui, quae, quod used interrogatively ; but qui, quae, 
quod in this case, is always an adjective, e. g. quem vides ? whom do you 
see ? quem hominem vides ? what man do you see ? For the purpose of 
strengthening the interrogation, nam is annexed to the above mention- 
ed interrogative pronouns, as: quisnam clamat ? who cries out then% 
quidnam agis ? what do you do then ? quinam homo clamat ? quaenam. 
mulier venit ? quodnam genus est ? and so through all the cases. 

XXII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
Civitas, atis,/. state. probus, a, um, upright, honoro 1. 1 honor. 
lex, egis,/. law. sanctus, a, um, sacred, gero 3. I carry on. 

mors, riis, f death. mitis, e^ mild. succurro 3. I assist. 

immaturus, a, um, wn- euro 1. (with ace) / exaudio 4. I listen to. 

timely. care for, look out for. ardenter, ac?i;. ardently,, 

Justus, a, um, just. devasto 1. / lay ivaste. eagerly. 

maleficus, a, um, em7 ; guberno 1. / govern, 

subst. evil-doer. rule. 

Rex, qui civitatem gubernat, civium salutem curare debet. Regi, cu- 
jus imperium mite et justum est, omnes cives libenter parent. Regem,. 
cui leges sunt sanctae, cives colunt. Felix est rex, quem omnes cives 
amant. O rex, qui civitatem nostram gubernas, honora bonos cives, 
terre maleficos, succurre miseris, exaudi probos ! Acerba et immatura 
est mors eorum, qui immortale opus parant. Non semper est illud" 
bonum, quod ardenter expetimus. Beati sunt ii, quorum vita virtutis 
praeceptis regltur. Hostis, quocum bellum geritur, terram nostram de- 
vastat. 

The kings who govern the states, ought to look out for (ace.) the- 
welfare of the citizens. The kings, whose government is mild and 
just, all citizens obey with delight. The kings, to whom the laws are 
sacred, are obeyed by all the citizens. The kings are fortunate, whoi 
are loved by all the citizens. O kings, who govern our states, honor 
the good citizens, frighten the evil, assist the wretched, listen to the 
upright ! The enemies, with whom you carry on war, lay waste our 
land. 

XXIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Luscinia, ae, /. night- peccatum, i, n.5in,/aMZ<. honestus, a, um,viitu- 
ingale. opinio, onis, /. opinion. ous. 

5 



so INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. [$31. 

falgus, a, um,/aZ5C. coglto 1. / //im^ q/*. mdu]geo '2, 1 am indul- 

ingi-atus, a, um, disa- excrucio I . / torment. gent to. 

greeabUj ungrateful, repugn o 1. I am repug- ago 3. I drive, do, treat. 
utilis, e, useful. nant to. dico 3. I say, tell. 

ambulo 1. I go to walk, habeo 2. / have; me quaero 3. I seek. 

take a walk. habeo, / have myself, cur, why. 

Quis me vocat? Quid agis, mi amice? Quis scribit has litteras? 
Quid cogltas ? Quid ago ? cur me excrucio ? Quae amicitia est inter 
ingratos ? Quod carmen legis ? Quis homo venit ? Quis poeta dul- 
cior est, quam Homerus ? Cujus vox suavior est, quam vox lusciniae ? 
Quibus peccatis facillime indulgemus ? 

Quicquid est honestum, idem est utile. Quicquid vides, currit cum 
tempore. Quoquo modo res sese habet, ego sententiam meam defen- 
do. Quaecunque opinio veritati repugnat, falsa est. 

What sayest thou? Who is that man? Who is that woman? 
With whom does thy friend go to walk ? Whom seekest thou ? What 
book readest thou ? To whom dost thou write this letter ? In what- 
ever manner the thing has itself, we praise thy view. 

§ 31. V. Indefinite Pronouns. 

1) quis, qua, quid, an?/ one, any thing (substantively), 
Ace. quern, quam, quid. Nom. PI. qui, quae, qua ; the re- 
maining cases are the same as those of the relative qui.^ 
quae., quod; — qui, quae, quod, any one, any thing, (adjective- 
ly), is declined like the relative qui, quae, quod; 

2) aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, some one, something, (substan- 
tively). Ace. aliquem, aliquam, aliquid, Nom. PL aliqui, 
ae, a; — aliqui, aliqua (aliquae very seldom), aliquod, (used 
adjectively). PI. aliqui, ae, a; 

3) quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam, any one, some one, 
any thing, some thing (i. e. any one, etc., indifferently from 
a larger number), used substantively ; — quispiam, quaepiam, 
quodpiam, (used adjectively), G. cujuspiam, etc. ; 

4) quisquam, quicquam, (scarcely, hardly,) one, any one, 
any thing, used substantively ; quisquam, (quaequam rare), 
quodquam, used adjectively, G. cujusquam, etc.; this pro- 
noun is used principally in negative sentences ; 

5) acquis, ecqua, ecquod, ivhether any one ? any thing ? 



i 32.] CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS. 51 

used substantively ; ecqui, ecquae, ecquod, used adjectively, 
G. eccujus, etc. ; 

6) quidam, quaedam, quiddam, a certain one^ a certain 
thing-^ used substantively ; quidam, quaedam, quodam, used 
adjectively^ G. cujusdam, etc. ; 

7) quisque, quaeque, quidque, (as subst.)^ and quodque, 
(as adj.) each one, each, G. cujusque, etc. ; unusquisque, 
unaquaeque, unumquidque (as subst), and unumquodque, 
(as adj.)y each one (to a man), G. uniuscujusque, etc.; qui- 
vis, quaevis, quidvis (as subst.), and quodvis (as adj.), any 
one, any thing- you choose, without exception, G. cujusvis, 
etc. ; quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet (as subst.), and quodlibet 
(as adj.), any one, any thing you please, indifferently, G. eu- 
juslTbet, etc. ; 

8) alius, alter, idlus, nullus, neuter, see in <§> 33, Rem. 5. 

XXIV. JVords to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Graecia, ae,/. Greece. dignltaLS^ atis^ f. dignity . impendeo 2. I threaten, 

pecun ia, ae,/. mone^/. mens, tis, f. understand- inhaereo 2. I inhere. 

locus, i, m. a place, sit- ing, intellect. adimo3. I take away. 

nation. jus, uris, n. wliai is just, tribuo 3. I give. 

augurium, i, n. presage, justitia, ae, f. justice. idcirco, adv. on this ac- 
gaecalum, i, n. hundred futurus, a, um, future. count. 

years, an age. insltus, a, um, inborn, quasi, adv. as if, 

terror, oris, m. terror. 

Si mortem timemus, semper allqui terror nobis impendet. Si cui- 
piam pecuniam fortuna adimit, idcirco miser non est. Graecia parvum 
quendam locum Europae tenet. Inhaeret in mentibus nostris quasi 
quoddam augurium futurorum saeculorum. In unoquoque virorum bo- 
norum habitat deus. Justitia jus unicuique tribilit pro dignitate cujus- 
que. Cuique nostrum amor vitae est insltus. 

§ 32. Correlative Pronouns, 

Under correlative pronouns are embraced all those pro- 
nouns which express a reciprocal relation (correlation) to 
each other and exhibit this relation by corresponding forms. 
Thus e. g. 



52 OF THE NUMERAL. [§ 32. 



InterroDfative. Demonstrat. Indefinite. Relative. Tndef. Relative. 



qvidihs, of what ta.l\s^ of such qusd'is^of what qualiscunque, 0/ 

kind? a kind ^ such kind ^ as whatever ki.nd 

quantus, ho20 tantus, so aliquantus, quantus, as quantuscunque, 

great ? great somewhat great however great 
great 

quot,* hoio tot,* 50 many aliquot,* quot,* as quotunque*, or 

many? totidem,*jw5£ some many quotquot,* how- 
so many ever many. 



XXV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Boniim, i, n. the good, respublica, reipublicae, princeps, Ipis, m. first, 

Aristides, is. m. Aristi- the state. prince. [faidt. 

des. permultus, a, um, very pecco 1. I sin, commit a 

■grex, egis, m. a herd. much, many. soleo 2. lam accustomed. 

imitator, oris, m. imita- fragilis, e, perishable. exsisto 3. / exist, am. 

tor. quod, conj. because, that. 

Quot sunt homines, tot sunt sententiae. Non tantum malum est hoc, 
quod peccant principes, quantum illud, quod permulti imitatores prin- 
<Jipum exsistunt. Quot genera orationum sunt, totidem oratorum ge- 
nera reperiuntur. Quales sunt duces, tales sunt milites. Qualis est 
Tex, talis est grex. Quales in republica sunt principes, tales solent 
esse cives. Ne contemne homines miseros, qualescunque sunt. Cor- 
poris et fortunae bona, quantacunque sunt, incerta ac fragilia sunt. 
Quotquot homines sunt, omnes vitam amant. Quotcunque sunt scrip- 
tores, omnes Aristidis justitiam praedlcant. 



CHAPTER Vn. 

Of the Numeral. 

^ 33. Classification and Tabular View of the Numerals. 

Numerals (§ 6, 6) according to their meaning, may be 
divided into the following classes : 

a) Cardinals^ which answer the question, hoiv many? 
quot ? as : one^ two, etc. 

* All these words are indeclinable and are used only in the plural, as : 
quot liornines sunt ? tot hominum numerus ; aliquot hominibus ; tot homines, 
•quot video, so many men as I see; homines, quotcunque or quotquot video, 
omnes boni sunt. 



§ 33.] OP THE NUMERAL. 53 

Rem. 1. The first three cardinal numbers are declined (Remarks 
5 and 6, pp. 56, 57) ; but from 4 to 100 they are indeclinable, while 
from 200 to 900 they are declined like the plural of adjectives of three 
endings in i, ae, a. For milk see Rem. 4. p. 56. 

b) Ordinals, which answer the question, ivhich in order ? 
which in a series? quotus? as: first, second, etc. 
They are all declined like adjectives of three endings 
in us, a, urn. 

c) Distributives, which answer the question, hoiv many 
at a time ? ho\u many a-piece ? quoteni ? as : one by 
one, tivo by tiuo, etc. 

d) Numeral adverbs, which answer the question, how 
many times ? quoties ? as, once, twice, etc. 

Rem. 2. The numeral adverbs derived from the ordinals ; viz. : pri- 
mum (rarely prinio), secundo (for which iterum is generally used ; se- 
cundum is vei-y rare), tertium, quartum, etc., answer the question, what 
place in order ? as : in the first place, second place, etc. 

e) Multiplicatives, which answer the question, hoiv many 
fold ? quotuplex. They end in plex and are declined 
after the third Dec. as: duplex (for all genders), ^i«;o 
fold, double, G. duplicis. 

f ) Proportionals, which answer the question, hoiv many 
times as great ? quotuplus ? They end in plus, pla, 
plum, as : duplus, a, um, tivice as great, (as something 
else taken as a unit of measure). 

All these classes of numerals, except the last two, which 
are merely numeral adjectives and but little used in com- 
parison with the others, are exhibited in parallel columns 
in the following table. 



5* 



m 



NUMERALS. 



[5 33. 



TABLE OF 



1 Cardinal (how many ?) 


Ordinal (what one in order ?) 


1. 


unus, a, um, one 


primus, a, um^ first 


2. 


duo, ae, o, two 


secundus, second 


3. 


tres, ia, three 


tertius, third 


4. 


quattuor, four 


quartus, /ourf/i 


5. 


qu'mque, five 


(\\x\nius, fifth 


6. 


sex, six 


sextus, sixth 


7. 


septem, seven 


Septimus, seventh 


8. 


octo, eight 


octavus, eighth 


9. 


novem, nine 


nonus, ninth 


10. 


decern, ten 


decimus, tenth 


11. 


undecim, eleven 


undecimus, eleventh 


12. 


duodecim, twelve 


duodecimus, twelfth 


13. 


tredecim, thirteen 


tertius (a, um) decimus (a, um) 


14. 


q uatt uor deci m , fourteen 


quartus decimus^fourteenth 


15. 


qu'mdec] m, fifteen 


quintus declmas, fifteenth 


16. 


sedecim, sixteen 


sextus decimus, sixteenth 


17. 


septendecim, seventeen 


Septimus decimus, seventeenth 


18. 


duodeviginti, eighteen 


duode vicesimus, eighteenth 


19. 


undeviginti, nineteen 


undevicesimus, nineteenth 


20. 


viginti, twenty 


vicesimus, twentieth 


21. 


unus (a, um) et viginti or v. un. 


unus (a, um) et vicesimus (a, um) 


22. 


duo (ae, o) et viginti or v. d. 


alter (a, um)et vicesimus (a, um)* 


28. 


diiodetriginta 


duodetricesimus 


29. 


undetriginta 


undetricesimus 


30. 


triginta 


tricesimus 


40. 


quadraginta 


quadragesimus 


50. 


quinquaginta 


quinquagesimus 


60. 


sexaginta 


sexagesitnus 


70. 


septuaginta 


septuagesimus 


80. 


octoginla 


octogesimus 


90. 


nonaginta 


nonagesimus 


99. 


undecentum. 


undecentesimus 


100. 


centum 


centesimus 


101. 


centum et unus (a, um) or c. un. 


c. (a,um) et primus (a,um)or c.pr. 


102. 


centum et duo (ae, o) or c. d. 


c. (a, um) et alter (a, um) or c.ait. 


200. 


ducenti, ae, a 


ducentesimus 


300. 


trecenti 


tiecentesimus 


400. 


quadringenti 


quadringentesimus 


500. 


quingenti 


quingentesimus 


600. 


sexcenti 


sexcentesimus 


700. 


septingenti 


septingentesimus 


800. 


octingenti 


octingentesimus 


900. 


nongenti 


nongentesimus 


1000. 


mille 


millesimus 


2000. 


duo milTa ; 3000 tria milia, etc. 


bis millesimus ; 3000 ter m. etc. 


100,000. 


centum milia 


centies millesimus 


1,000 000. 


decies centum milia 


decies centies millesimus 


2,000 000. 


vicies centum milia. 


vicies centies millesimus. 


' Or vicesimus (a, um) et alter (a, um). 





U3.] 



NUMERALS. 



5S 



NUMERALS. 



"■ 


Distribu. (how many at a time ?) 


Adverbial (how many times ?) 






singuli, ae, a,' one at a time 


semel, once 


1. 




bini, ae, a, two at a time 


bis, twice 


II. 




terni, three at a time 


ter, thrice 


III. 




quaterni,/oMr at a time 


qnaier, four times 


IV. 




quini,^rc at a time 


quinquies^??e times 


V. 




seni, six at a time 


sexies, six times 


VI. 




septeni, seven at a time 


septies, seven times 


vu. 




octoni, eight at a time 


octles, eight times 


VIII. 




noveni, nine at a time 


novles, nine times 


IX. 




deni, ten at a time 


decies, ten tijnes 


X. 




undeni, eleven at a tivie 


undecies, eleven times 


XL 




duodeni, twelve at a time 


duodecies, twelve times 


XII. 




terni deni, thirteen at a time 


terdecies or tredecies 


Xlll. 




quaterni den\, fourteen at a time 


quatterdecies 


XIV. 




quini deni,_^/itecn at a time 


quindecies 


XV. 




seni deni, sixteen at a time 


sedecies 


XVI. 




septeni, deni, seventeen at a time 


septiesdecies 


XVll. 




daodeviceni, eighteen at a time 


duodevicies 


XVIII. 




undeviceni, nineteen at a time 


undevicies 


XIX. 




viceni, twenty at a time 


vicies, twenty times 


XX. 




viceni (ae, a) singuli (ae, a) 


vicies semel or semel et vicies 


XXI. 




viceni (ae, a) bini (ae, a) 


vicies bis 


XXII. 




duodetriceni 


duodetricies 


XXVIII. 




undetriceni 


undetricies 


XXIX. 




triceni 


tricies 


XXX. 




quadrageni 


quadragies 


XL. 




quinquageni 


quinquagies 


L. 




sexageni 


sexagies 


LX. 




septuageni 


septuagies 


LXX. 




octogeni 


octogies 


LXXX. 




nonageni 


nonagies 


xc. 




undecenteni 


undecenties 


IC. 




centeni 


centTes 


c. 




centeni (ae, a) singuli (ae,a) 


centies semel 


CL 




centeni (ae, a) bini (ae, a) 


centies bis 


ClI. 




duceni 


ducenties 


cc. 




triceni 


trecenties 


ccc. 




quadringeni 


quadringenties 


CD. 




quingeni 


quingenties 


D. 




sexceni 


sexcenties 


DC. 




septingeni 


septingenties 


DCC. 




octingeni 


octingenties 


DCCC. 




nongeni 


nongenties 


DCCCC. 




singula milia 


millies 


M. or do. 




bina milia; 3000 terna m,, etc. 


bis millies; 3000 ter m., etc. 


I1M;I1IM. 




centena milia 


centies millies 


ccc1do3. 




decies centena milia 


decies centies millies 


CCCCl330a. 




vicies centena milia 


vicies centies millies. 





Slngulus, a, um is not used in the Singular. 



•56 NUMERALS. [^ 33. 



Remarks. 

1. The compound numbers into which 8 and 9 enter as one of the 
components, are expressed in a subtradive form, as : 38, duodequadra- 
ginta, duodequadragesimus, 39 undequadraginta, undequadragesimus, 
48 duodequinquaginta, duodequinquagesimus, 59 undesexaginta, unde- 
sexagesimus, etc. 

2. In the other compound numbers from 13 to 17, the smaller number 
is placed first without et, as : Sedecim ; but from 20 to 100, either the 
smaller number is placed first with et following it, or the lai^er without 
et, as : 

23 tres et viginti or viginti tres 

tertius et vicesimus or vicesimus tertius. 

3. In compounding smaller numbers with hundreds and thousands, 
the smaller number follows either with or without et, as : 

103 centum et tres or centum tres, 

centesimus et tertius or centesimus tertius. 

If, however, such a number contains a unit and a ten, the unit is 
placed last without et, as : 

486 quadringenti et octoginta sex or quadringenti octoginta sex, 

quadringentesimus et octogesimus ' 

sextus or quadringentesimus octo- 

gesimus sextus. 

4. Mille, a thousand (i. e. one thousand) is indeclinable, as : dux cum 
mille militibus ; but the Plur. milia (always of more than one thousand), 
is a neuter noun of the third Dec. and is followed by a noun in the 
Gen. case, as: tria milia hominum, cum tribus milibus militum. 

5. The nine following numeral adjectives in us, a, urn, and er, a, um 
form their Gen. Sing, in all three genders in Ims* and their Dat. Sing. 
mi: 

unus, 7dlus, nullus, 
solus, totus, alius, 
uter, alter, neuter, 
and the compounds of uter, as : uterque, alteruter ; 

E. g. solus, a, um, G. soltus, D. soli. — Alms has aliud in the neuter 
and in the Gen. alius (for aliius), in Dat. alu. In the compounds: 
uterque, utervis, utercunque, uterllbet, uter is declined and que, cunque, 
etc. are joined to the different cases, as : utriusque, utrlv'is, utnimciin- 
que utraWhet. In alteruter (one of the two), commonly only uter is de- 
clined and alter is placed before it without change ; but sometimes 
both alter and uter are declined, thus : 

commonly: alteruter, alterutra, alterutrum, G. alterutrius, 

occasionally : alter uter, altera utra, alterum utrum, G. alterius utrius. 

* So also alterius, not (as is inferred from the poets) alterius. 



$ 33.] NUMERALS. 57 

Alius, alia, aliud, an- totus, a, um, the whole, uterlibet, utralibet, 

other uWus, a, um, any one. utrunAlhet, whoever, 

alter, era, erum, the one unus, a, um, one. whichever [you ip\ease 

or the other of two. uter, tra, trum, which of of the two. 

neuter, tra, trum, nei^^- the two'? uterque, utraque, 

er of the two. utercunque, utracun- utrumque, eac^q/**^ 

nullus, a, um, no one; que, utrumcunque, two, both. 

no. whoever, whichever, of 

solus, a, um, alone. the two. 

6. The numerals: duo, two, ambo, both and tres, three, are declined 
as follows : 

Nom. and V. duo, tivo duae, duo 



Gen. 

D. and Abl. 

Ace. 



duorum, duarum, duorum 
duobus, dvdbus, duobus 
duo and duos, duas, duo 
So : arabo, ae, o, both. Like tria is declined the 

PI. of mille : milia. 



tres, three N. tria 

trium 

tribu^ 
tres, tria 



XXVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Hora, ae,/. hour. mensis, is, m. month. pono 3. 1 place, arrange. 

summa, ae,y*. sum. hebdomas, adis,/. week, sepono 3. Hay aside. 

annus, i, m. year. nux, ucis,/. nut. jam, adv. already, now. 

calculus, i, m. a pebble, in promtu esse, to be in memoriter, adv. from 
Carolus, i, m. Charles. readiness. memoiy. 

codicilli, orum, m. writ- exspecto 1. / wait, paulisper, adv. a little. 

ing tablet. await. recte, adv. correctly. 

thalerus, i, m. dollar. respondeo 2. / answer, deinde, adv. then, there- 

cerasum, i, n. cherry. responsio, onis, /. an- upon. 

malum, i, n. apple. siver. denique, adv. finally. 

pirum, i, n. pear. ad do 3. I add to. porro, adv. besides. 

prunum, i, n. plum. attendo 3. I give atten- turn, adv. then. 
exemplum, i, n. exam- tion. 

pie. 

Pater. Attende, mi fill ! Scribe in codicillos tuos hoc exemplum : 
Si habes decem mala, tria pruna, unum pirum, sex cerasa ; et his ad- 
duntur duo mala, quattuor pruna, septem pira, octo cerasa; deinde 
quinque mala, novera pruna, sedecim pira, undecim cerasa; tum duo- 
decim mala, quindecim pruna, tredecim pira, quattuordecim cerasa ; 
porro viglnti mala, undeviginti pruna, duodeviginti pira, septendecim 
cerasa ; denique quattuor et viginti mala, unum et viginti pruna, duo 
et viginti pira, tria et viginti cerasa: quot sunt mala? quot pruna .^ 
quot pira ? quot cerasa ? Carolus. Exspecta paulisper, mi pater ! Jam 
responsio est in promtu. Sunt tria et spetuaginta mala ; unum et sep- 
tuaginta pruna; septem et septuaginta pira; novem et septuaginta 



56 NUMERALS. [$ 33. 

cerasa. P. Recte, mi Carole ! Jam sepone codcillos et memoriter 
mihi responde : Qiiot menses habet unus annus? C. Duodecim. 
P. Quot hebdomades habet unus mensis ? C. Quattuor. P. Quot 
dies habet unus annus ? C. Trecentos sexaginta quinque. P. Quot 
horas habet unus dies? C Quattuor et viginti. P. Quot dies habent 
tres anni ? C. Mille nonaginta quinque. P. Quot horas habet unus 
annus? C Octo miha septingentas sexaginta. P. Si tresnuces quater 
ponis, quanta summa exsistit ? C. Duodecim. P. Si quinque calcu- 
los ter millies sexcenties quinquagies septies ponis ? C Duodeviginti 
milia ducenti octoginta quinque. P. Si septingenta quadraginta tria 
milia trecentos quinquaginta duo thaleros bis ponis ? C Decies cen- 
tum milia quadringenta octoginta sex milia septingenti quattuor. 

Father. Give attention, my son ! write upon your writing-tablet the 
following (= this) example: If thou hast 20 apples, 6 plums, 2 pears, 
12 cherries, and to these are added 4 apples, 8 plums, 14 pears, 16 
cherries; then 10 apples, 18 plums, 32 pears, 22 cherries; then 24 
apples, 30 plums, 26 pears, 28 cherries; besides, 40 apples, 38 plums, 
36 pears, 34 cherries ; finally, 48 apples, 42 plums, 44 pears, 46 cher- 
ries: how many apples are [there] ? how many plums? how many 
pears ? how many cherries ? — Charles. Wait a little, my father ! al- 
ready is the answer in readiness. There are 146 apples, 142 plums, 
154 pears, 158 cherries. — Father, Correctly, my Charles ! 

XXVII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Incola, ae, m. inhahi- jor(natu)oZ<fer, minor annum ago, / am in 

tant. (natu) younger. the year. 

victoria, ae,/. victory. fides, ei, /. Jidelity ; fi- irrumpo 3. / make an 

pretium, i, n. value. dem habeo, / have irruption. 

assentator, oris, m.Jlat- confidence in. nunc, adv. now. 

terer. cognitus, a, um, known, vix, adv. scarcely. 

moderator, oris, m. g-or- infidus, a, um, wn/aif^ de (with abl.) of^ con- 

ernor. ful. cerning. 

eques,itis, m. horseman, natus, a, um, lorn; ex [with abl.) from. 

■pedes, iUs, m. footman, post Christum na- post (with ace.) q/?er. 

pars, tis,/. part, side. turn, after the birth of et — et, both — and. 

societas, atis,/ alliance. Christ. [what ? neque, and not ; neque 

exercitus, us, m. army, quotus, a, um, what one. — neque, neither — nor. 

iiSitua,us,m. birth; ma- ago 3. / drive, pass; 

Quota hora est ? Decima. Annus, quo nunc vivimus, est millesl- 
mus octingentesimus quadrageslmus tertius post Christum natum. 
Pater meus agit annum quartum et sexagesimum (or sexagesimum 



$ 34.] PREPOSITIONS. 59 

quartun); mater octavum et quinquagesimum (or quinquageslmum oc- 
tavum); fraier major natu tertiiim et tricesimum (or tricesimiim ter- 
tium); frater minor natu alterum et tricesimum (or tricesimum alter- 
um) ; soror major duodetricesimum ; soror minor vicesimum. In urbe 
sunt mille milites. Duo milia hostium urbem obsldent. 

The enemy makes an irruption into our country (= land), with 
10,000 soldiers. A thousand soldiers defend the city. 28,000 footmen 
and 13,000 horsemen defend the country. 

My father is in [his] seventy-ffth year (= is passing his seventy-fifth 
year) ; my mother in her sixty-second ; my older brother in his forty- 
first ; my younger brother in his thirty-ninth ; my older sister in her 
thirty-fourth and my younger sister in her twenty-sixth. What hour 
is it? the eleventh hour. How old art thou? (= what year art thou 
passing?), fifty-eight years old (= I am passing the fifty-eighth year). 

Aliud alii placet (one thing pleases one and another another), aliud 
alii displicet. Milites utriusque exercitus sunt fortisslmi. Utrumque 
est vitium : et omnibus credere, et nulli. Perf Idus homo vix ulli fidem 
habet. Unius fidi hominis amicitia habet plus pretii (has more value), 
quam multorum infidorum socielas. Soli sapienti vera vis virtutis est 
cognita. Incolae totius urbis de victoria exercitus laeti erant. Nullius 
hominis vita ex {in) omni parte beata est. Habeo duo amicos ; ambo 
valde diligo. Amicus mens habet duo filios et duas filias. 

We trust to neither of the two, neither to the wicked [man] nor the 
flatterer. The life of no man is more peaceful than the life of the wise 
[man]. God is the governor of the whole world. The father goes to 
walk with [his] two sons and [his] two daughters. Two faithful 
friends are as it were (quasi) one soul in two bodies. Two thousand 
soldiers (gen.) defend the city. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

§ 34. Table of the Prepositions. 

1. Prepositions governing the Accusative. 

Ad, to, unto, according propter, near hy^ on ac- ante, before. 

to, for, at. count of. post, behind, after. 

apud, at, by. penes, loith (in the pow- secundum, afer, alongj 
juxta, nejct to, by. er of some one). according to. 

prope, near by. ob, before, on account of. versus, towards. 



60 PREPOSITIONS. [$ 34. 

adversus and adver- cis, citra, on this side. extra, heyond, without. 

sum, against. trans, ovtr, on that side, infra, beneath, below. 

contra, contrary to, on ultra, beyond, on that supra, over, above. 

the contrary, against. side. per, through. 

erga, towards, [around, inter, between, among., praeier, hard by, besides, 

circa, circum, about, intra, within. 

Rem. 1. Versus generally stands in connection with the prepositions 
ad or in ; the Ace. is placed between ad [in) and versus, as: in Italiam 
versus, ad Oceanum versus, towards Italy, towards the Ocean. But with 
names of cities ad and in are omitted, as: Roman versus, towards 
Rome. 

2. Prepositions governing the Ablative. 

A, ab, abs, yrom, by. \)rae, before,by reason of. sine, without. 

de, down from, away -pro, before, for. clam, without the know- 

from, of, concerning, coram, before, in the ledge of. 

over. presence of. tenus, up to. 

G, ex, out of , from. cum, ivith. 

Rem. 2. A and e never stand before a vowel or h ; abs is rarely used, 
most frequently before t. — Tenus is placed after the Abl. For the 
forms mecum, tecum, quocum, etc., see § 28. Rem. 1. and § 30. Rem. 1. 

3. Prepositions governing the Abl. (in answer to the 

question where^) and the Ace. (in answer to the 

question, whither?) 

In, c. abl. in, at, by, upon ; c. ace. super, over, concerning (generally 
into, upon, against, towards. with ace. in answer to both ques- 

sub, under. tions). 

subter, beneath, (generally with ace. 
in answer to both questions). 

XXVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Ripa, ae,/. feanL 1 ibertas, atis,/. yree</om. effundo 3. 1 pour out, 

via, ae,y! way. altus, a, um, high, deep. discharge. 

castra, orum, n. camp, video 2. / see. fugio 3. I flee. 

agger, eris, m. mound, duco 3. / lead. pello 3. / drive, repel. 

pes, edis, m.foot. munio 4. I fortify. 

Promiscuous examples from all the Declensions. 
Frogs live in the water and upon (in) the land. The soldiers fight 
spiritedly against (in) the enemy. The enemies make an irruption into 
our borders. In the fields; bloom various herbs. In (abl.) summer we 
sit with delight under oaks. The enemies flee within (= among) the 
walls. Parents are loved by (ab) good sons and daughters. Orators 



^35.] GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 61 

we extol on account of {ah) ^uency of speech. The earth moves (= is 
moved) around the sun. Repel cares from [your] minds. Supphants 
fall down upon the knees. Eloquence adorns those with (penes) 
whom it is. Live thou according to nature. The soldiers fight be- 
fore (pro) the camp. The river is discharged over the banks. Virtue 
has all [things] beneath (subter) itself Who is peaceful without vir- 
tue ? Above the city is a very high oak. Below our garden a very 
magnificent house is built. 

The army marches (iter facit) towards Rome. The general leads 
the soldiers against the city. Near by the walls of the city, the enernies 
fortify the camp. The enemies build a high mound around the city. 
Our soldiers fight with the enemies very spiritedly. The citizens fight 
spiritedly for the freedom of their native country. The enemies flee 
over the river. On account of virtue men are esteemed. The ene- 
mies within the walls of the city fortify a camp. The love of parents 
towards [their] children is very great. Many men act contrary to (con- 
tra) the precepts of virtue. On this side of the city a camp is fortified 
by (ab) the enemies. Frogs live within and without the water. All the 
citizens were joyful concerning (de) the victory of our soldiers. The 
way, which leads from the city up to our garden, is very beautiful. 
Avoid the man, who by reason of (prae) anger is not in his right mind 
(= with himself). Before (ante) our house are many pines, behind the 
same, is a very beautiful garden. Often we do not see that which is 
before (ante) our feet. Between the city and our garden are very 
beautiful fields. The enemies flee through the city. Who is peace- 
ful besides the wise [man] ? 



SECOND COURSE. 

§ 35. Greek Nouns of the First Declension. 

Several nouns adopted from the Greek, have in the Nom. 
the ending, e Fern., as and es IVIasc. The declension of 
these differs from the Latin first Dec, only in the Sing. ; in 
the Plur. they are the same. 
6 



62 



GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 



[§35. 



Paradigms, 



Feminine. 


Masculine. 


Sing. N. crambe", cabbage 


Aeneds, jEneas Anchises, Anchises 


G. crambe^, of cabbage 


Aeneae Anchisae 


D. cranibae, to cabbage 


Aeneae Anchisae 


A. cramben, cabbage 


Aeneam Anchise"n 


V. crambe, cabbage 


Aened Anchise" 


A. crambe, by cabbage. 


Aened. Anchise". 



XXIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 



Aloe, es,f the aloe. 
Circe, es,/. Circe. 
astutia, ae,/. cunning. 
coqiia, ae, /. (female) 

cook 
culina, ae,/. kitchen. 
gloria, ae,/. renown. 
historia, ae,/ history. 
Btella, ae,/ star. 
nauta, ae, m. sailor. 



cometes, ae, m. comet, erraticus, a, um, wan- 

planetes, ae, m. planet. dering. 

Boreas, Epaminondas, tener, era, enim, ienc?er. 

Gorgias, Pythagoras, celebro 1. I celebrate. 

Orestes, Pylades, ae, abstineo 2. (with abl.) 

m. are proper names / abstain from. 

and remain as in strideo 2. / whistle. 

Latin. antepono 3. I prefer. 

crinitus, a,um, with long coquo 3. / cook. 

hair. pie, adv. tenderly piously. 



Aloe est amara. Aloes herba est amara. Crambae est tenera herba. 
Cramben coqua in culina coquit. O Circe, quanta erat astutia tua ! 
Crambe tenera delectamur. Boreas vexat nautas. Boreae procellae 
nautis perniciosae sunt. Boream fugiunt nautae. O Borea, quam ve- 
hementer strides ! A Borea vexantur nautae. Planetes est Stella er- 
ratlca. Cometes est Stella crinita. Oresten et Pyladen ob amicitiam 
proedicamus. O Epaminonda, quanta est tua gloria ! Anchises pie 
amatur ab Aena. Pythagorae sapientia praedicatur. O Anchises, 
quam pie amaris ab Aenea ! Epaminondam et Pelopidam omnes 
^criptores celebrant. 

Cabbage is tender. The herb of cabbage is tender. The aloe is 
a bitter herb. We prefer the tender cabbage to the bitter aloe. 
O Circe, how by (abl.) thy cunning thou deceivest the minds of men ! 
We abstain from the bitter aloe. Gorgias had [erat with dat.) great 
eloquence. The cunning of Circe was great. JEneas loves Anchises 
tenderly. Pythagoras we extol on account of [his] wisdom. O Ores- 
tes and Pylades, how great was your friendship ! Concerning (de) 
Orestes and Pylades, concerning Epaminondas and Pelopidas history 
relates. 



I 



^36.] GENDER OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. 63 ' 

§ 36. Of the Gender of the Second Declension. 

Rule. 
Us, er and ir are masculine, 
But U7n is of the neuter kind. 

Exceptions. 

Isles, lands, towns and trees in us. 
These are feminine in use. 
Also alvus, colus, humus, 
Vannus, periodus and carhasus, 
. . Dipthongus too and dialedus. 

The neuter has but three in us: 
Virus, vulgus, peldgus. 

Alvus, i, f. belly, periodus, \,f. period. virus, i, n. juice, poison. 

colus, i,/. distaff. carbasus, \,f. linen. vulgiis, i, n. the coni- 

humiis, i, f. ground, dipthongus, i. /. diph- mon people. 

earth. thong. pelagus, i, n. (a poetic 

vannus, i.f. corn fan. dialectus, i,f. dialect. word) sea. 

Remark. The following are masculine contrary to the general rule 
(§ 13.) for countries, towns and trees: Pontus, Hellespontus, Isthmus, 
Bosporus ; also plurals in i, as : Delphi, Delphorum ; also names of 
trees in er, as : oleaster, tri, wUd olive tree. Besides, all names of coun- 
tries, cities and mountains in urn (on), G. i, and plurals in a, G. orum. 
are neuter, as: Latium, Saguntum, Pelion, Leuctra (orum.) 

XXX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Lingua, ae, /. tongue, ipvcus, \, pear-tree. ignavus, a, um, iWoZcnf, 

language. prunus, i, ^Zwrn-iree. lazy, cowardly. 

silva, ae,/. a wood. ulmus, i, an elm. ligneus, a, urn, ivooden, 

c'lhus, i, m. food. avidus, a, urn, (with of wood. 

Aegyptus, i. Egijpt. ^e^-)» g^^^dy. longus, a, um, long. 

Delus, i, Delos (island), fruglfer, era,erum,/rm7- maturus, a, um, ripe, 

Rhodus, i, BJiodes (an ful. early. 

island). composltus, a, um, com- procerus, a, um, slim. 

populus, i, apoplar. posed. rotundus, a, um, round. 

cerasus, i, cherry-tree. fecundus, a, um, pro- stultus, a, um, foolish. 

fagus, i, heech-tree. ductive. compesco 3. / check, 

malus, j, apple-tree. humidus, a, um, moist. curb. 

Vulgus est stultum. Diphthongus est longa. Periodus bene com- 
posita est. Populi sunt procerae. Ignavi populi facile vincuntur. In 
silvis sunt ulmi et fagi altae. Vanni sunt ligneae. In horto nostro 



64 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [^ 37. 

magnus est numerus frugiferarum cerasorum, malorum, pirorum et 
prunorum. 

In our garden are many cherry-ti'ees, many apple-trees, many plum- 
trees and many pear-trees. The foolish people (vulgus) are easily de- 
ceived. Diphthongs are long. The periods are well composed. The 
poplar is slim. A cowardly people (populus) is easily conquered. In 
our garden are many slim poplars. The corn-fan is of wood. 

Matura cerasa, mala, pira, pruna sunt dulcia. Virus est perniciosum. 
Humus humida varias plantas gignit. Alvus est ciborum avida. De- 
lus est clara. Coli sunt rotundae. Dialecti sunt variae. Carbasus 
est tenera. 

Avoid the pernicious poison. One language has many dialects. 
The linen is beautiful. Egj'pt is productive. These apples, cherries, 
plums and pears are beautiful. See those high elms and slim poplars. 
Rhodes was renowned. The distaff is round. The earth (humus) is 
productive. Check the gi-eedy appetite (= belly). 

§ 37. Remarks on the several Case-endings of the Third 
Declension.^ 

1. Gen. Sing. Proper names in es often have in the Gen. 
the termination i instead of is^ as : Ulixi, also, Pericli, Aris- 
toteli, Neocli, Carneadi, etc. Some Greek nouns in o (but 
only of the feminine gender) as : Argo, Sappho, echo, lo, 
have us in the genitive as : echus from echo^ Argus from 
Argo (the remaining cases are like the Nom. or are formed 
with Latin endings, as Dido, -onis, -oni, -onem, -5ne.) 

* Greek nouns, sometimes, but generally only in poetry, retain their pecu- 
liar terminations in Latin, viz., Gen. os for is ; Ace. a for em, or in (yn), en 
for im, idem, em ; Voc. «", y (from Nom. is, ys) for is, ys ; Abl. i for ide (rare). 
Plur. Nom. Neut. e (from Nom. Sing. 6s) ; Gen. on for um (rare and only 
poetic) ; Dat. si, sin for dibus, tibus, ibus (rare and only poetic) ; Ace. a^for 
es. Thus: Gen. Sing. Palldd-os (from Pallas), Pan-os (from Pan), Tkety-os 
(from Tlutys) ; Ace. Plutona (from Pluto), Lycorida (from Lycoris), basin 
(basis), Parin (Paris), Tlietyn ; Voc. Lycori, Coty ; Abl. Daphni for ide. 
Plur. Nom. Neut. mele, epe (from melos, epos) ; Gen. ChalybOn (Chalybs) ; 
Dat. Drydsi (Dryas, ad]s), metamorphosesi ; Ace. Scnonas (Senones), Cydopas 
(Cyclops.) The Gen. eos, for is from Nom. is as : haseos for basis is not 
classical, and from Nom. -evs only poetic, as : Peleus, Peleos (in prose, Pe- 
leus, Pelei). Good prose rejects the Greek genitive-form in os ; the Ace. 
in a, in, yn^ en is very rare in good prose, as : Puna, aethcra, Zeuxin, po6'sin, 
Soplwden. The Ace. Plur. in as is found in prose writers of the golden 
period of the Latin language, only in barbarous names, as : Senonas, Alio- 
hrocras. Caes. — Kuhner's Lamer Latin Grammar. 



$37.] CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 65 

2. Acc. Sing-. The Ace. has in the following nouns in is 
G.is, the ending im (for em). First, invariably in : 

amussis,/. a rwZe. rsiVis, f. hoarseness. tuss'is, f. a cough. 

buris,/. a plough-tail, sinapis,/. mustard. \is,f. force, power, abun- 

cannabis,/ he7np. sitis,/. thirst. dance, multitude. 

Second, commonly in : 

febris,/. a fever. puppis,/. the stern of a securis,/! an axe. 

pelvis,/, a basin. ship. turris,/. a tower. 

restis,/. a rope. 

Also in the following names of rivers : Albis, the Elbe, 
Athesis, the Adig-e^ Araris, the Saone, Liris, the Liris, Ta- 
mesis, the Tha7nes^ Tiberis, the Tiber, Tigris, the Tiger, Vi- 
surgis, the Weser (all Masc. according to § 13) ; and finally, 
in Greek nouns in is Gen. u, as : basis, /. (a pedestal), 
basim, and in several words in is G. idis, as : Paris, Parim. 

3. Vac. Sing. The vocative of Greek nouns in s with a 
vowel before it, commonly drops the 5, as : O Pericle but 
also Pericles, O Socrate also Socrates, O Perseu also Per- 
seus^ O Pari also Paris. The same is true of those in as 
G. aw^fs, as : Atla ; others in as, but with a different form of 
the Gen., have the vocative like the nominative. 

4. Abl. Sing. The ablative has the ending e in most 
nouns ; but in a few it has the ending z, and indeed inva- 
riably : 

a) In neuters in'e, «/, G. dlis, ar, G. ans, as mari, anima- 
k', calcari But those in ar, G- am have e, as : nectar (nec- 
tar), nectar e. 

Exceptions : sal (salt), far, and the names of towns in e, as : Praneste, 
Caere, have e in the ablative. 

b) In nouns in {5 which always have im in the Acc. as : 
vis, vim^ vi. 

5. The following nouns in is G. is have i oftener than e, 
or land e together: 

civis, m. a citizen. ignis, m.fire. pelvis,/, a basin. 

clavis,/. a key. navis,/. a ship. puppis,/. the stern. 

febris,/. a fever. neptis, / a grand- securis,/ an axe. 

daughter. turris,/. a tower. 

6* 



66 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIED DECLENSION. [^37. 

Rem. 1. Also the names of rivers enumerated in No. 2. have in gen- 
era] i. 

6. In the Nom. Ace. and Voc. Plur. neuters in e, al, G. 
dlis, ar G. dris have ia instead of a, as : maria, animalia, 
calcaria. 

7. In the Gen. Plur, the following have imn instead of urn : 

a) Neuters in e, al^ G. dlis^ ar^ G. am, as : marium, anima- 
lium, calcarium. Lar, lar (lar-is), a household-god^ the fire- 
place^ has Larum and Larium ; 

b) Paris j/llables in es and is, as : navium (navis), nu- 
bium, and in er : imber, rain, linter, a boat, uter, leather bag; 
venter, the belly ; but, canis, a dog, panis, bread, proles, an 
offspring, strues, a heap, vates, a prophet, juvenis, a youth, 
and commonly, apis, a bee, volucris, a bird, have um; 

c) Monosyllables in s and x with a consonant preceding 
them, as : mons, montium, arx, arcium ; (but, [ops] opes, 
poiuer, has opum and lynx, /. lyncum) ; and the following 

[faux] fauces, the throat, faucium, glis, a dormouse, glirium. 
lis, strife, litium, mus, a mouse, murium, nox, night, noctium 
Strix, a horned oivl, strigium; on the contrary, dux, (a lead 
■er) has ducum, vox, the voice has vocum, nux, a nut has nu- 
cum, and so of others with a vowel before the x; 

d) Words of more than one syllable in s, or x, with an 
r ox n preceding them, as : cohors, a cohort, cohortium, 
cliens, a client, clientium, quincunx, quincuncium ; common- 
ly 3lso, parentium (psucens), of parents, sapientium (sapiens), 
of luise men, adolescentium (adolescens), of the youth; final- 
ly, always, compedium (from compes, generally in the plural 
compedes), of fetters ; on the contrary, pes, pedum ; 

e) For the most part gentile nouns (national denomina- 
tions) in ds, dtis, Is, itis, as: Arpinas, Arpinatium, Samnis, 
Samnitium. So also nostras, optimas pendtes, as : nostra- 
tium, finally, civitas, a state, civitatium. 

8. In the Dat. and Abl. Plur. Greek neuters in ma have 
mat-is more commonly than mat-ibus, e. g. poematis, instead 
of po'ematibus. 



$ 37.] CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 67 

9. Concerning the case-endings of adjectives^ the follow- 
ing rules may be given : 

a) The AbL Sing-, of all adjectives, even when used as 
nouns, has the ending ^, as : am, factli, pari (from par), 
fellcij memori (see § 22.) ; natdli from natalis (viz. dies), 
hirth-day, Aprlli from Aprilis (viz. mensis), April, Decembri 
from December. 

Exceptions. The Abl. has e in the following cases: 1) Juvenis, a 
young man, aedilis, edile, and the adjectives in is used as proper names, 
as : Martialis, Martiale ; 

2) The following adjectives of one ending : 

caelebs, ibis, unmarried, dives, itis, rich, [guest, princeps, ipis, chief. 

cicur, uris, tame. hospes, Itis, foreign, a pauper, eris, poor. 

compos, Otis, powerful, pubes, evis, gt-own up. sospes, Itis, safe, secure, 

possessed of impubes, eris, beardless, superstes, Itis, surviv- 

impos, Otis, impotent. paitlceps, ipis, partak- ing. 
deses, Idis, idle. ing of. 

3) Comparatives, as : major, majus (greater) majore ; 

4) Compounds of corpus, color and pes, as : bicorpor (having two 
bodies), bicorpore, discolor (variegated), discolore, bipes (two-footed), 6i- 
pede ; 

5) Adjectives of one ending used as nouns, as : sapiens, a wise man, 
infans, a child, Pertinax, Clemens, Felix, Abl. — e ; 

6) Participles in ns have as participles e, but as adjectives, generally 
{, as : florente rosa, the rose blooming, in forenti rosa, in a blooming rose, 

b) The Norn. Ace. and Voc. Plur. Neut, have in adjec- 
tives and participles, the ending ia, and the Gen. Plur. the 
ending ium, as : acria, facilia, felicia, acrium, facilium, feli- 
cium (§ 22.), hebetia, ium (from hebes). 

Remark. In the strictly classical period, all adjectives which have the 
Gen. Plur. in ium, had the Ace. Plur. Masc. and Fern, in is, as : omnis 
homines. 

Exceptions. Vetus, old, has Vetera, veterum and all comparatives, as: 
majora, majorum (but plus, plur a has plurium); complures, vei-y many, 
several, has complura and ia (Gen. always, complurium). Besides, the 
following have um in Gen. : celer, swift, censors, partaking of, degener, 
degenerate, dives, rich, ino})s, helpless, memor, immemor, supi)]ex, sup- 
pliant, uber, rich, vigil, watching. To these may be added compounds 
in ceps and /ex, as: anceps, two-fold, double, uncertain, G. PI. ancipltum, 
artlfex, skilful, artist, artiflcum ; finally, all which have only e in the 
Abl., as : pauper, pauperum. 



68 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [$ 37. 

XXXI. Words to he learned a?id Exercises for translation. 
The words introduced on the three preceding pagesj are omitted, 

Fama, ae, /. report, re- fimdamentum, i, n. exascio 1. 1 hew (rough- 

noun. foundation. ly.) 

statiia, ae,/. statue. lignum, i, n. ivood. levo 1. 1 lighten. 

carpentarius. i, m. a cos, otis,/ whet-stone, mitigo 1. / sofen, miti- 

wheel-wright. qu'ies, etis, f quiet. gate. 

funambulus, i, m. rope- durus, a, um, hard. navlgo 1. I navigate. 

dancer. argenteus, a, um, o/siZ- op^ugno ]. I assault. 

laurus, i,/. laurel. ver, silver. [iron, acuo 3. I sharpen. 

faber, bri, m. artisan. ferreus, a, um, of iron, expello 3. I expel. 

faber lignarius, carpen- dono 1. I present. incedo 3. I walk upon. 

ter. edolo 1. / hew properly, peto 3. I seek. 

folium, i, n. leaf. fashion. sero 3. I sow. 

Echus vox saepe homines fallit. Argus navis fama est magna. Vis 
vim expellit. Sitim tolerare difficile est. Faber lignarius ad amussim 
lignum exasciat. Hi pueri ad ravim clamant. Carpentarius hurim e 
dura ulmo edolat. Agricola burim regit. Agricola c a n n a b i m serit. 
Folia lauri tusssim levant. Febrim quiete mitigamus. Pater matri pel- 
vim argenteam donat. Funambuli per restim incedunt. Per Mbim, 
Tamesim, Visurgim, Tigrim multae naves navigant. Milites oppugnant 
altam turrim. Seciirim ferream cote acuimus. Fundamentum statu- 
arum vocamus basim. Apes petunt sindpim. 

The poems of Sappho v^^ere very delightful. The wanderings 
(error, oris) of lo were related by (ab) many poets. By (abl.) the echo 
we are often deceived. Against (contra) hoarseness, cough and fever, 
thou must apply (adhlbeo 2.) fitting (aptus, a, um) remedies (remedium, 
i, n.) The soldiers defend spiritedly the high tower. The statue 
has a solid pedestal. The wood (plur.) is hewed by (ab) the carpen- 
ter according to (ad) rule. The carpenter handles (tracto 1.) the sharp 
axe with a skilful hand. Soldiers must endure hunger (fames, is) and 
thirst patiently. 

XXXII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Porta, ae,/. gate. onus, eris, n. load. incito 1. I urge on. 

tvagoedi-d, ixef. tragedy, nectar, aris, n. nectar, laboro 1. (witha6.)/5i{/^ 
humerus, i,7n. shoulder, (drink for the gods). /r (from something), 

gubernator, oris, m. pi- acutus, a, um, sharp. prospecto 1. / look 

lot. dignus,a, um,(witha6Z.) forth. 
vigil. His, m. watchman, worthy, deserving of. abigo 3. / drive away. 

sal, alis, m. salt. frigldus, a, um, cold. claudo 3. / close. 

admiratio. onis,/. ac/mi- summus, a, um, /ag-/ie5<. occludo 3. I lock. 

ration. mordax, acis, biting. conspergo 3. / sprinkle. 



$37.] CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 69 

O Socrdte, quam salutaris erat generi humano tua sapientia ! O 
Sophocle, tragoediae tuae summa admiratione dignae sunt. O Atla, 
quantum onus liumeris tuis portas! CaZcdri incitamus equos. JVec- 
tare delectantur dii. Sale conspergimus cibos. Hostes vi in urbem 
iiTUinpunt. Clavi porta clauditur, Fehri laborat fater. Fasti abigi- 
mus canes mordaces. Igni coquimus cibos. A bono civi patria ama- 
tur. Ex alta turri vigiles prospectant. In puppi sedet gubernator. 
Acuta securi faber lignarius lignum exasciat. 

Force expels force by (abl.) force. The customs of men are oftener 
improved by admonition and example than by force. When (quum) 
thou art suffering (= sufferest) fi-om (abl.) a fever, abstain from cold 
v^^ater. O Themistocles, O Pericles, O Socrates, your deserts relative to 
(de) the city of the Athenians were very great. The pilot, who sits 
upon the stern, governs the ship. With (abl.) a sharp axe we split 
(diffindo 3.) the wood (plur.). In a civil war (bellum civile) citizen 
fights against citizen. With (abl.) an iron key we lock the gate. The 
enemies lay waste the country with (abl.) fire and sword. 

XXXIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation, 

Satlra, ae,/. satire. aetas, atis,/. age. procuro 1. I furnish, 

Indus, i, m. sport. hiems, emis,/. winter, perago 3. / carry 

Romauus, i, m. a Ro- longinquus, a, um, dis- through, perform. 

man. tant. perstringo 3. / graze, 

ingenium, i, n. genius, publicus, a, um, public. satirize. 

intellect. docllis, e, teachable. veho 3. / carry, bring. 

merx, cis,/. wares. aestimo 1. / value, es- sperno 3. I spurn. 

mercator, oris, m. tra- teem. sed, conj. but. 

der, merchant. 

Avus cum nepti ambulat. Mercator navi raerces in longinquas terras 
vehit. Discipuli in schola non genere, sed bonis morlbus, doclli in- 
genio, et acri industria aestimantur. Hostes celeri pede fugiunt. 

XXXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Autumnus, i,m. aufwmn. nepos, 6tis,m. granc^son. juventus, utis,/. youth, 

coelum, i, n. the sky. parentes, ium, m. par- juvenilis, e, youthful, 

initium, i, n. beginning. ents. senilis, e, advanced, 

gaudium, i, n. joy. mensis, is, m. a month. aetas senilis, old age. 

monumentum, 1, n. munus, eris, n. service, exliilaro 1. / exhilarate, 

monument. office, present. delight. 

negotium, i,n, business, geltdus, a, um, cold. saevio 4. I rage. 

oblectamentum, i, n. de- insipiens, ntis, unwise. 

light. 



70 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [§ 37. 

Mense Martio initium est veris, mense Jnnio aestatis, mense Sep- 
temhri autumni, mense Decembri hiemis. Boni regis natdli omnis civi- 
tas laeta est. Mense Aprlli eoelum modo serenum est, modo triste. 
Mense J^ovembri gelidae procellae saeviunt. Juvenlli aetate alacriore 
animo difficilia negotia peragiraus, quam senlli. A Juvendle, satlrarum 
scripiore, Romanorura vitia perstringuntiir. Ab aedile ludi publici pro- 
curantur. A jnvene saepe virorum praecepta spernuntur. 

XXXV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Culpa, ae,/ guilt. acceptus, a, um, re- expers, tis (c. gen.), 
immodestia, ae, f. im- cdved. [humblest. destitute of, without. 

modesty. infimus, a, um, lowest, perttnax, acis, obstinate. 

beneficium, i, n. kind- c\emens, us, mild. dispar, aris, unequal, 

ness, favor. censors, tis (c. gen.), different. 

consilium, i, n. counsel. sharing in. domo 1. / tame. 

studium, i, n. effort, exsors, tis (c. gen.), tracto 1. I treat. 

study, zeal. destitute of, without. atque, and ; 2) as. 

A sapiente bona praecepta disclmus. Quicquid agis, sapienti consilio 
age. A Felice ftllci fortuna bellum geritur. A Clemente dementi animo 
infimi homines tractantur. A Pertindce pertindci studio urbs defendi- 
tur. 

The grand-father is delighted. by (ab) the little grand-son and the 
neat grand-daughter. Old age ought to be honored by the young 
man. A good boy, on (abl.) his birth day, is delighted by (abl.) pre- 
sents from (ab) his parents. When the state is ruled by (ab) a wise 
king, it is happy. By (ab) a wise man virtue is loved. 

Virtus amatur ab homlne rationis participe, contemnitur ab homine 
rationis experti. A viro virtutis cdmpote deus pie colltur. Praeceptor a 
discipulo beneficii accepti memori colitur. Abstlne amico beneficiorum 
acceptorum immemori. Gaudemus amico omnis culpae exsorti et 
laborum nostrorum consorti. Virtus pari studio a. princlpe et divite, at- 
que ab humlli et paupere colltur. Discipuli dispdri studio litteras 
tractant. Magiii viri digni sunt gloria vitae suae superstite. De sospite 
amico gaudemus. Hospes ab hospite colltur. Et in impubere, et in 
pubere aetate displlcet immodestia. 

XXXVI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Yenna, ae, f. featJier. emolumeutum, i. n.wse, nWg-e (of mountain), 

campus, i, wj. />/am. advantage. saxum, i, n. rock. 

detrimentum, i, n. in- horreum, i, n. granary, vinum, i, n. wine, 

jury, disadvantage. jugum, i, n. yoke, top, venator, oris, m. hunter. 



37.] 



CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 



71 



amms, is 
river. 

rupes, is,/, rock. 

agmen, uiis, n. band, 
Jlock. 

examen, inis, n. swarm. 

rete, is, n. net, toil. 

discolor, oris, party- 
colored, variegated. 

hebes, etis, obtuse, dull, 

Venator retia tendit. 
Saxa sunt praecipitia. 



locuples, etis (c. abl.), 
ivealthy, rich. 

petulans, ntis, licen- 
tious. 

praeceps, cipitis, in- 
clined, steep. 

praecox, ocis, prima- 
ture. 

occupo ] . / take posses- 
sion of. 

Hebetia ingenia a litterarum studio abhorrent. 
Onera sunt gravla. Horrea frumentis locupletia 



redundo 1. I redound. 

volito 1. IJiy around. 

abhorreo 2. (ab) / have 
an aversion to. 

provideo 2. I foresee. 

alo 3. / nourish, support 
(keep). 

ten do 3. / stretch, ex- 
tend. 



sunt. Pira praecocia noii sunt dulcia. Cervus et equus sunt celeria 
animalia. Disparia sunt hominum studia. Haec vina sunt Vetera. 
Majora emolumenta, quam detrimenta, a bestiis ad homines redundant. 
Cui plura beneficia debemus, quam diis ? Complura [compluria] sunt 
genera avium. 

Good scholars keep the precepts of [their] teachers with (abl.) 
thoughtful (memor) minds. By (ab) rational (rationis particeps) men, 
irrational (rationis expers) animals are tamed. The virtues of grpat 
men are adorned by (abl.) a renown surviving their life. The way 
leads over (per) steep rocks (saxura). The ancient (vetus) monu- 
ments of the Greeks and Romans are worthy of admiration. In the 
blooming age of youth very many (complures) delights are afforded us. 
The life of good and wise men has more and greater joys than the 
life of the wicked and unwise. 

Plurimarum avium pennae sunt discolores. Rupium juga hostis 
occupat. Venatores magnum canum numerum alunt. Multorum 
juvenum animi sunt petulantes. Vatam animi futura provident. Nubes 
magnam imbrium vim effundunt. Lintrlum magnus in amne numerus 
est. Multa apum examlna per campos volltant. Multa agmlna volU- 
crum in silvis sunt. 



XXXVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 



Gallia, ae,/. Gaul. pax, acis, /. j^eace. 

tenebrae, arum,/. c?ar^- regio, onis,/. region. 



ness. 

ars, artis,/. art. 

fruges, u m, / fruit. 

gens, gentis,/ people. 

imj)robitas, atis,/. wick- 
edness. 



via, ae,/. ivay. 
viator, oris, ?n. traveller. 
conscius, a, um (c. 
gen.), conscious of. 
inscius, a, um (c. gen.), 



ignorant of, unac- 
quainted with. 

consultus, a, um (c. 
gen ),acquainted with. 

cupidus,a, um (c. gen.), 
desirous. 

gnarus, a, um, (c. 



gen.)' 
with. 


acquainted 


ignarus, 

gen.), 
vrith. 
infirmus, 


a, urn, (c. 
unacquainted 

a, um, weak. 


pauci, ae 
peritus, 


, a, a few. 
a, um, (c. 



72 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [§ 37. 

gen.), versed in, skil- fertilis, e (c. gen.), pro- 
ful. ductive. 

plenus, a, um (c. gen.), rudis, e (c. gen.), rwrfe, 
full. ignorant of. 

studiosus, a, um (c. remeo 1. I return. 

gen.), zealous; stu- que (always attached to 
dious sum (c. gen.), a word), and. 
I pursue earnestly. 

Ingrati nobis sunt homines, qui litium sunt cupidi. Divites majorum 
opum avidi sunt. Haec regio faucium plena est. Bonus discipulus lit- 
terarum artlumque est studiosus. Gallia frugum hominumque fertilis 
est. Sapientium et bonorum homlnuin anlmi nullius improbitatis sunt 
conscii. Samnitlum gens belli perita erat. JVostratlum pauci littera- 
rum ignari sunt. Civitatium fundamenta infirma sunt, si cives belli 
pacisque artium rudes sunt. Arpinatmm cives erant Marius et Cicero ; 
Marius belli artium, Cicero pacis artium gnarus erat. Optimatlum in 
civitate auctorltas magna est, si juris atque eloquentiae consult! sunt. 
JVoctium tenebrae viatorlbus viae insciis perniciosae sunt. 

There are many (complures) kinds of (gen.) dogs. In (abl.) the 
month [of] November great flocks of birds of passage (valucris adven- 
titia) return from our regions to warmer. Upon (in) the Thames, the 
Weser and the Elbe there are a great number of great ships and small 
boats. The people of the Samnites were very brave. Boys of a lively 
genius and happy memory, apply themselves zealously to (in) the 
study of literature and the arts. The fame of Marius and Cicero, 
citizens of Arpinum (Arpinas) was different. 

XXXVIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Capra, ae,/g-ofl<. SieAes, mm, f house. Romanus, a, um, Ro- 

custodia, ae, /. guard- celeritas, atis, f swift- man. 

ianship. ness. ingens, ntis, very greats 

misericovdia, ae,f pity, consuetude, inis, /. immense. 

nundinae, arum, /. practice, intercourse, prudens, ntis, wise, in- 

market, fair. cacumen, mis, n. top. telligent ; c. gen. vers- 

liberi, orum, m. children culmen, Inis, n. top. ed in. 

(in relation to their fortitude, Inis,/. brave- frequento 1. I frequent. 

parents). ry. [ents. nidifico 1. / make a 

consWium,!, n. measure, parentes, ium, tti. p«r- nest. 

faturn, i, n. fate, for- idoneus, a, um., fitted. tego 3. I cover. 

tune. obscurus, a, um, ob- minus, adv. less. 
Achilles, is, m. Achilles. scure. 



^ 37.] CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 73 

Caprae montium caciimina petunt. Multi corvi nidificant in altarum 
arcium culmiulbiis. Vocum multa genera sunt. Glirium magnus est 
nunierus. Ingens murium numerus in horreis est. Strigium vox in- 
grata est. Rornanarum cohortium fortitudo ab omnibus scriptoribus 
praedicatur. Parentlum in liberos amor est magnus. Compedium far 
rearum onus grave est. Pedum celeritate Achilles insignis erat. Pe- 
natium custodiae aedes committuntur. 

Y{om\Y\um ]\\vis prudentium consiliis civitas regitur. Alacnum disci- 
pulorum ingenia ad litterarum studia sunt idonea. Celebrium urblum 
nundlnae a multis hominlbus frequentantur. Celerum equorum crura 
sunt tenera, Amicorum laboris nostri consortum consueludlne delecta- 
mur. Hominum omnis amicorum consuetudlnis exsortu?n* fortuna mis- 
era est. Degenertim, filiorum patres misericordia nostra digni sunt. 
Supplicum preces exaudi. Urbs plena est locupletum hominum. Hom- 
inum artificam opera laudamus. Praecipitum montium juga nublbus 
teguntur. Andpitum fatorum via est obscura. 

The captives are pressed by (abl.) the load of hard fetters. On (ad) 
the banks of the Rhine (Rhenus, i) are a great number of ancient (vetus- 
tus) castles (arx). The works of the ancient (vetus) artists are 
worthy of admiration. Human life is full of (gen.) uncertain (anceps) 
fortunes. The way leads over (per) the ridge of steep rocks. The 
friendship of men sharing in (consors) all our toils is a very great 
good. Great presents from (gen.) the rich, often delight our minds less 
than small presents from (gen.) the poor. 

XXXIX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Divitiae, arum,/, nc/ies. levltas, atis,/, levity. immoderatus,a, um, in- 
Centaurus, i, m. centaur, pavo, onis, m. peacock. temperate, 

donum, i,n. gift, present, sors, rtis,/. lot. optabilis, e, desirable. 

oraculum, i, n. oracle, Delphicus, a, um, Del- vigeo 2. / am strongs 

announcement. phic. active, vigorous. 

certamen, inis, n. con- moderatus, a, um, tern- ut, as, even as, — ita, so, 

test, fight. perate. thus. 

CicUrum elephantorum ars magna est. Bicorporum Centaurorum 
multa a poetis narrantur certamlna. Discolorum pavonum pennae pul- 
chrae sunt. Hominum virtutis compotum vita laudabllis est. Puero- 
rum impuherum levltas a praeceptore coercetur. Ut hominum rationis 
particlpum vita moderata est, ita hominum rationis expertium immodera- 
ta est. Hominum gloriae suae superstitum sors non est optabilis. Pu~ 
berum et corpora et anlmi vigent. Prudentiorum hominum consilio pa- 

* Or exsortlum is doubtful. 



74 MASCULINE. [§ 38. 

rere debemus. Plurium hominum anlmi divitias magis, quam virtutem 
expetunt. Compluflum discipulorum ingenia a litterarum studio ab- 
horrent. Poemdtis delectamur. Oracula Delphica similia sunt ob- 
scuris aenigmdtis. 

Who is not delighted by (abl.) the poems of Horace? The num- 
ber of men surviving their fame is very great. Obey, O boys, the pre- 
cepts of wise and virtuous (= possessed of virtue, compos) men ! 
Many of the tame elephants walk upon (per) a rope. As we pronounce 
(praedico) happy the life of those sharing in friendship, so we de- 
plore the life of those destitute of friendship. The announcements of 
the ancient prophets were often ambiguous (anceps) and like enigmas. 

Determination of Gender according to the 
endings. 

§ 38. Masculine. 

Of the masculine gender are the nouns in : o, or, os, er, 
and imparisyllables (§ 18. Rem. 4.) in es. 

Examples. 1) O: le-o generosus, the magnanimous lion; 2) Or: 
dol-or acerbus, a severe pain ; 3) Os : fl-os pulcher, a beautiful Jiower ; 
4) Er : agg-er altus, a high mound ; 5) Es in imparisyllables : pari-es 
altus, a high wall. 

Exceptions. 
1)0: 1)0; 

Femxnine are echo, cdro, Cardo, Inis, m. a hinge. 

Also nouns in : do, go, lo ; caro, carn'is, f, Jlesh. 

But mascidine : cardo, harpdgo, echo, echus,y*. reverheration, echo. 

Margo too, and ordo, ligo, harpago, onis, m. a grappling hook. 

Together with concretes in To. ligo, onis, m. a hoe ; mattock. 

margo, in is, m. a margin, edge. 

ordo, Inis, m. order, series, rank. 

Rem. 1. The feminines in io are either abstract or collective nouns, 
as : actio, an action, legio, onis, a legion, natio, onis, a nation ; still some 
have acquired a concrete meaning, as : regio, aregion, (originally, a direct- 
ing or direction). The concretes in io are all masculine, as : scipio, a staff, 
papilio, a hutterjly, pugio, a dagger. 

2) Or: 2) Or: 

Of the feminine gender is, Ador, orisn. spelt. 

Barely, arbor, arboris ; aequor, oris, n. a level surface, (es- 

The neuter has but four in or ; pecially of the sea). 

Marmor, aequor, ador, cor. arbor, oris,/ a tree. 

cor, cordis, n. the heart. 

marmor, oris, n. marble. 



38. 



GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 



75 



3) Os: 

Of the feminine are in os, 
Only these two : cos and dos, 

6s, a bone, and os, the face, 
These are of the neuter class. 

4) Er: 

The neuter has many in, er, 
Ver, cadaver, iter, tuber, 
Cicer, piper, siser, uber. 
Zingiber, papdver, suber, 
Acer, siler, verber, spinther. 
But only feminine is linter. 



3) Os: 
Cos, Otis, /. a flint-stone, whetstone. 
dos, Otis, /. dowry, portion. 
OS, ossis, n. a bone, {pi. ossa, ium). 



OS, oris, n. 
mouth. 



the countenance, brow, 



4) Er: 
Acer, eris, n. a maple-tree. 
cadaver, eris, n. a corpse. 
cicer, eris, n. a chick-pea. 
iter, itineris, n. a way, journey, 

march. 
linter, tris,/. a boat, skiff. 
papaver, eris, n. a poppy. 
piper, eris, n. pepper. 
siler, eris, n. the willow. \res, m). 
siser, eris, n. a carrot (but pi. sise- 
spinther, eris, n. a bracelet. 
suber, eris, n. the cork-tree. 
tuber, eris, n. tumor, hump. 
uber, eris, n. a dug, udder. 
ver, eris, n. the spring. 
verber, (commonly plur. verbera,) 

n. stripes, blows. 
zingiber, eris, n. ginger. 

5) Imparisyllables in es. 
Aes, aeris, n. brass. merges, itis,/. a sheaf, seges, etis,/. a crop. 

com\)es, edis, f fetters, quies, etis, f quiet. teges, etis, /. a maf. 

merces, edis, /. recom- requles, etis (ace. requi- 
pense. em), f rest, relaxation. 

Remark 2. Contrary to the general rule (§ 10.), some names of cities 
in remain masculine, as : Croto ; also, those in as, G. antis, as : Taras, 
antis, Tarentum ; those in es, G. etis, as : Tunes, etis, Tunis, and those 
in vs, G. untis, as : Selinus, untis. 



5j Es imparisyllable : 
Imparisyllables in es. 
Give but one as neuter : aes ; 
But as feminine we have merces, 
Quies, requles and compes. 
Also, seges, teges, merges. 



XL. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 



Assyria, ae,/ Assyria. 
senator, oris, m. senator. 
scipio, onis, m. a staff. 
legio, onis,/ a legion. 
imago, Inis, image. 
insigne, is, n. badge. 
caput, Itis, n. head, 
chief city. 
aeternus, a, uxn,eternal. 



I, wm, pleas 



amoenus. 
ant. 

eburneus, a 
ivory, ivory. 

reglus, a, urn, royal. 

resonus, a, um, rever- 
berating. 

superbus, a, um, proud, 
magnificent. 



existlmo 1. I judge, re- 
gard as. 
of judico 1. I judge, re- 
gard as. 

nomino 1. I call. 

habeo2. I have, regard 
as. 

maneo 2. / remain. 



76' MASCULINE. [§ 38. 

(Comp. §§ 84,89.5.) 

Pavo vocatnr superbus. Echo resona ab Horatio vocis imago voca- 
tur. Hirundiiiem vocamus ' garmlam. Legionuni Romaiiarum gloria 
manet aeterna. Babylon, caput Assyriae, nominatur superba. Mala 
consuetudo saepe hominibus exsistit perniciosa. Scipio eburneus in- 
signe regium habetur. Regiones montium pleiias judicamus amoenas. 
Senatorum ordo existimatur saiictus. 

The peacock we call proud. Horace calls the reverberating echo 
the image of the voice. Swallows are called loquacious. Babylon, the 
•chief city of Assyria, writers call proud. The citizens regard the or- 
der of senators as sacred. The ivory staff we regard as a royal badge. 
Avoid, O bo3^s, a bad practice ! The bravery of the Roman legions is 
extolled by (ab) writers. This region is very pleasant. 

XLI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Pugna navalis, naval natio, on is,/, nation. firm us, a, urn, /nn. 

hattle. origo, inis,/. origin. modestus, a, um, mod- 

vacca, ae,y. coiv. papilio, onis, m. butter- est. 

fluvius, i, m. river. Jiy. [thage. opulentus, a, um, pow- 

vitulus, i, m. calf. Carthago, inis, f. Car- er/ul, rich. 

vitulinus, a, um, of calf. Croto, onis, m. Croton. pallldus, a, um, pale, 

agger, eris, m. a ram- amplus, a, um, spacious, livid. 

part. extended, liberal. sapldus, a, um, sapid. 

honos, oris, m. honor, conspicuus, a, um, con- ruber, bra, brum, red. 

post of honor. spicuous. hostilis, e, hostile. 

proceres, um, m. chief extremus, a, um, outer- effundo, I pour forth. 

men. most, last. 

Croto erat clams. Carthago opulenta erat. Caro vitulina tenera est. 
Multarum nationum ac gentium origo obscura est. A deo omnia ori- 
giuem suam ducunt. Fluvius super extremum marginem effunditur. 
Portae cardines sunt firmi. Harpagone ferreo in pugna navali hostiles 
naves petuntur. Discolores papiliones sunt pulchri. 

Milo (Milo, onis) was a citizen of the renowned Croton. Writers 
call Carthage powerful. The origin of the Roman nation is obscure. 
Upon (in) the remotest margin of the river there are many trees. The 
hinges of the door are iron. The variegated butterfly is beautiful. 
The grappling hooks are of iron. 

Multae procerae arbores in silva sunt. Proceres honorum dignitate 
conspicui sunt. Sorores fratribus carae sunt. Marmor est splendidum. 
Corda rubra sunt. Camporum aequor amplum est. Ador maturum 
est. Mores hominum varii sunt. Dura cote acuimus securim ferream. 
Filia a parentibus ampla dote donatur. Durum est 6s. Juvenis 6s 



§38.] GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 77 

modestum esse debet. Ver nobis gratum est. Multae lintres in fluvio 
sunt. Mater liberis cara est. Garriili sunt anseres. Hostes circa ur- 
bem aggerem altum exstruunt. Cadavera sunt pallida. Zingiber est 
sapidum. Vacca vitulo turgida ubera praebet. 

High trees surround the house of my father. The udder of the cow 
is swollen. The corpse is pale. A high rampart is built by (ab) the ene- 
mies around the city. The heart is red. The bones are hard. The 
countenances of men are various. The goose is cackling (= loqua- 
cious). The good customs of men are praised, the bad are censured. 
With delight we take a walk in (abl.) the spring over (per) the extended 
surface of the pleasant plains. Splendid marble adorns the palace 
(= house) of the king. Whetstones are hard. The parents present 
the daughter a liberal dowry. The pleasant spring exhilarates our 
minds. On (in) the pond in (gen.) our garden, are many and beauti- 
ful boats. 

XLII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Camelus, i, m. camd. domesticus, a, um, do- pilosus, a, um, covered 

condimentum, i, n. mestic, private. with hair, hairy. 

seasoning. fessus, a, um, wearied, pretiosus, a um, pre- 

membrum, i, n. member, honestus, a, um, hon- dous, costly. 

paries, etis, m. wall, (of orable. crudelis, e, cruel. 

house). nocturnus, a, um, noc- excolo 3. / cultivate. 

celebritas, atis, /. con- turnaL infligo 3. (with dat.) I 

course, multitude. inflict upon. 

Sorores meae spinthera aurea habent. Iter est longum. Siser est 
dulce. Silera sunt utilia. Camelus habet tubera pilosa. Subera sunt 
dura. Piper est acre. Papavera rubra sunt pulchra. Cicera parva 
sunt. Acera sunt dura. Crudelis homo equo dura verbera fusti in- 
fligit. Orator non intra domestlcos parietes excolltur, sed in luce vitae 
et hominum celebritate. Aera varia sunt. Campi segete laeta ornan- 
tur. Compedes durae sunt. Laborum requles grata est. Quiete noc- 
turna hominum fessa membra recreantur. Merces laborum honesta 
existimatur. 

The sharp pepper and sapid ginger are regarded as the seasonings 
of food (plur.) The walls of this house are high. The brass is splen- 
did. The carrot is sweet. The cork tree is hard. Chickpeas are 
round. The ass endures hard blows patiently. Maple trees are hard. 
My sister has a golden bracelet. Long is the way through precepts, 
short and effectual through examples. The red poppy is beautiful. 
The willow is useful. Recompense for (gen.) labor (pi.) we regard as 
7# 



78 



FEMININE. 



[^39. 



honorable. Nocturnal rest refreshes the wearied limbs of men. Iron 
fetters press tender feet. Sleep is an agreeable (gratus, a, um) relaxation 
from (gen.) cares. The hump of the camel is hairy. Joyful crops adorn 
the plains of the extended country. The willow is useful. 

§ 39. Feminine. 

Of the feminine gender are nouns in : as^ is, aus, us, G. 

utis Orudis, x, those in s with a consonant before it and pari- 

syllables (§ 18. Rem. 4.) in es. 

Examples. 1) As: aest-a5 callda, a warm summer; 2) Is: av-is 
pulchra, a beautiful bird ; 3) Aus , \-aus magna, great praise ; 4) Us, 
G. utis, udis: juvent-it5(utis) \aeta, joyful youth, inc-us (udis) ferrea, iron 
anvil, pal-its, (udis) alta, deep pool, pec-its (udis), single head of cattle, but 
pecus, pecoris (cattle); 5) X: lu-x clara, clear light; 6) .S" with a con- 
sonant before it : hie-ms aspera, rough winter ; 7) Es in parisyllables : 
nub-e5 nigra, black cloud. 

EXCEPTIO^N^S. 



l)As: 
Three are masculine in as: 
As, addmas and elephas. 
And one is neuter namely, vas. 



l)As: 
Adamas, antis, m. a diamond. 
as, assis, m. an as (a coin), 
elephas, antis, m. (commonly ele- 

phantus, i, m.) elephant. 
vas, as is, n. a vessel, vase. 



2)75: 
Masculine are these in is : 
Panis, piscis, crinis, finis, 
Ignis, lapis, pulvis, cinis, 
Orbis, amnis and candlis, 
Sanguis, unguis, glis, anndlis. 
Fasds, axis, funis, ensis, 
Fastis, vectis, vermis, mensis, 
Postis, follis, cucHmis, 
Cassis, callis, collis, 
Sentis, caulis, pollis. 
cucumis, eris, m. a cu- 
cumber. 
ensis, is, m. a sword. 
fascis, is, m. a bundle. 
finis, is, m. the end; 
plur. borders, territo- 
ry. 
follis, is, m. bellows. 
funis, is, m. a rope, cable. 
fustis, is, m. a club. 



2) Is : 

Amnis, is, m. a river. 

axis, is, m. an axletree. 

callis, is, m. a foot-path, path. 

canalis, is, m. canal^ water-course. 

cassis, generally plur. casses, ium, 
m. hunter^s net. [cabbage. 

caulis, is, m. a stalk, cabbage-stalk, 

cinis, eris, m. ashes. 

collis, is, m. a hill. 

crinis, is, m. hair. 
glis, iris, m. a dormouse, pulvis, eris, m. du^t. 
ignis, is, m.fire. sanguis, inis, m. blood. 

lapis, idis, m. a stone. sentis, is, m. a bramble, 



mensis, is, m. a month. 

orbis, is, m. a circle. 

panis, is, m. bread. 

piscis, is, m. a fish. 

])o\\\b, Ims, m. fine fiour vectis, is, m. a lever, 

(Nom. wanting). bolt. 

postis, is, m. a post. vermis, is, m. worm. 



generally plur. sen- 
les, a thorn bush. 
unguis, is, m. a nail, 
claiv. 



^39.1 



GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 



79 



Scrobis, is, a pit and torquis, a neck-cliain are mostly Masc. but some- 
times Feminine. 



3)Z: 
Masculine there are in x, 
Fornix, onyx and cdlix, 
Varix, calyx, coccyx, oryx, 
Tradux, bomhyx, also sorix ; 
Add to these most in ex, 
Grex, apex, codex, and murex, 
Gaudex, frutex, pollex, pulex, 
Sorex, vervex ; and then in ax 
All Greek nouns, except climax. 



S)X: 
Apex, icis, m. a tuft, summit. 
bom by X, ycis, m. the silk-worm. 
calix, Icis, m. a cup. 
calyx, ycis, m. a bud, shell. 
caudex, Icis, m. trunk of a tree. 
climax, acis,/. a ladder, climax. 
coccyx, ygis, m. a cuckoo. 
codex, Icis, m. a book. 
fornix, Icis, m. arch, vault. 



frutex, Icis, m. a shrub, onyx, ychis, m. the onyx, sorix or sourix, icis, m. 

plur. a thicket. oryx, ygis,m. the gazelle. a kind of owl. 

grex, egis, m. a flock, pollex, Icis, m. thumb. 

crowd. pulex, Icis, m. a flea. 

murex, Icis, m. a pur- sorex, Icis, m. field- 



tradux, ucis, m. a vine- 
branch. 



vanx, icis, m, a varix. 
ver vex, ecis, m. a wether. 



pie fish, purple. mouse. 

Remark. Styx, Stygis, a river in the lower world, contrary to the 
general rule (§ 13.) is of the /eminme gender. 



4) Es parisyllable : 
Masculine parisyllables in es. 
Are only two: pdlumbes and ve- 
pres. 



4) Es parisyllable : 
palumbes, is, m. wood-pigeon. 
vepres, is, m. a bramble. 



5) aS* with a consonant before it. 
Masculine are in ons and ens, 
Fons, mons, pons, dens, confliiens, 
Bidens, tridens, occidens, 
Rudens, torrens, oriens ; 
Two in ops and ybs. 
Hydrops and chalybs. 



mons, tis, m. a moun- 
tain. 

occidens, (sc. sol), tis, pons, tis, m. a bridge, 
m. sun-set, the west, rudens, (sc. funis), tis 
western countries. m. a rope, cable. 

oriens (sc. sol), tis, m. 



5) 5" with a consonant' before it. 
bidens, tis, m. a hoe, mattock. 
chalybs, ybis, m. steel. 
confluens, tis, m, a confluence. 
dens, tis, m. a tooth. 
fons, tis, m. a fountain. 
hydrops, opis, m. dropsy. 

sun-rise, the east, east- torrens (scil amnis), a 
em countries. torrent, impetuous 

stream. 
tridens, tis, m. a trident. 



XLIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Nummus, i, m. money. Tiberis, is, m. Tiber. Venus, eris,/. Venus. 
aurum, i, n. gold. anas, atis,/. a duck. angustus, a, um, na 

Albis, is, m. Elbe. cassis, iA\s,f. helmet. row, contracted. 



80 FEMININE, [§ 39. 

flavus, a, um, yellow^ occultus, a, um, con- gesto 1. / carryy hear, 

Jiaxen. cealed. cresco 3. 1 grow. 

latus, a, um, hroad. sordldus, a, um, foul. volvo 3. I roll ; volvor, 

limpldus, a, um, clea?'. sacer, cra,crum, sacred. lam rolled, roll. 

Anas timida est. Veritas auro digna est. Albis latus habet ripas 
fecundas. Tiberis est flavus. Aprilis sacer est Veneri. As Romanus 
parvus est nummus. Adamas durissimus est. Vas est aureum. Im- 
perator auream cassidem gestat. Multae aves pulchre canunt. Vena- 
tor in alto colle occultos casses tendit. In patris horto multi cucume- 
res crescunt. Amnis est limpidus. Amnis altus multos alit pisces. 
Callis est angustus. Multi parvi vermes in sordido pulvere volvuntur. 
Validi sunt portarum postes. Vectis est ferreus. 

The Elbe is broad. The w^orm is small. These paths are very 
narrow^. Many fish are in that clear river. That gate has strong 
posts. The ducks are timid. The general wears (= bears) a golden 
neck-chain. This river is broad and deep. The cucumbers in the 
garden of my father, are ripe. Diamonds are very hard. The rivers 
are clear. These cucumbers are ripe. These hills are very high. 
Upon that high hill the nets concealed by the hunter are spread. 
The helmet of the general is o/ goZc? (= golden). These vases are 
very beautiful. In this wood are many birds. These bolts are of iron 
(= iron). Old age is strong, youth weak. Anvils are of iron (= iron). 
These pools are very deep. 

XLIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Bibliotheca, ae,/. libra- Apollo, inis, m. Apollo, triticeus, a, um, of 

ry. Juno, onis,/ Juno. wheat, wheaten. 

chorda, ae,/. chord. ovis, is,/, sheep. universus, a, um, the 

columba, ae,/. dove. densus, a, um, dense. whole. 

ecclesia, ae,/. church. excelsus, a, um, lofty, asper, era, erum, rowg-^. 

India, ae,/ India. ferus, a, um, wild. coWustvol. I illuminate. 

rosa, ae,/. rose. frondosus, a, um, leafy, dilacero 1. / tear in 

muslcus, i, m. musician, igneus, a, um, fiery. pieces. 

Vesuvius, i, m. Vesu- lapideus, a, um, of excito 1. / excite, raise, 

vius. stone. converto 3. / turn 

sarmentum, i, n. twig, opimus, a, um, fat. around. [forth, 

branch. rapldus, a, urn, j-apid. evomo 3. / emit, belch 

solum, i, n. the ground, tortus, a, um, twisted. tango 3. I touch. 

Leo teneram ovem ungue acuto dilacerat. Sanguis ruber est. Miles 
ensem ferreum gestat. Torquis est aureus. Sentes asperi sunt. 
Scrobis est altus. Panis triticeus est dulcis. Universus terrarum 
orbis sole collustratur. Mensis Junius a Junone nomen habet. Oc- 



$ 39.] GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 81 

cultus est caiialis. Lapldes sunt duri. Ignis magnus in monte alto 
excitatur. Follis est plenus venti. Fiistis est durus. Funis tortus 
est. Hosies in fines nostros irrumpunt. Mors omnium malorum cer- 
tus finis est. E silvis multi sarmentorura fasces portantur. Poetae 
Apollini flavos crines tribuunt. Vesuvius igneos cineres evomit. Cau- 
les teneri sunt. Terra circum axem suum summa celeritate converti- 
tur. 

The teeth of the lion are sharp. The tender sheep are torn in 
pieces by (ab) the lions. Man has red blood. Axle-trees are round. 
The sword is sharp. This cabbage is tender. From Vesuvius, fiery 
ashes are belched forth. Avoid ye the rough thorn-bushes. The end 
of life is uncertain. The soldiers defend our borders against (contra) 
the enemies. Flaxen hair (plur.) is given to Apollo by (ab) the poets. 
This bread is good, that bad. The ropes are twisted. The sun illu- 
minates the whole circle of the world. The clubs are hard. The 
month [of] June is very pleasant. The bellows are full of wind (gen.). 
The enemies raised a great fire in the city. The canals are concealed. 
High stones surround that way. Bundles [of twigs] hound with laurel 
(laureatus, a, um), with the Romans, were a badge of a victorious 
(victor, oris) general. 

Nox est nigra. Leges sunt justae. In excelso montis apioe est 
turris alta. Pullces molesti vexant columbam. Magnus avium grex 
petit frutlces frondosos. Verveces opimi sunt. Timldos sorlces petunt 
avidi sorlces. In India sunt multi bombyces. Traduces teneros solo 
inserimus. Murex est pretiosus. Varices sanguinis pleni sunt. Musi- 
cus docto polilce tangit chordas. Oryges sunt velocissimi. Onyx est 
pulcherrimus. Alti sunt ecclesiae fornlces. In bibliotheca regis mag- 
nus optimorum codicum numerus est. Rosae calyx pulcher est. Calix 
est plenus vini. 

The cups are full of wine (gen.) The nights are dark (= black). 
Just laws are salutary to the state. My father has many books. On 
(in) the plains are many flocks of (gen.) sheep. The shrubs are leafy. 
In the church are high arches. Onyxes are very beautiful. Silk- 
worms are very useful. The varix is full of blood (gen.). Vine- 
branches are tender. Purple-fishes are very costly. Field-mice are 
very timid. Husband-men have many wethers. The depressed (pres- 
sus, a, um) thumb was a sign of favor (favor, oris) to the Romans. 
The trunks of trees are full of branches {== branchy, rairvosus, a, um). 
The gazelle is very swift. The wealthy husbandmen nourish many 
flocks of (gen.) sheep. 



82 NEUTER. [^ 40. 

Nubes sunt nigrae. Palumbes sunt timidi. Vepres sunt densi. 
Hiems est aspera. Limpidus fons in alto monte est. Super rapidum 
torrentem pons lipideus ducit. Omnes ferae bestiae duros et acutos 
dentes habent. Durus est chalybs. Multi uautae ab extremo oiiente 
ad extremum occidentem navlgant. Rudentes torti sunt. Neptunus 
magnum tridentem gestat. 

The cloud is black. The wood-pigeon is timid. The cable is 
twisted. Dense brambles surround the clear fountain. This bridge 
is of stone. Many wares are carried (vehere) by (ab) the traders, from 
the remotest east to (ad) the remotest west and from the remotest west 
to the remotest east The teeth of wild beasts are hard and sharp. 
Torrents are rapid. The rough winter is disagreeable. Clear foun- 
tains are upon that high mountain. Steel is very hard. 

§ 40. Neuter. 

Of the neuter gender are nouns in : <2, e, c, l^ en^ ar, ur, 

uty us, G. em, oris, uris. 

Examples: 1) ^: poem-« pulchi'um, « beautiful poem ; 2) E: mar- 
c magnum, a great sea; 3) C: only la-c (lact-is), and ale-c (ecis), end in 
this letter, as : lac tepidum, warm milk, alec sapidum, salt Jish-brine ; 
4) Ly fe-Z amarum, bitter gall; 5) En nom-en clarum, a renowned 
name; 6) Ar : calc-or acutum, a sharp spur ; 7) Ur : rob-wr (oris) mag- 
num, great strength ; 8) Ut : caput humanum, a human head ; 9) Us : 
gen-US (eris) clarum, a renowned race. 

Exceptions : 

From the neuter are rejected, Furfur, uris, m. bran. 

By the masculine accepted, lepus, oris, m. a hare. 

Two in I : sol and sal, lien, enis, m. (ancient form for 

With four in en : splen\ the spleen. 

Ren, splen, pecten, lien. mus, uris, m. mouse. 

Masculine too are three in ur : pecten, inis, m. comb. 

Furfur, turtur and vultur ; ren, commonly plur. renes, kidney. 

Add to these two words in us : sal, is, m. salt, wit. 

Lepus, leporis and mus. sol, is, m. sun. 

Byit feminine there is in us, splen, enis, m. spleen. 

Barely the single word tellus. tellus. Oris,/, the earth. 

turtur, uris, m. turtle-dove. 

vultur, iiris, m. a vulture. 

Remark. Contrary to the general rule (§ 13.) the names of cities in 
e remain neuter, as: Praeneste, and besides, Anxur, Tibur ; also, robur, 
oris, live-oak. 



$ 41.] GENDER OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 83 

XLV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Liber, bri, m. hook. fulgur, uris, n. light- pavidus, a, uni, shy, 

lector, oris, m. reader. ning. rutllus, a, um, fiery red. 

lepor, oris, m. pleasant- Atticus, a, um, Attic. mollis, e, soft. 

ry, jest. dentatus, a, um, toothed, perrodo 3. / gnaw 

Hannibal, alis, m. Han- festivus, a, um, delicate. through. 

nibal. ioc6sus,a.,um, facetious. 

Calcaria sunt acuta. Sol igneus est. Sal est sapid us. Sales Plauti, 
poetae comici Romanorum sunt, valde jocosi. Splen tener est. Renes 
humldi sunt. Pecten est dentatus. Fulgur est rutilum. Hannibalis 
nomen est clarum. Furfur triticeus est mollissimus. Vultures saevi 
unguibus dilacerant turtures pavldos. Juveuum corpora sunt valida. 
Timldos lepores venator quaerit in silvis, festivos lepores lector in libris. 
Mures parvi saepe valldos muros perrodunt. 

The sapid salt serves (= is) for many dishes (= foods) for season- 
ing. Attic wit (plur.) is extolled by writers. Vultures are destructive 
to turtle-doves. Mice are very small. Turtle-doves and wood-pigeons 
are very shy. Hares are very swift. The warm sun illuminates the 
whole circle of the earth. Combs are toothed. 

§ 41. Of the gender of the Fourth Declension. 

Us of the fourth is masctdine, 

And u is of the neuter kind ; 

But feminine there are in us : 

Tribus, acus, porticvs^ 

Domus, idus and viamis. 

Tribus, us, /. fn6e, com- domus, us,/ house, May, July and Oct., 

pany. palace. but 13th of the oth- 

acus, us,/, needle. idus, uum,/. the Ides er months), 

porticus, us, f. portico. (15th day of March, manus, us,/, hand. 

XL VI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Anus, us, old man. Jupplter, Jovis, m. Ju- urbanus, a, um, of the 

nurus, us, daughter-in- piter (abl. Jove). city. 

law. marmoreus, a, um, of certo \. I contend. 

socrus, us, mother-in- marble, marble. aut, or ; aut — aut, eith- 

law. rustlcus, a, um, of the er — or. 

country. 

Magnificam regis domum amplae et marmoreae ornant porticus. 
Tribus sunt aut urbanae, aut rusticae. In silva sunt multae vetustae 



84 GENDER OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION. [$41. 

et altae quercus. Anus sunt garrulae. Socrlbus carae sunt nurus 
bonae. Puella acutam acum perita manu regit. Cum rusticis tribu- 
bus certant urbanae. 

The magnificent palace of the king is adorned with (abl.) spacious 
and marble porticos. The royal palaces are surrounded by (abl.) high 
pines. The portico of the royal palace is very magnificent. Dogs 
guard our houses. The king 1^ building (== builds) a very magnificent 
palace. The Ides are sacred to Jupiter. 



Promiscuous examples from all the Declensions. 

XL VII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Aqulla, ae,y! efl'^Ze. jecur, jecoris or jeci- y\s.,f. power, force., qunn- 

insidiae, arum, /.snares, noris, n. liver. tity, (forms only ace. 

ambush. nix,nivis,/sno?<;(abl. e). vim and ahl.vi-, pi. 

petulantia, ae, /. licen- pectus, oris, n. breast. vires, powers, virium, 

tiousness, wayward- Mars, tis, m. Mars. etc.). 

71655. [cury. sedes, is,/, a seat. clausus, a, \\m,sliut up. 

Mercurius, i, m. Mer- senex, senis, old, old contentus, a, um, (c. 

rustlcus, i. m. farmer, man, [abl. sene ; pi. abl.), contented. 

rustic. senes, senum, etc.). promtus, a, um, ready. 

pratum, i. n. meadow. supellex, ectilis, / viridis, e, green. 

bills, is, /. &i7e. household furniture, compleo 2. If 11. 

bos, bovis, c. ox, cow; utensils [abl. -e. gen. tumeo 2. 1 swell. 

pi. boves, boum, bo- pi. -ium). pasco 3. I pasture. 

bus or bubus. 

Sapiens parva supellectile est contentus. Divites magnam habent 
copiam supellectilium. Juvenilis aetas viget corporis viribus. In sene 
valde displicet petulantia. Hieme terra nivibus completur. A Jove 
coelum, terrae et maria reguntur. Jecinora saepe tument bile amara. 
Rustic! multos boum greges alunt. Agricolae bobus agros arant. 
Multi homines aliud clausum in pectore habent, aliud promtum in 
lingua. Primus hebdomadis dies appellatur dies Lunae, alter dies 
Martis, tertius dies Mercurii, quartus dies Jovis, quintus dies Veneris, 
Septimus dies Solis. 

The powers of the lion are great. To Jupiter the eagle is sacred. 
There are various kinds of house-furniture (pi.). Keep, O boys, in (abl.) 
memory, the precepts of wise old men. Modest manners (= customs) 
please in the boy, the young man and the old man. In the months 
November and December the clouds discharge a great quantity (vis) of 
(gen.) rain (plur.) and snow. In the liver is the seat of anger. Lions 



H2.] CLASSES OF VERBS. 85; 

prepare snares for cows. Upon (in) the green meadows are pastured 
a great herd of (gen.) cows. ': 

XL VIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Praenriium,i, n. reifjor^^. voluntas, atis,/. m^Z. \aivo 1. Iwash. 

principium, i, n. begin- casus, us, m. Jail, ca- immineo2. I threaten. 

ninfc. lamity, chance. eligo 3. 1 choose. 

vincuhim, i, n. bond, consensus, us, m. agree- quotidie, adv. daily. 

chain. ment. autem, conj. but. 

hebdomas, adis,/. tweeL arduus, a, urn, rfi/^i^<. an (in questions), or. 

vitiositas, atis,/. vice. appello 1. I call. 

Certus amicus in re incerta cernitur. Manus manum lavat. Honos 
praemium virtutis est. Mors pro[)ter incertos casus quotidie nobis 
immlnet. Omnium rerum a deo immortali principia ducuntur. Nul- 
lum est certius amicitiae vinculum, quam consensus et societas consi- 
liorum et voluiitatum Duae sunt vitae viae : virtutis et vitiositatis ; 
alterutram eligere debes, o puer! 

Firm (= certahi) friends are seen in an uncertain thing. There 
are two ways of life, of virtue and of vice ; the way of the one (alter) 
is troublesome and difficult, but leads to a peaceful life ; the way of 
the other (alter) is easy and agreeable, but leads to a wretched life ; 
which way (utra via = which of the two ways) dost thou choose, [that] 
of virtue, or [that] of vice ? 



THIRD COURSE. 
CHAPTER I. 

Of the Verb. 
§ 42. Classes of verbs, (§ 6, 2.). 

a) Active verbs, or the form expressing activity, as : laudo, 
floreo ; those active verbs which take an object in the accu- 
sative, are called transitive, as : laudo piierum ; all other 
active verbs are called intransitive, as : floreo, dormio, pareo 
(alicui), gaudeo (de aliqua re). 

b) Passive verbs, or the form ex^re^^mg passivity or the 
receiving of an action. 

8 



86 TENSES. MODES. INFINITIVE, ETC. [^$43,44,45. 

c) Deponent verbs are such as have the passive form but 
the active signification. 

§43. Tenses of the Verb. 

I. 1) Present, am-o, I love ^ 

2) Perfect, am-a-vi, I have loved ; 
II. 3) Imperfect, am-a-bam, / loved^ loas loving-^ 
4) Pluperfect, am-a-veram, I had loved; 
III. 5) Future (simple), am-a-bo, I shall love^ 

6) Future Perfect, am-a-vero, I shall have loved. 

Remark. The Pres., the Perf. and the two Futures are called princi- 
pal tenses, the others historical or narrative tenses — The Perf. in Latin, 
is used in a two-fold way ; a) like the English Perf as : deus mundnm 
creavit, (God has created the earth) ; b) like the English hnperf in nar- 
rating, as : Romulus Roman condidit, (Romulus huilt Rome). In the 
first case it is called the Perf present, and is considered as belonging 
to the principal tenses, in the last the Perf historical, and belongs to the 
historical tenses. 

§ 44. Modes of the Verb. 

I. The Indicative, which expresses a fact, phenomenon^ 
reality, as : the rose blooms, bloomed, ivill bloom ; 

II. The Subjunctive, which expresses what is imagined, 
supposed, conceived of, as : he may come, he might come not- 
withstanding ; 

III. The Imperative, which is used in direct expressions 
of the toill, as: hear thou, teach thou. 

§ 45. Infinitive, Participle, Supine, Gerund and Gerundive. 
Besides the Modes, the verb has the following forms : 

a) The Infinitive, which is of an intermediate nature be- 
tween the verb and the noun, as : cupio te adspice- 
re, I desire to see thee (comp. cupio adspectum tui, / 
desire a sight of thee) ; 

b) The Participle, which presents the idea of the verb in 
the form of an adjective, as : puer scribens (the boy 
tvriting), filia amata (the daughter beloved) ; 

c) The Supine in um and u, which presents the idea of 



H4^6, 47.] CONJUGATION OF THE VERB. 87 

the verb in the form of a noun in either the Ace. 
or Abl. case, as: canes venatum duco, / take the dogs 
to hunt (to hunting,) or, res est jucunda auditu., the 
thing is pleasant to hear (in the hearing) ; 

d) The Gerund, which also presents the idea of the verb 
under the form of a noun, and indeed, in all the 
cases, as : Nom. scribendum est, ive (one) must ivrite, 
Gen. ars scribendi, the art of wi'iting^ or to ivrite, Dat.. 
scribendo aptus est^fit for luriting, or to write, Ace. 
wilh a preposition, inter scribendum, while luritingy 
Abl. scribendo exerceor, I am exercised by (in, etc.) 
ivriting ; 

e) The Gerundive (or Part. Fut. Pass.), which presents 
the idea of the verb in an adjective form, precisely as 
the Gerund presents it in a substantive form, as: 
epistola scribenda est, the letter is to be ivritten, and 
so throusfh all the cases. 

o 

Remark. The Indicative, Subjunctive and Imperative are called the- 
Jinite or definite verb, because they always refer to a definite subject; 
the Inf. Part. Sup. Ger. and Gerundive, on the contraiy, are called the 
indefinite verb, because these forms, on account of their meaning, do 
not admit of such a reference. 



§ 46. Persons and Numbers of the Verb. 

The verb has, like the noun, two numbers. Sing, and 
Plur., and three persons both in the Sing, and in the Plur., 
as : I, thou, he (she, it) and ive, you, they, which are express- 
ed by the endings, as: ^Qx\h-imus, lue write. 

Remark. Those verbs which are used only in the third person Sing., 
are called Impersonal verbs, as : pluit, it rains, tonat, it thunders. 

§47. Conjugation. 

Conjugation is the inflection of a verb according to its 
Persons, Numbers, Modes, Tenses and Voice. The Latin 
language has/owr Conjugations, which are distinguished ac- 
cording to the ending of the Inf. as follows : 



88 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. [H8. 

I. Conj.: — are, as; am-are, to love, Characteristic: a 

11. " — ere, " mon-ere, ^o admonish, " e 

III. " — ere, " reg-ere, to govern, " e 

IV. " — ^ire, " aud-ire, to hear. " i. 

Rem. 1. In psirsing a verbal form, the beginner should accustom 
himself to observe the following order : a) the jjerson, b) the number, c) 
the mode, d) the tense, e) the voice, f) from what verb, g) the meaning. E. g. 
What kind of a verbal form is nmdtis'^ Airiatis is Sec. Pers Plur. of 
the Indie. Pres. Act. from the verb : amo, aniavi, amatum, amare, to love. 

Rem. 2. Every verbal form consists of two parts, the stem, which 
is tlie ground-form of the verb, remaining unchanged through all its 
modifications, and the inflection-ending which varies to express the 
number, person, etc. The last letter of the stem is called the charac- 
teristic to which the inflection-endings are joined sometimes with and 
sometimes without change. In the paradigms of the verbs, the char- 
acteristic and inflection-endings are printed in italics. 

§ 48. Formation, of the Tenses. 

In every verb there are four forms to be observed, from 
which, by adding different endings, all the remaining forms 
are derived, viz. : 
I ) Ind. Pres. Act. 2) Ind. Perfect Act 
I. amo amavi 

II. moneo monui 

III. rego rexi 

IV. audio audivi 

A. From the Indicative Present Active : amo ; moneo ; rego, capio (I 

take); audio, as the stem, are derived: 

a) Indicative Present Passive : amor; moneor; regor, capior; audior; 

h) Subjunctive Present Active and from this Subj. Pres. Pass. : amem; 

moneam ; regam, capiam ; audiam ; — amer ; monear; regar, ca- 

piar; audiar; 

c) Fut. Active and Passive: regam {es, et, etc.), capiam ; audiam; — 
regar (eris, etc.), capiar; audiar; — amafoo ; moneio ; — amaior; 
moneftor ; 

d) Indicative Imperfect Active and Passive : amaftam ; mone&am ; rege- 
6am, capie6am ; audiefeam; — amabar; monetar; regeJar, capieftar ; 
au6\ebar ; 

e) Participle Present Active : amans ; monerw ; regerw, capiens ; au- 
dicrw; 



3) Supine. 


4) Infinitive Act. 


amatum 


amare 


monitum 


m on ere 


rectum 


regere 


auditum 


audire. 



$ 48.] rORMATION OF THE TENSES. 89 

f) Gerundive and Gerund : amandus, amandum ; monendus ; regen- 
duSj capiendu^ ; audiendv^. 

B. Infinitive Active : amare ; monere ; regere, capere ; audire, as stem, 
are derived: 

a) Imperative Active : ama ; mone ; rege, cape ; audi ; and Imperat, 
Passive, which agrees in form with the Infin. Act : amare ; mone- 
re ; regere, capere ; audire ; 

6) Infinitive Present Pass, of I, II. and IV. Conj. : amart, moneri, 
audin; the III. Conj. adds to the stem the ending i; regi, capi; 

c) Subjunct. Imperf. Act. and Passive : amarem ; monerem ; reg^rem, 
capere?n,- audirem; — amarer; monerer; regerer; caperer; audircr. 

C From the Perfect Active: amavi ; monui ; rexi, cepi; audivi, as a 
stem, are derived : 

a) Subjunctive Perfect Active : amaverim ; rnonuerim ; rexerim, ce- 

pm»i; audivmm; 
6) Indicative Pluperfect Active: amaveram; monueram; rexeram, ce- 

\ieram; anddveram; 

c) Future Perfect : amavero ; monuero ; rexero, cepero ; audivero ; 

d) Infin. Perf Act.: ainavisse ; monuisse ; rexisse, cepisse; audimsc; 
c) Subjunctive Pluperfect Active : amavissem ; monuissem ; rexissem, 

cepissem ; audirmem. 

D. From the Supine : amatum ; monitum ; rectum, captum ; auditum, 
as a stem, are derived : 

a) Partic. Perf. Pass. : amatus ; monitus ; rectus, captus ; auditus ; 

b) Part. Fut. Act. : amaturiis ; moniturus ; recturus ; auditiirus. 



8* 



90 



CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. 



[H9. 



§ 49. Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb, sum, fui, 
esse, to be. 

This verb is extensively employed in forming the tenses 
of the verb in Latin, both by furnishing various endings to 
the stem of the verb, and by being joined to the participle of 
the verb. Thus e. g. amoiV-istis, you have loved, is com- 
posed of the stem amav and estis (you are), amav-^ram, of 
amav and eram, so : by amamatus sum, I have loved, etc. 



Indicative 


Subjunctive. 




Present, 


su-m, / am 


si-m, / ma,y be 


es, thou art 


sl-s, thou mayest be 


es-t, /ie, she, it is 


sit, he, she, it may be 


su-mus, we are 


sl-mus, we may be 


es-tis, you are 


sl-tis, you maij be 


su-nt, they are 


si-nt, they may be. 




Imperfect. 


er-a-m, Iicas 


es-se-m, I might be 


er-a-s, thou loast 


es-se-s, thou mightest be 


er-a-t, he, she, it was 


es-se-t, he, she, it might be 


er-a-mus, we were 


es-se-mus, we might be 


er-a-tis, yoa were 


es-se-tts, you might be 


er-a-nt, they were 


es-se-nt, they might be. 




Perfect. 


fu-T, / have been 


fu-eri-tn, 7 may have been 


fu-isti, thou hast been 


fu-eri-s, thou mayest have been 


fu-it, he, she, it has been 


fu-erl-t, he, she, it may have been. 


fu-Imus, ?oe have been 


fu-eri-mus, we may have been 


fd-istis, yoa have been 


fu-eri-tis, you may have been 


fu-erunt (ere), they have been 


fu-eri-nt, they may have been. 




Pluperfect. 


fu-era-m, I had been 


fu-isse-m, J might have been 


fu-era-s, thou hadst been 


fu-isse-s, thoa mightest have been 


fu-era I, he, she, it had been 


fu-isse-t, he, she, it might have been 


fu-era-mus, we had been 


fu-i?se-inus, roe might have been 


fu-era-lTs, you had been 


fu-isse-tis, you might have been 


1 fu-era-nt, they had been 


fu-isse-nt, they might have been. 



49.] CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. 91 



Future Indicative.* 
er-o, / shall be er-i-mus, we shall be 

er-i-s, thou wilt be er-i-tis, you will be 

er-i-t, he, she, it will be er-u-nt, they will be. 

Future Perfect Indicative.* 
fu-ero, / shall have been fii-eri-mus, ice shall have been 

fu-erl-s, thou wilt have been fu-eri-tis, you icill have been 

fu-eri-t, he, she, it will have been fu-eri-nt, they tcill have been. 

Imperative. 
2. es, be thou 2. este, be ye 

2. es-to, thou shouldest be 2. es-tote, you should be 

3. es-to, he should be 3. su-ntb, they should be. 



Present 
Perfect 
Future 



Present 
Future 



Infinitive. 

esse, to be 
fuisse, to have been 
futurus, a, urn esse, to will be, (that something) will be. The 
first of these forms is not used in English. 

Participle, 
only: absent, absent, from flftsum ; pruesens, present, {rom praes- 

sum = praesto sum. 
futurus, a, um, one who (what) icill, is about to be, also, future. 



* The Subj. of the Fut. is wanting. See Rem. 1 to the following table of paradigms. 



Rem. 1. In the compound pro-sum (I benefit), in all the forms where 
a vowel follows pro, d is introduced between them, as : pro-d-esse, 
pro-d-es, pro-d-est, pro-d-eram, pro-d-ero, pro-d-essem. 

Rem. 2. Besides the above-mentioned forms, two others occur, viz. : 
forem (fores, foret, etc.), I would be, and the corresponding Infin. /ore in- 
stead offnturum esse. 

XL IX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Absum, abfai, abesse, prosum, proftii, prod- foris, adv. without. 

I am absent, removed esse, / am useful, heri, adv. yesterday, 
from. benefit, (see Rem. 1). longe, adv. far. 

adsum, affiii, adesse, concilio 1. / MwVe. peregve, adv. abroad. 

I am present. fera, ae,/. wild beast. quamdiu, adv. and conj. 

intersum, fui, esse, (c. ]}ngna, ae,f. fighi, battle. how long; so {as) 

dat.) to be in, present arma, orum, n. arms. long as. 

at (something). oratio, onis, /. speech, ubi, adv. where. 

praesum, fui, esse, lam discourse. dum, conj. while. 

before, preside over, magistratus, us, m.m«g-- nisi, conj. unless. 

attend to. istrate, magistracy. quum, conj. when, as. 

Deus omnibus locis adest. Parvi pretii sunt foris arma, nisi est con- 
silium domi. Contemnuntur ii, qui nee sibi, nee alteri prosunt. Ut 



93 THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. [H9. 

magistratibus leges, ita populo praesunt magistratus. Ratio et oratio 
conciliant inter se homines, neque ulla re longius absumus a natura 
ferai-um. Ego laetus sum, tu tristris es. Si sorte vestra contenti estis, 
beati estis. 

Dum ego, tu et amicus in schola erdmiis, sorores nostrae in horto 
erant. Quum tu et Carolus heri domi nostrae erdtis, ego peregre eram. 
Quamdlu tu et frater tuus domi nostrae erdtis, tu laetus eras, sed frater 
tuus tristis erat. Quamdiu tu et pater oierdtis, ego et frater tristes 
erdmiLS. 

Cur heri in schola non fuisti ? Quia cum patre peregre fui. Quam- 
dlu tu et pater tuus domo abfuistis? Sex menses abfuimus. Cur mil- 
ites nostri pugnae non interfuerunt ? Quia longius abfuerunt. Ubi 
heri fueras, quum domi tuae eram ? 

I am useful to thee, and thou to me. Wherefore are you sad ? We 
are joyful. If thou art contented with thy lot, thou art happy. While 
I was in the school, my sister was in the garden. As yesterday thou 
wast at home, I was abroad. Why were (perf ) you not in the school 
yesterday ? because we were (perf) abroad. How long hast thou been 
absent from (abl.) home? Ten months (ace.) have 1 been absent. 
Where had you been yesterday, as we were in your house ? While 
we and you were in the school, our sisters were in the garden. While 
you and Charles were in our house yesterday, we were abroad. 

L. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Desum, defui, deesse, aetas, atis, /. c^e, gtn- antea, adv. hefore. 

I am wanting. eraiion. postea, adv. afterwards. 

obsum, fui, esse, / am nemo (luis), no-body, nuper, adv. lately. 

against, injure. no one. repente, adv. suddenly. 

occiipo 1. / take pos- aegrotus, a, um, sick. propterea, adv. for this 

session of, seize. avarus, a, um, avari- reason. 

periculum, i, n. danger. cious. [hie. quo — eo (with compa- 

praedium, i, n./arm. invictus, a, um, inm'na- tive), the — so much 
adolescens, tis, m. atrox, ocis, terrible, the. 

young man, youth. bloody. 

Quamdlu felix eris, multi tibi erunt amici. Tota civitas in summa 
laetitia fuerat, quum repente ingens terror omnium animos occupat. 
Pugna fuit atrocissima, propterea quod utriusque exercitus milites for- 
tissimi fuerant. Ante belH initium in urbe fueramus. Demosthenis 
aetate multi oratores magni et clari fuerunt, et antea fuerant, nee 
postfia defuerunt Ante tres annos apud amicum fui, in cujus praedio 
nuper per duo menses fueratis. Haec res non profuit nobis, sed ob- 



§ 49.] THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. 93 

fuit. Quo minus honoris apud Romanes erat poetis, eo minora studia 
fuerunt. Si quis virtutis compos erit, semper beatus erit. Quamdi'u 
sorte mea contentus ero, felix ero. Qualis in alios fueris, tales hi in te 
erunt. Si in hac vita semper vii'tutis studiosi fuerlmus, etiam post 
mortem beati erimus. 

So long as you shall be fortunate, you will not Avant friends. The 
upright always benefit the upright. My enemies (immicus) have not 
injured me, but benefited. If men will be virtuous, they will be happy. 
So long as we shall be contented with our lot, we shall be happy. If 
men always shall have been virtuous, the reward of virtue will not 
fail them. 

Rule or Syntax. In questions, to which the asker expects an an- 
swer by yes or no, the interrogative particle ne is attached to the word 
upon which the emphasis of the question is placed, as: Fuistlne heri in 
schola ? wast thou in school yesterday ? 

Erasne in schola, quum heri domi tuae eram ? Eram. Miserne 
sapiens erit, quum pauper erit? Non erit. Laetusne, an tristis es? 
Unusne, an plures sunt mundi ? Cur heri in schola non fuisti ? Ae- 
grotusne fuisti ? Non, sed quia cum patre peregre eram. Fuerasne 
nuper in horto nostro ? Deeritne tibi hominum laus, si semper pro- 
bus fueris ? 

Were you in school, as* we were at your house yesterday? Yes 
(= we were). Will the wise be unhappy, if they shall be poor? No 
(= they will not be). No one of (gen.) us is the very same in old-age, 
which he was (perf ) [as] a young man. Pelopidas was in (perf.) all 
dangers. Aristides was in (perf) the battle of Salamis (pugna Salami- 
nia). Poets not merely delight, but also benefit us. 

Yesterday I was (perf) at thy house, but thou wast abroad. The 
avaricious in the abundance of all things, will be very poor. Thou, 
thy father and thy mother have benefited us much (multum). We, 
you and your feister were very joyful yesterday, as we were at your 
house. Were you yesterday abroad, as I was at your house ? Yes 
(= we were). While my brother was in the garden, I was in the 
school. Were our soldiers in the battle? No (= they were not in 
it). We were (perf) not at home yesterday, but abroad. 

Our soul after death will be immortal. So long as we shall be con- 
tented with our fortune, we shall be happy. Where had you been 

* For the reason of vising as in this and many other places in these exer- 
cises, where when would seem to be required, see Synt. § liO, 1, 1.— Tr. 



94 THE AUXILIARY VERB Slim. [§ 49. 

yesterday, as I was at your house ? We had been abroad. So long 
as thou hadst been fortunate, ^^om hadst Aarf (= there were to thee) 
many friends. The more modest thou shalt be, so much the more 
agreeable thou wilt be to men. If I shall benefit others, they [also] 
will benefit me. 

As (quails) I shall have been to iin with ace.) others, so (talis) they 
will be to me. If we shall have benefited others, they [also] will bene- 
fit us. If thou, in this life, shalt have zealously pursued virtue, thou 
shalt also, after death, be happy. 

LI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Cogito 1. I think, reflect nescius, a, um, igno- attentus, a, um, aiten- 

upon. rant; non sum ne- tive. 

dublto 1. I doubt. scius, I know per- praeteritus, a, um.jocwf. 

pondero 1. /if)erg-/i,con- fedly well. eras, adv. to-morrow. 

sider. parsimonia, ae, f. fru- parum, adv. too little. 

provideo 2. I foresee ; go-Hty. pr'nis, adv. previously. 

c. dat. look out for. mens, tis, /. state of plane, adv. wholly. 
intelllgo 3. / under- mind. ne — quidem, not in- 

stand. vectigal, alls, n. tax, in- deed, not even. 

repeto 3. / run over. come. tum, then. 

scio 4. / know. victor, oris, m. conquer- non solum — sed etiam, 

nescio 4. / do not knotv. or. not merely, but also. 

Rule of Syntax. In questions which depend upon a foregoing 
sentence {indirect questions), the subjunctive*' is always used, as: Narra 
mihi, ubi /item, relate to me, where thou hast been. — In indirect questions 
the enclitic ne is translated by whether, as: Dublto, laetusne sis, I doubt, 
whether thou art joyfj.1. 

Non sum nescius, qua mente tu et piius in nosfueris, et nunc sis, et 
semper futiir us sis. Non eram nescius, qua mente tu et prius in nos 
fuisses, et tum esses, et semper futurus esses. Qualis sit animus, ipse 
animus nescit. Deus non est nescius, qua mente qnisque sit. Cogita, 
quantum nobis exempla bona prosint. Prae gaudio, ubi sim, nescio. 
Non intelUgunt homines, quam magnun) vectigal sit parsimonia. Non, 
quantum quisque prosit, sed quanti pretii quisqiie sit, pond era. Quo 
quisque ammo futurus sit, nescio. Incertus eram, profuturusne tibi essem. 
Saepe ne utile quidem est scire, quid futurum sit. Pecunia, honores, 
valetudo quamdiu affutura sint, incertimi est. Incertus eram, et ubi 
essetis, et uh'i fuissetis. jVan-o tibi, et ubi \\er'\ fuerimus, et ubi eras 
futuri simus. Dubitamus, fuerinine milites nostri in pugna laude digni. 

* As the subjunctive form is not so extensively used in Englisli as in 
Latin, the Subj. must often be tmnslated into Enolish by the forms of the 
Indie, as will be seen in the following examples. — Tr. 



§ 49.] THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. 95 

Diibium erat, civesne nostri, an hostes in ilia pugna victores fuissent, 
Dubium erat, profuissetne Alcibiades patriae suae, an ohfuisset. 

What to-day is and yesterday was (perf.), we know ; but what will 
be to-morrow, we know not. How long we shall be in this life, is un- 
certain. I knew perfectly well, both of what state of mind towards us 
you then were, and had been previously, and always would be (= were 
about to be). I rejoice, when I think, how much you have benefited 
the state, both now and before, and still will benefit [it]. It was un- 
certain, where the enemies were and had been, and where they would 
be. 

Adestote omnes animis, qui adestis corporibus ! Attenti este, dis- 
cipuli ! Homines mortis memores sunto. Contenti estote sorte vestra ! 
Parum provident multi tempori futuro, sed plane in diem vivunt. Vir 
prudens non solum praesentia curat, sed etiam praeterlta mente repetit 
et futura ex praeterltis providet. 

Scholars, not merely with (abl.) the body (plur.), but also with the 
mind (plur.), should be in the school. Man should be mindful of 
death. 

In school, you should be attentive, O scholars ! Thou shouldest be 
contented with (abl.) thy lot! Men should always be mindful of the 
precepts of virtue. 



96 



ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 



[$50. 



Preliminary Remark. 



§50. AC 

Of the four regular 

The following paradigms need not all be 



1. A mo, avi^ a-matum, amare. 
Characteiistic : a long. 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 
I. Present. 



amo, I love 
ama-5, thou lovest 

ama-f, he, she, it 

loves 
a.md-mus, we love 

dLxnd-tis^ you love 

ama-nf, they love 



ame-m, I may love 
a.me-s, thou mayest 

love 
ame-?, he, she, it 

may love 
amc-wu5, we may 

love 
3.me-tis, you may 

love 
ame-nt, they may 

love. 



11. Mon^o, monwt, monifwm, monere. 
Characteristic : e long. 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 
I. Present. 



moneo, I admonish 

mones,thou admon- 
ishest 

monef, he, she, it 
admonishes 

monemws, we ad- 
monish 

mone^i^, you ad- 
monish 

monenf, they ad- 
monish 



II. Imperfect. 

amd-&am, I loved, 
was loving 

amtt has, thou lov- 
edst, wast loving 

a.md-bdt, he, she, it 

loved, was loving 

a.md-bdmus, we lov- 
ed, were loving 

ama-6a^i5, you lov- 
ed, were loving 

a.md-bant, they lov- 
ed, were loving 

III. Future (Indicative).'^ 
ama-6o, I shall love 
ama-6?s, thou wilt love 
ama-^i^, he, she, it will love 
ama-i?r/m5, we shall love 
a.md-bitis, you will love 
a.md-bunt^ they will love. 

IV. Perfect. 



ama-rcTTi, I might 

love 
amd-res, thou 

mightestlove 
a.md-ret, he, she, it 

might love 
aind-remfe, we 

might love 
dund-retis, you 

might love 
amd-renf, they 

might love. 



moncdw, I may ad. 

moneds, thou may- 
est admonish 

moned^, he, she, it 
may admonish 

monedmus, we may 
admonish 

monedii^, you may 
admonish 

mone«n^ they may 
admonish. 



II. Imperfect 
monebam^ I admon- monercm 

ished, was ad. 

monebas^ thou ad 

monishedst, was a 



I might 
admonish 
moneres, thou 
mi gh test ad 



monebat, he, she, it monere^, he, she, it 



ama-i5i, I have lov- 
ed 

BLmd-{in)sti, thou 
hast loved 

a.md-vit^ he, she, it 
has loved 

dimd-vlinusj we 
have loved 

aimd-{vi)stls, you 
have loved 

a.md-{ve)runt{vere) , 
they have loved 



dLmd-{ve)r1.m, I may 

have loved 
amd-(7;e)ri5, thou 

mayest have 1. 
amd-(re)rtf,he, she 

i may have 1. 
a.md-{ve)rimus, we 

may have loved 
amd-(ce)rt<i5, you 

may have loved 
a.md-{ve)rint, they 

may have loved. 



might admonish 
moneremw5, we 

might admonish 
moneretisi you 

might admonish 
monerent, they 

might admonish. 



admonished, was a. 
monebdinus., we ad- 
monished,werea. 
monc^d^is, you ad- 
monished, were a. 
monebaniy they ad- 
monished,were a. 

III. Future (Indicative). * 
moncfcrt, I shall amonish 
moneiis, thou wilt admonish 
monebit, he, she, it will admonish 
monebimus, we shall admonish 
monebiti^, you will admonish 
monebunt., they will admonish. 

IV. Perfect. 



monui, I have ad- 
monished 

monuisli, thou hast 
admonished 

monuit, he, she, it 
has admonished 

monMt?n«5,we have 
admonished 

monuistis, you 
have admonished 

monuerunt (ere), 
they have ad. 



monuerim, I may 

have admonished 
monueris, thou 

mayest have ad. 
mnxmeri'., he, she, 

it may have ad. 
monuerlmus, we 

may have ad, 
monuerltis, you 

may have ad. 
monuerint^ they 

may have ad. 



^ 50.] ACTIVE OP THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 



97 



TIVE. 

Conjugations. 
learned at once but in the order of the exercises which follow. 



111. Rego, rexi, rectum, regere. 
Characteristic : e short. 



Indicative 
I 
rego, I govern 
regis, thou govern- 

est 
regit, he, she, it 

governs, 
regimw^, we govern 



regitis, you govern 
regunt, they govern 



Subjunctive. 
Present. 

regam,! maygovern 
rega^, thou mayest 

govern 
regdi, he, she, it 

may govern 
regdmus, we may 

govern 
regcltis, you may 

govern 
regant, they may 

govern. 



IV. Audio, audivi, auditum, audjre. 
Characteristic : i long. 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 
1. Present. 



II. Imperfect. 

legebam, I govern- 
ed, was gov. 

regebas, thou gov- 
ernedst, wast g. 

xegebat, he, she, it 
governed, was g. 

regebdmus, we gov- 
erned, were gov. 

xegebdtis, you gov- 
erned, were gov. 

legebant, they gov- 
erned, were gov. 

III. Future (Indicative).^ 
regdm, I shall govern 
rege5, thou wilt govern 
veget, he, she, it will govern 
regemus, we shall govern 
'xegetts, you will govern 
• regent, they will govern. 

IV. Perfect. 



ight 



regerem, 

govern 
regere5,thou might- 

est govern 
regeret, he, she, it 

might govern 
regeremus, we 

might govern 
regeretis, you 

might govern 
regerent, they 

might govern. 



rexi, I have govern- 
ed 

Texisti, thou hast 
governed 

rexit, he, she, it 
has governed 

rexunus, we have 
governed 

rexisti.s, you have 
governed 

rexericnt (ere), they 
have governed 



rexerim, I may 
have governed 

rexeris, thou may- 
est have govern. 

rexerit, he, she, it 
may have gov. 

rexerimus, we may 
have governed 

xexeritis, you may 
have governed 

rexerint, they may 
have governed. 



audzo, I hear 
audi5, thou hearest 

a.ndit, he, she, it 

hears 
a.\idimus, we hear 

a.uditis, you hear 

dindiunt, they hear 



audidw, I may hear 

audids, thou may- 
est hear 

aiudmt, he, she, it 
may hear 

a.ndidmus, we may 
hear 

dLudidtis, you may 
hear 

diudiant, they may 
hear. 



II. Imperfect. 



a.udiebam, I heard, 

was hearing 
audic^a5,thou heard 

est, wast hearing 
audiebat, he, she, it 

heard, was h. 
Siudiebdmus, we 

heard, were h. 
audiebdtis, you 

heard, were h. 
audiebant, they 

heard, were h. 

III. Future (Indicative).^ 
audidm, I shall hear 
audiC5, thou wilt hear 
audiet, he, she, it will hear 
and ie7nus, we shall hear 
audietis, you will hear 
aadient, they will hear. 



might 



audircm, I 

hear 
audtres, thou 

mighesthear 
audiret, he, she, it 

might hear 
audirevms, we 

might hear 
audlretis, you 

might hear 
audirent, they 

miorht hear. 



IV. Perfect. 



audivi, (audu') 

have heard 
audl(vi)sti, thou 

hast heard 
audivit, he, she, 

has heard 
audivimus, we 

have heard 
audi(vi)stis, you 

have heard 



audi(v)erim, 1 may 

have heard 
audi(v)eris, thou 

mayest have h. 
audi(v)ent, he, she, 

it may have h. 
audi(v)erimus, we 

may have heard 
audi(v)erUis, you 

may have heard 



audi (v) erunt (ere),\audi(v)erint, they 
they have heard] may have heard. 



98 



ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 



LUO. 



I. Amo, dimavi, a.matum, a.mare. 
Characteristic : a lono-. 



In 



DICATIVE. 



Su 



BJUNCTIVE. 



V. Pluperfect. 



ama-(ve)rdm, 1 had 

loved 
a,md-{ve)rds, thou 

hadst loved 
a.md-{ve)rdt,he,she, 

it had loved 
a.md-{ve) ramus, we 

had loved 
Simd-{ve)rdtis, you 

had loved 
a.md-{ve)rant, they 

had loved 



ama-(•^;^■)55em, 1 

might have loved 
a.md-{vi)sses, thou 

mightest have 1. 
a.md- {vi)s set, he, she, 
it might have 1. 
dLmd-(vijssemus, we 

might have loved 
dixn.d-{vi)sse:tis, you 

might have loved 
diU\d-{vi)ssent, they 

might have loved 



II. Mone.o, xiionui, momtum, monere. 
Characteristic : e long. 



Indicative. 



Subjunctive. 



V. Pluperfect. 



VI. Future Perfect.^ 
dimd-{ve)rd, \ shall have loved 
diva.d-{ve.)rts, thou wilt have loved 
ama-(^'e)r^^, he, she, it will have loved 
dimd-(ve)rimus, we shall have loved 
a.md-(ve)ritis, you will have loved 
ama-(re)rm«, they will have loved. 

Imperative. 
ama, love thou 
ama-fo, thou shouldest love 
a.md-to, he, she, it should love 
a.md-te, love ye 
a.md-tote, you should love 
dimd-nto, they should love. 

Supine. 

1) amd-iwm, in order to love 

2) ama-fw, to love, be loved. 

Infinitive. 
Pres. ama-re, to love 
Perf &md-(vi)sse, to have loved 
Fut. amd-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
love,* (that one) will love. 

Participle. 
Pres. ama-ns, loving 
Fut. dLind-turus, a, um, intending, 
wishing, about to love. 

Gerund. 
Nom. a.ma-nduvi est, one (we) must 1. 
Gen. Qxna.-ndi, of loving, or to love 
Dat. a.ma-ndo, to loving, or to love 
Ace. a.ma-ndtan (e. g. ad),\ov\ng 
Abl. dima-ndo, by loving. 



inor\7ieram, I had 

admonished 
monwera^, thou 

hadst admonished 
monuerat, he, she, 

it had admonish. 
monuerdmus, we 

had admonished 
Taonuerdds, you 

had admonished 
xnonuerajit, they 

had admonished 



monuissem,! might 

have admonished 
monuisses, thou 

mightest have ad. 
monuisset, he, she, 

it might have ad. 
monuissemus, we 

might have ad. 
monuissetis, you 

might have ad. 
monuissent, they 

might have ad. 



VI. Future Perfect.^ 
monuero, I shall have admonished 
monueris, thou wilt have admonished 
moiiuerit, he, she, it will have admon. 
monuerimus, we shall have admonished 
monueritis, you will have admonished 
monuerint, they will have admonished 

Imperative. 
mone, admonish thou 
mone^o, thou shouldest admonish 
moneto, he, she, it should admonish 
monefe, admonish ye 
monetote, you should admonish 
moneTi^o, they should admonish. 

Supine. 

1) momtum, in order to admonish 

2) xxionitu, to admonish, be admon. 



Pres. 
Perf 
Fut. 



moncre, to admonish 
monuisse, to have admonished 
moniturus, a, um, esse, to will 
admonish, (that one) will ad. 

Participle. 
Pres. monens, admonishing 
Fut. moniturus, a, um, intending, 
wishing, about to admonish. 

Gerund. 
N. monendum est, one (we) must ad. 
G. moncndi, of admonishing, or to ad. 
D. moncndo, to admonishing, or to ad. 
A. monendum (e. g. ad), admonishing 
A. monendo, by admonishing. 



^) The Subjunctive Future is expressed periphrastically : amaturus, moniturusi 
rectutus, auditurus (a, um) sim, sis, etc., I will love, thou wilt love, etc., or ama- 
turus, etc.,essem, I would love. ') Also the Future Perfect has no Subjunctive. 



^50.] 



ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAL CONJUGATIONS. 



99 



111. Rego, rexi, rectum, regere. 
Characteristic : e short. 



IV. Audio, audt?;i, audiiww, audire. 
Characteristic : i long. 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 
V. Pluperfect. 

vexissem, I might 

have governed 
rexisses, thou 

niightest have g. 
lexisset, he, she, it 

might have gov. 
rexissemus, we 

might have gov. 
vexissetis, you 

might have gov 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 
V. Pluperfect. 



rexeram, I had 

governed 
rexerus, thou hadst 

governed 
rexerat, he, she, it 

had governed 
rexerdmus, we had 

governed 
vexerdtis, you had 

governed 



rexerant, they had vexissent, they 
governed j might have gov, 

VI. Future Perfect.^ 
rexero, I shall have governed 
texeris, thou wilt have governed 
rexerit, he, she, it will have governed 
rexerimus, we shall have governed 
rexeritus, you will have governed 
rexerint, they will have governed. 

Imperative.^ 
regc, govern thou 
regito, thou shouldest govern 
legUo, he, she, it should govern 
regite, govern ye 
regUote, you should govern 
regunto, they should govern. 

Szipine. 

1) rectum, in order to govern 

2) rectu, to govern, be governed. 



a.\xdi(v)eravi, I had 

heard 
audz(r)era5, thou 

hadst heard 
3iudi(c)erat, he,she, 

it had heard 
a.udi{v)erdmus, we 

had heard 
dindi{v)erdtis, you 

had heard 
dindi{v)erant, they 

had heard 



a.udi{vi)ssem, I 

might have h. 
ai[xdi(vi)sses, thou 

mightest have h. 
audi (vi)s set, he, she, 

it might have h. 
a.u.di(vi)ssemus, we 

might have h. 
aindi(vi)ssetis, you 

might have h. 
a.udi(vi)ssent, they 

might have h. 



VI. Future Perfect.^ 
diudi(v)ero, I shall have heard 
ai\di{v)eris, thou wilt have heard 
a.u.dilv)erit, he, she, it will have heard 
d,v\dilv)erimus, we shall have heard 
a.udi{v)eritis, you will have heard 
a.\idi(v)erint, they will have heard. 

Imperative. 
audt, hear thou 
audiio, thou shouldst hear 
audito, he, she, it should hear 
audlic, hear ye 
Siuditote, you should hear 
a.udiuuto, they should hear. 

Supine. 

1 ) diudltum, in order to hear 

2) audfiM, to hear, be heard. 

Infinitive. 
Pres. audire, to hear 
Perf. a.udi(vi)sse, to have heard 
Fut. audlturus, a, um esse, to will 
hear,^ (that one) will hear. 

Participle. 
Pres. diwdiens, hearing 
Fat. Siuditurus, a, um, intending, 
wishing, about to hear. 

Gerund. 
N. diadicndum est, one (we) must hear 
G. 3.udiendi, of hearing, or to hear 
D. audjewrfo, to hearing, or to hear 
A. undiendum (e. g. ad), hearing. 
A. a.\xdiendo, by hearing. 

^) These four imperatives without e are to be noted : die, duc,fac,fer, from: d. 
CO, duco, facio, fero. '*) The English language has no Infin. Future (to will 



Pres. regere, to govern 
Perf rexisse, to have governed 
Fut. recturus, a, um esse, to will 
govern,* (that one) will gov. 

Participle. 
Pres. regens, governing 
Fut. recturus, a, um, intending, 
wishing, about to govern. 

Gerund. 
N. regendum est, one (we) must gov. 
G. regcndi, of governing, or to govern 
D. regendo, to governing, or to govern 
A. regendum (e. g. ad), governing 
A. regendo, by governing. 



love) but uses in its stead the Inf. Present. 



100 


PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. [^ 51 




§ 51. PAS 


1. 


II. 




Indicative. Subjunctive. 


Indicative. Subjunctive. 




I. Present. 


I. Present. 




amor, I am loved 


amer, I may be 


moneor, I am ad- 


monear, I may be 






loved 


monished 


admonished 




amdri5, thou art 


ameris(e), thou 


moneris, thou art 


m.onedris{e) , ihou 




loved 


mayest be loved 


admonished 


mayest be ad. 




ama^wr, he, she, it 


ametur, he, she, it 


monetur, he, she, 


monedtur, he, she, 




is loved 


may be loved 


it is admonished 


it may be ad. 




Simdmur^ we are 


amemur, we may 


monemur, we are 


monedmur, we may 




loved 


be loved 


admonished 


be admonished 




B.indmini, you are 


amemmi, you may 


monemini, you are 


monedmini, you 




loved 


be loved 


admonished 


may be admon. 




amantur, they are 


amentur, they may 


moneiitur, they are 


moneantur, they 




loved 


be loved.. 


admonished 


may be admon. 




II. Imperfect. 


II. Imperfect. 




ama6ar, I was 


amdrer, I might be 


monebar, I was ad- 


monerer, I might 




loved 


loved 


monished 


be admonished 




a.mdbaris (e), thou 


amdreris(e) thou 


monebdris{e), thou 


monere7-i5(e), thou 




wast loved 


mightest be 1. 


wast admonished 


mightest be ad. 




a.mdbdtur., he, she. 


amdretur, he, she. 


monebdtur, he, she. 


moneretur, he, she, 




it was loved 


it might be loved 


it was admon. 


it might be ad. 




dLindbdmur., we 


amdrernur, we 


monebdmur, we 


moneremur, we 




were loved 


might be loved 


were admonished 


might be ad. 




a.mdbdmini, you 


amdreminl, you 


monebdmini, you 


moneremini, you 




were loved 


might be loved 


were admonished 


might be ad. 




a.mdbantur., they 


amdrentur, they 


monebantur, they 


monerentur, they 




were loved 


might be loved. 


were admonished 


might be ad. 




III. Future. 


III. Future. 




amdbor, I shall be loved 


moriebdr, 1 shall be admonished 




amdberis (e), thou wilt be loved 


mone ber'is(e), thou wilt be admonished 




amdbUur., he, she, it will be loved 


monebiiur, he, she, it will be admon. 




SLmabimur, we shall be loved 


monebimur, we shall be admonished 


f 


arndbintijii, you will be loved 


monSbinnni, you will be admonished 




nmdbuntur, they will be loved. 


monebuntur, they will be admonished. 




IV. Perfect. 




a) Indicative. 


' 


amattis. 


sum, I have been loved 


monitus, 


sum, I have been admonished 




a, 


es, thou hast been loved 


a. 


es, thou hast been admonished 




um 


est, he, she, it has been loved 


um 


est, he, she, it has been ad. 




amati, 


sumus, we have been loved 


moniti. 


sumus, we have been admon. 




ae. 


estis, you have been loved 


ae. 


estis, you have been admon. 




a 


sunt, they have been loved. 


a 


sunt, they have been admon. 




b) Subjunctive. 


t 


amatus, 


Sim, I may have been loved 


monitus, 


sim, I may have been admon 


a, 


sis, thou mayest have been 1. 


a, 


sis, thou mayest have been ad 




um 


sit,he, she, it may have been 1. 


um 


5i/!,he,she, it may have been a 




amati. 


simus, we may have been 1. 


moniti. 


simus, we may have been ad. 




ae, 


sltis, you may have been 1. 


ae, 


sitis, you may have been ad. 




a 


sint, they may have been 1. 


a 


sint, they may have been ad. 





§51.] 



PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 



101 



SIVE. 



III. 



Indicative. Subjunctive 
I. Present. 

legor, I am govern- 
ed 

legeris, thou art 
governed 

regitur, he, she, it 
is governed 

regimur, we are 
governed 

regvmini, you are 
governed 



regar, I may be 

governed 
regdris{e)., thou 

mayest be gov. 
regdttir, he, she, it 

may be governed 
regdmur, we may 

be governed 
regdmini, you may 

be governed 



regunhir., they are reganiwr, they may 
governed | be governed. 

11. Imperfect. 



regebar, I was gov 

erned 
Tegebdris(e), thou 

wast governed 
regebdtur, he, she, 

it was governed 
regebdmur,we were 

governed 
regebdmmi, you 

were governed 
Tegehantur, they 

were governed 



regerer, I might be 

governed 
regere7-is(e), thou 

mightest be gov. 
regeretur, he, she, 

it might be gov. 
vegeremvr, we 

might be gov. 
vegeremini, you 

might be gov. 
regerentur, they 

might be gov. 



111. Future. 
regar, 1 shall be goveined 
legeris(e), thou wilt be governed 
regetur, he, she, it will be governed 
regejaur, we shall be governed 
regem'inl, you will be governed 
regentur, they will be governed. 



IV. 

Indicative. Subjunctive. 
1. Present. 



audior, 1 am heard 

a.udiris, thou art 

heard 
audt^M?-, he, she, it 

is heard 
audimur, we are 

heard 
Siudimini, you are 

heard 
sMdiuntur., they are 

heard 



audiar, I may be 

heard 
a.ndidris(e) thou 

mayest be heard 
duudidtur, he, she, 

it may be heard 
diudidmur, we may 

be heard 
a.ndidmini, you 

may be heard 
a.\idiantur, they 

may be heard. 



11. Imperfect. 



audieiar, 1 was 

heard 
a,udiebdris(e)^ thou 

wast heard 
audiebdlur., he, she, 

it was heard 
diVidiebdmur, we 

were heard 
Q.adiebd7nini, you 

were heard 
dLudlebantur, ' they 

were heard 



audlrer, 1 might be 

heard 
audirer?!5(e), thou 

mightest be heard 
audlrciwr, he, she, 

it might be heard 
audtrcmwr, we 

might be heard 
audtremim, you 

might be heard 
diudlrentur., they 

might be heard. 



III. Future. 
audia?-, 1 shall be heard 
audiert5(e), thou wilt be heard 
audicZwr, he, she, it will be heard 
audje?«wr, we shall be heard 
audi'emmi, you will be heard 
audtc?i<u?-, they will be heard. 



IV. Perfect. 
i) Indicative. 



rectus, 

a, 
um 

recti, 
ae, 



rectus, 

a, 

um 

recti, 

ae. 



sum, I have been governed 
65, thou hast been governed 
est., he, she, it has been govern'd 
sumi/s, we have been govern'd 
estis, you have been governed 
sunt^ they have been governed 



auditus, 
a, 

um 
auditi, 

ae, 



b) Subjunctive. 



sim, 1 may have been govern'd 
s<5, thou mayest have been g. 
sU^ he, she, it may have been g. 
slmus, we may have been g. 
sitis.1 you may have been ff. 
sint, they may have been^g. 

9*- 



auditus, 
a, 

um 
auditi, 

ae. 



sum., I have been heard 
65, thou hast been heard 
est., he, she, it has been heard 
sumus., we have been heard 
estis., you have been heard 
sunt, they have been heard. 



sim, 1 may have been heard 
sis, thou mayest have been h. 
sit, he, she, it may have been h. 
simus, we may have been h. 
sitis, you may have been h. 
sint, they may have been h. 



102 



PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 



[^51. 



V. Pluperfect. 




a) Indicative. 




amatus, 


erdm, I bad been loved 


monitus, 


eram, I had been admonished 




a, 


eras, thou hadst been loved 


a. 


eras, thou hadst been ad. 




urn 


erdt, he, she, it had been loved 


um 


erat, he, she, it had been ad. 




amati, 


erdmus, we had been loved 


moniti. 


eramus, we had been ad. 




ae, 


erdtis, you had been loved 


ae, 


eratis, you had been ad. 




a 


erant, tliey had been loved. 


a 


erant, they had been ad. 




b) Subjunctive. 




amatus, 


essem, I might have been loved 


monitus, 


essem, I might have been ad. 




a, 


esses, thou mightesthave been 
loved 


^, 


esses, thou mightest have been 
admonished 




urn 


esset, he, she, it, might have 
been loved 


um 


esset, he, she, it might have 
been admonished 




amati, 


essevius, we might have been 
loved 


moniti, 


essemus, we might have been 
admonished 




ae, 


essetis, you might have been 1. 


ae, 


essetis,yoa mighthavebeen ad. 




a 


essent, they might have been 1. 


a 


cssenl,\hej might have been ad. 




VI. FutMre Perfect, {Indicative). 




amatus, 


ero, I shall have been loved 


monitus, 


ero, I shall have been admon- 
ished 




a, 


eris, thou wilt have been 
loved 


a, 


eris, thou wilt have been ad- 
monished 




um 


erit, he, she, it will have been 
loved 


um 


erit, he, she, it will have been 
admonished 




amati. 


erimus, we shall have been 
loved 


moniti, 


erimus, we shall have been ad- 
monished 




ae. 


eritis, you will have been 
loved 


ae, 


eritis, you will have been ad- 
monished 




a 


erunt, they will have been 
loved. 


a 


erunt, they will have been ad- 
monished. 




Im-perative. 


Imperative. 




amare, be thou loved 


monere, be thou admonished 




amdfor, thou shouldest be loved 


vaonetor, thou shouldst be admonished 




amaJdr, he, she, it should be loved 


mor\e,tor, he, she, it should be adm'd 




amamirtl, be ye loved 


monemini, be ye admonished 




amdmindr, you should be loved 


moneminor , you should be admonished 




amanior, they should be loved. 


monentor, they should be admonished. 




Infinitive. 


Infinitive. 




Pres. amdrl, to be loved 


Pres. monm, to be admonished 




Perf. amd«W5, d, um esse, to have been 


Perf. monitus, a, um esse, to have been 




loved 


admonished 




Fut. aindtum irl,^ to will be loved, 


Fid, monitum iri,^ to will be admonish- 




(that one) will be loved. 


ed, (that one) will be admonished. 




Participle. 


Participle. 




Perf. amatus, a, um, loved 


Perf. monitus, a, um, admonished 




Put. amandus, a, um, what should be 


Fut. monendus, a, um, what should be 




loved. 


admonished. 




') amatura, monitum, rectum, auditu 


m are Su 


Dines and hence cannot be de- 





^51. 



PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 



103 





V. Pluperfect. 1 




a) Indicative. [ 




rectus, 


cram, I had been governed 


auditus, 


eram, I had been heard 




a, 


eras, thou hadstbeen governed 


a, 


eras, thou hadst been heard 




um 


erat, he, she, it had been g. 


um 


erat, he, she, it had been heard 




recti, 


eramus, we had been governed 


auditi, 


eramus, we had been heard 




ae. 


eratis, you had been governed 


ae. 


eratis, you had been heard 




a 


erant, they had been governed 


a 


erant, they had been heard. 




b) Subjunctive. | 




rectus, 


essem, I might have been g. 


auditus, 


essem, 1 might have been heard 




a, 


esses, thou niighiest have been 
governed 


a, 


esses, thou mightest have been 
heard 




um 


esset, he, she, it might have 
been governed 


um 


esset, he, she, it might have 
been heard 




recti, 


essemus, we might have been 
governed 


auditi, 


essemus, we might have been 
heard 




ae, 


essetis, you might have been g. 


ae. 


essetis, you might have beenh. 




a 


e55en«, they might have beeng. 


a 


essent, they might have been h. 




VI. Future Perfect, {Indicative). \ 




rectus, 


ero, 1 shall have been gov- 
erned 


auditus, 


ero, I shall have been heard 




a, 


eris, thou wilt have been gov- 
erned 


a. 


eris, thou wilt have been heard 




um 


erit, he, she, it will have been 
governed 


um 


erit, he, she, it will have been 
heard 




recti. 


erimus, we shall have been 
governed 


auditi. 


erimus, we shall have been 
heard 




ae. 


eritis, you will have been gov- 
erned 


ae. 


eritis, you will have been 
heard 




a 


erunt, they will have been 
governed. 


a 


erunt, they will have been 
heard. 




Imperative. 


Imperative. 




regere, be thou governed 


audire, be thou heard 




regtfor, thou shouldst be governed 


auditor, thou shouldst be heard 




Tegitor, he, she, it should be governed 


auditor, he, she, it should be heard 




regindni, be ye governed 


audimini, be ye heard 




regv/rdnor, you should be governed 


diudlminor, you should be heard 




xeguntor, they should be governed. 


audiuntor, they should be heard. 




Infinitive. 


Infinitive. 




Pres. regi, to be governed 


Prcs. andiri, to be heard 




Pejf. rectus, a, um esse, to have been 


Perf. auditus, a, um esse, to have been 




governed 


heard 




Fut rectum iri,^ to \v\l\ be governed. 


Fut. audilum iri,^ to will be heard. 




(that one) will be governed. 


(that one) will be heard. 




Participle. 


Participle. 




Perf. rectus, a, um, governed 


Perf auditus, a, um heard 




Fut. regf.ndus, a, um, what should 


Fut. andiendus, a, uvi, what should 




be governed. 


be heard. 




dined. 


That the English language ha 


5 no Inf. 


Fut. has already been stated. 



104 



VERBS IN to OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 



[§52. 



§ 52. Inflection of verbs in lo of the Third Conjugation. 



ACTIVE, Infill, capere, to take. PASSIVE, Infin. capi. | 


G 
1 


Indicative. 
cap-i-o 
cap-Is, cap-it 
cap-imus, capitis 
cap-r-unt. 


Suhjunct. 

cap-i-am 

cap-i-as 

etc. 


Indicative. 
cap-i-or 

cap-eris, cap-Uur 
cap-imur, cap-imini 
cap-i-untur. 


Subjunct. 

cap-i-ar 

cap-i-aris 

etc. 


t4^ 

a, 

S 
1— ( 


cap-i-ebam 


cap-erem 


cap-i-ebar 


cap-erer 


3 

s 


cap-i-am, -i-es, etc. 


cap-i-ar, -i-eris, etc. 


cap-e, cap-Uo, cap-ite, cap-itote, 
cap-i-uuto. 


cap-ere, cap-itor, cap-iminl, 
cap-iminor, cap-i-untor. 


Pres, cap-i-ens, Fut. cap-turus 


Perf. cap-tus, Fut. cap-i-endus 


Supine : cap-turn, cap-tu. 



LII. Words to be 

Decerto 1. / contend. 

elaboro 1. {in c. abl.) 
/ labor (zealously). 

flo 1. / blow, wave. 

intro 1. (c. ace.) / go 
into, enter. 

liber, era, erum,/ree. 

libero 1. / deliver. 

navo 1. / pursue some- 
thing ardently; ope- 



learned and JSxercises for translation. 

ram navo (c. dat.) / interitus, us, m. destruc- 

occupy myself with. tion. 

numero I. I number. aptus, a, nm, fitted. 

opera, ae,/ toil, labor, placidus, a, um, gentle. 

somnus, i, m. sleep. vehemens, tis, violent. 

vex\\x\s,\,m.wind. potissimum, adv. es- 

timor, oris, m.fear. pecially. 

cupiditas, atis,/ desire, quomodo, in what man- 
passion, ner, how. 



A) Active of the first Conjugation. 
Quum milites urbem intrabant, omnes cives timoris pleni erant. 
Quum in silva ambulabamus, vehemens ventus per altas quercus 
flabat. Quamdiu tu in horto ambulabas, ego domi litteris operam 
navabam. Dum nos placidus somnus recreabat, vos vigilabatis. 
Quomodo is libero imperabit, qui non suis cupiditatibus imperat? 
Ad quas res aptissimi erimus, in iis potissimum elaborabimus. Quam- 
diu eris felix, mulCbs amicos numerabis. Bonos semper laudabo, 



50. 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 



105 



improbos semper vituperabo. Si acriter armis decertabitis, o milites, 
patriam ab mterlm liberabitis. Si viitutem amabis, omiies boni te 
amabunt. 



LIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Comparo 1. / prepare, philosophia, ae, f. phi- jucundus, a, um, pleas- 
acquire. losopJiy. ant, agreeable. 
conjugo 1. I join to- career, eris, m. prison, adhuc, adv. still, [ally. 
narratio, onis,/. narra- perpetuo, adv. continu- 

tive. tanquam, as if, as. 

rus, ruris, n. country ; num, (an interrogative 

ruri, in the country, word used when a 
rure,/rom the country, negative answer is 

ace. rus, into the expected), is it pos- 

country. sible that ? 



gether, unite. 
devoco 1. / call down. 
migro 1. / migrate. 
emlgro 1. I move out. 
evolo \. I fly out from, 

escape. 
interrogo 1. / ask. 
observo 1. / observe. 



Ea est jucundissima amicitia, quam similitudo morum conjugavit. 
Vivunt ii, qui ex corporum vinculis, tanquam carcere, evolaverunt. 
Socrates primus philosophiam devocavit e coelo. Quia semper virtu- 
tis praecepta observastis, magnam vobis laudem comparastis. Cur per 
totem noctem vigilasti ? Praeceptores meos semper amavi. Acriter 
contra hostes pugnavimus. Quum milites urbem intraverant, ingens 
terror omnium civium animos occupabat. Narratio, quam mihi nuper 
narraveras, vehementer me delectaverat. Quum exercitus hostilis 
urbem oppugnaverat, nos jam emigraveramus. Si animum virtu tibus 
ornaveris, semper beatus eris. Ut alios homines tractaverimus, ita hi 
nos tractabunt. Si quis te interrogaverit, qualis sit animus, num dubia 
erit responsio ? Si perpetuo in hac vita virtutum servaveritis, etiam 
in altera vita beati eritis. Quum hostes agros devastaverint, urbem 
ipsam oppugnabunt. Quum ego rus migravero, tu adhuc in urbe 
eris. 

LIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 



Recito ] . / read to. 
revoco 1. / recall. 
caussa, ae, /. cause; 

abl. caussa with gen., 

on account of. 
sophista, ae, m. sophist. 
Francogallus, i, m. 

Frenchman. [man. 
Germanus, i, m. a Ger- 



supplicium, i, n. capi- 
tal punishment, 2) 
(any severe) punish- 
ment. 

Atheniensis, is, m. 
an Athenian. 

approbatio, onis, f ap- 
probation, [tation. 

ostentatio, 6nis,y. osten- 

How many has the fear of the divine punishment reclaimed (= re- 
called) from crimes ! The Germans have fought bravely against the 



scelus, eris, n. offence, 
crime. 

quaestus, us, m. gain. 

diligenter, adv. diligent- 
ly, carefully. 

fortiter, adv. bravely. 

studiose, adv. zealously. 



1-06 ACTIVE VOICE. [§ 50. 

French (= Frenchmen). So long as we frequented school, we pur- 
sued literature diligently. The Athenians called those sophists, who 
for the sake of ostentation or gain pursued philosophy. To-morrow we 
will celebrate the birth-day of our father. So long as you shall be 
fortunate, you will number many friends. The more any one (quis) 
shall love virtue, so much the more peaceful he will be. The more 
zealously thou shalt occupy thyself with literature, so much the more 
agreeable wilt thou be to thy teachers. When [their] native country 
shall be in danger, the citizens will fight spiritedly against the ene- 
mies. 

As thou shalt have treated others, so will they treat thee. We have 
always loved our teachers. Because thou hast always kept the precepts 
of virtue, thou hast acquired for thyself great praise. As the hostile ar- 
my were entering the city, all the citizens were full of (gen.) fear. You 
have fought spiritedly against the enemies. When we shall have migra- 
ted into the country, you will still be in the city. When the hostile army 
shall have laid waste the fields, it will assault the city itself If you shall 
have adorned [your] souls with virtues, you will always be happy. 

As the enemies had assaulted the city, a great part of the citizens 
had already moved out. While thou wast watching, me gentle sleep 
refreshed. While we were taking a walk in the garden, you occupied 
yourselves with literature. The whole day I have eagerly expected 
my friend. When the enemies shall have assaulted the city, the con- 
dition of the citizens will be very wretched. If I shall have carefully 
observed the precepts of virtue, the approbation of the good will never 
be wanting to me. Scarcely hadst thou read to me the letter of the 
jfi-iend, as he entered (perf ) my house (ace). If thou shalt pursue lit- 
erature diligently, I shall praise thee. 

LV. Words to be learned and 'Exercises for translation. 

Opto 1. / wish. mihi est, / am anx- utilitas, atis, /. advan- 

persano 1. / curt per- ious. tage. 

focily. fcxbula, ae, f. faUe. stat'io, onis, f. post. 

postulo 1. / demand. opera, ae,/. pains ; op- animal, alis, n. living 

redamo 1. / love in re- eram do, I take pains, being. 

turn. occupy myself ivith. rectus, a, um, right ; 

rogo I, I entreat, ask. condiscipulus, i, m./fi- conscientia recta, a 

supero 1. I surpass, low-student. good conscience. 

overcome. me(\lcus,\,m. physician, persaepe, adv. very of- 

evenit, 4. it happens. cognitio, onis, /. knoiv- ten. 

conscientia, ae, /. con- ledge. ut (with Subj.), that, in 

sciousness, conscience, honestas, atis, f. up- order that. See Synt. 

cura, ae,/. care; curae rightness. § 106. 



§50.] FIRST CONJUGATION. 107 

Persaepe evenit, ut utilltas cum honestate certet. Vide, ne pecces 
contra virtutis praecepta. Omnes parentes optant, ut filii litteris dili- 
genter operam navent. Ita vivere debemus, ut in omni re rectam con- 
scientiam servemus. Omnibus vii-ibus elaborate, ut litteras diligenter 
tractetis. Medicus omnem curam adhlbet, ut aegrotum persanet. Ni- 
hil magis mihi curae est, quam ut animum virtutibus ornem. Amo te, 
ut me redames. Cura, ut condiscipulos bonis moribus et diiigentia 
superes. Dux imperavit, ut milites stationes siias servarent. Quam- 
diu scholam frequentabamus, nihil magis nobis curae erat, quam ut 
animos bonarum rerum cognitione ornaremus. Heri ambulabam, ut 
tristem animum exhilararem. Exercitus noster acerrime pugnabat, ut 
urbem ab interitu servaret. 

Every living being looks to this (id agit), that it may preserve itself. 
You ought to take pains, that you acquire for yourselves the praise of 
the good. You love us, in order that we may love you in return. I 
labored (peif ) with all [my] powers, in order that my teachers might 
praise me. The laws of this state demand, that the citizens should 
obey them (sibi). I entreat thee, that thou wouldst relate to me the 
fable. I pursue literature very zealously, in order that I may delight 
my parents. We ought always so to live, that we may observe the pre- 
cepts of virtue. 

We fought very spiritedly, in order that we might save our native 
country from destruction. You were more anxious for nothing, than 
that you might adorn [your] souls with virtues. The general com- 
manded (perf ), that the army might enter the city (ace). So long as I 
frequented the school, I labored with all [my] powers, that I might 
adorn [my] mind with (abl.) the Imowledge of literature. 

LVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Accelero 1. 1 hasten. perturbo 1. / iJirow in- scholastica, scholastic 

advento 1. / approach, to confusion. instruction. 

arrive. specto 1. / behold, con- multitodo, inis,/. mul- 

castigo 1. / reprove, template. titude. [tacking. 

punish. vasto 1. 1 lay waste. o])pugnatio, onis, /. ai- 

colloco 1. (in aliqua re) mitto 3. /senc?, dispatch, ortus, us, m. rising. 

I place, bestow (upon uva, ae,/. grape. risus, us, m. laugh. 

something). argumentum, i, n. con- praepropere, adv. pre- 

congregol. I assemble. tents [o^ a hook). dpitately. [lously. 

delibero 1. / deliberate, aiixilium, i, n. aid. religiose, adv. scrupu- 

explico 1. / explain. institutio, onis, f. in- ubi, whejx ; when, so 

gusto 1. I taste, relish. str action ; institutio (as) soon as. 

Rule of Syntax. The conjunction quin, with the meaning that, takes 



108 ACTIVE VOICE. , [§50. 

the subjunctive after : non dubito, / do not doubt, nemo dubitat, nobody 
doubts, dubiiim non est, it is not doubt/id, and quis dubitat? who doubts'? 
See Syntax § 107, 3. 

Non est dubium, quin cives, ubi patria in periculo futura sit, fortlter 
pugnaturi sint. Quis dubitat, quin e scholastica iustitutipne pulcherri- 
mus ad pueros redundaturus sit fructus ? Dubium non est, quin bono- 
rum animi post mortem in sedem beatorum raigraturi sint. Non dubi- 
to, quin milites nostri hostes superaverint. Non dubitabam, quin vos 
patriam a servitute libera turi essetis. Cui dubium erat, quin exercitus 
noster omnes labores et aerumnas facile toleraturus esset ? Quis dubi- 
tat, quin Hannibal contra Romanos fortissimo pugnaverit ? Non dubi- 
tabrtis, quin ego vos semper amaverim. Quis dubitat, quin bonos sem- 
per laudaverimus, malos semper vituperaverimus ? Non est dubium, 
quin in omni vitae conditione fidem servaritis. Non dubito, quin lit- 
teris maximam operam navaris. Nemo dubitabat, quin hostes urbem 
expugnavissent. Nemini civium dubium erat, quin pro patriae libertate 
acerrime pugnavissetis. Nemo dubitabat, quin omnem operam in eo 
collocavissemus, ut hostes superaremus. Quum hostes urbem oppug- 
nabant, non erat dubium, quin ingens terror omnium civium animos 
occupavisset. Nemo dubitabat, quin tu risum ilium excitasses. Ne- 
mini eorum qui aderant, dubium erat, quin recte de illius libri argu- 
mento judicavissem. 

It is doubtful to no one of those who are present, that concerning 
(de) the character of that man, thou hast judged correctly. Nobody 
doubts, that the enemies have taken the city. It is not doubtful, that 
from scholastic instruction the fairest advantages (= fruits) redound to 
the young. Who doubts, that we shall deliver the land from servitude ? 
Nobody doubted, that all citizens, so soon as their native country should 
be in danger, would fight bravely. Who doubts, that you have raised 
a laugh ? Nobody doubts, that our army will endure all the toils and 
hardships of war patiently. It is not doubtful, that the attacking of 
the city, has thrown all the citizens into confusion. No one of (gen.) 
us doubted, that our soldiers had overcome the enemies. No one of 
the Romans doubted, that Hannibal had fought very bravely against 
them (se). Who doubts, that we have bestowed all pains upon this 
(in eo), that we might overcome the enemy ? W^ho doubts, that I have 
always loved thee ? Nobody doubted, that we had always praised 
the good, [but] had always censured the bad. Who doubts, that I 
have kept my word (= fidelity) ? Nobody doubted, that thou hadst 
occupied thyself earnestly with literature. To no one was it doubtful, 
that you had always kept the precepts of virtue. 



§50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 109 

Diligenter cura, mi amice, valetudmem tuam ! Ne praepropere de 
rebus judicate, o pueri ! Ne diiblta de animorum immortalitate ! Per- 
petiio servato, mi fili, conscientiam rectam ! Discipulus amato prae- 
ceptores. Laudatote probos homines, castigatote improbos! Omnes 
homines amanto deima. 

Look out carefully, friends, for your health ! Judge not precipitate- 
ly concerning men and things, O boy ! Doubt ye not concerning 
the immortality of the soul (plur.)! Scholars should love their teach- 
ers. Thou shoLildest praise the upright, [but] reprove the wicked. 
You should always, my sons, preserve a good conscience. 
(Comp. Synt. § 97.) 

Parentes mei in urbem migraverunt habitatum. Legati in urbem 
nostram acceleraverunt auxilium postulatum Hannibalem invictum 
cives sui ex Italia revocaverunt patriam ab hostibus liberatum. Hos- 
tes pacem postulatum legatos ad nos mittunt. Exercitus hostilis ad- 
ventavit agros nostros vastatum. Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem 
congregatur ludos publicos spectatum. 

Uva immatura est peracerba gustatu. Multa sunt dura toleratu. 
Quaestio de animi natura difficillima est explicatu. Sitis non facilis 
est toleratu. Pira dulcia sunt gustatu. 

The soldiers hastened (perf. ), in order to relieve the city from 
the siege of the enemies. The ambassadors assembled themselves 
(= were assembled), in order to deliberate concerning the peace. The 
hostile army approached, in order to assault the city. To-morrow my 
parents will go (== migrate) into (ace.) the country in order to dwell 
[there] through the summer. 

A ripe grape is sweet to taste. The rising of the sun is beautiful to 
behold. This thing is easy to explain. 

LVII Words to he learned mid Exercises for translation. 

Duro 1. / endure, con- avaritia, ae,/. avarice. ornatus, us, m. orna- 

tinue. momentum, i, n. cir- ment. 

exprobro 1. / reproach cumstance, particular, alienus, a, nm, foreign, 

[one] for. officium, i, n. duty, ser- exiguus, a, um, little. 

investigo 1. I trace out, vice. odiosus, a, um, odious. 

investigate. calamitas, atis, /. loss, teter, tra, trum,/owZ. 

mico 1. I glitter. misfortune. coelestis, e, heavenly. 

obtempero 1. io6e?/. actio, onis,/. adion. praesertim, adv. espe- 

sudo 1. / sweat. portio, onis,/. drinking, dally. 

supplico 1. I implore. drink. 

Luscinia cantans animos nostros delectat, Coelum plenum est stel- 
10 



110 FIRST CONJUGATION. [^50. 

larum micantium. Nullum vitium tetrius est, quam avaritia, praeser- 
tim in principibus rem publicam gubernantibus. Cogitantes coelestia, 
haec nostra ut exigua et minima contemmmus. Odiosum est genus 
hominum officia exprobrantium. Ex (after) labore sudanti frigidae 
aquae potio perniciosissima est. Vir bonus viro bono non supplicanti 
succurrit. Rei veritatem investigaturi omnia ejus momenta ponderare 
debemus. Sapiens bona sibi comparare studet perpetuo duratura. 
Ciconiae, in alienas terras migraturae, in unum locum congregantur. 
Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem congregatur ludos publlcos spec- 
tatura. 

How great is the wisdom of God who governs (= governing) the 
whole world! The larks sing as they Jiy (= flying). Man does not 
love God, when he does not observe (= not observing) the precepts of 
virtue. The power of virtue is very great, since it adorns (= adorning) 
the souls of men with the fairest ornaments. How great are the bene- 
fits of the sun, since it illuminates {= illuminating) the whole earth ! 
The citizens fought spiritedly with the enemies, who were assaulting 
(= assaulting) the city. The hostile army came up in order to assault 
(= intending to assault) the city. The invincible Hannibal, his fellow- 
citizens (= citizens) recalled from Italy, that he might deliver (= about 
to deliver) his native country from the enemies. 

Rule of Syntax. The Gerund takes the same case as its verb. 
In the Nom. with est and the Dat. of the agent, it should be translated 
by : / {thou, he) must, ought, should, we [you, they) must, ought, should, 
etc. ; but without the Dat. of the agent by ; one [we) must, ought, 
should (comp, Synt. § 98.). 

De animorum immortalitate nobis non est dubitandum. Obtempe- 
randum est virtutis praeceptis. Propter belli calamitates multis civibus 
e patria in alienas terras migrandum est. Si beati esse studemus, dili- 
genter nobis est elaborandum, ut in omni actione virtutis praecepta 
observemus. Quis dubitat, quin nobis pro patriae libertate pugnan- 
dum sit. 

LVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Avoco l. I call away. fortem), / show my- occasio, onis, /. occa- 

diiuciicol. I distinguish. se?/" (brave). sion. 

nato 1. I swim. teneo 2. I hold, under- planities, ei,y! flain. 

praebeo, 2. / afford; stand. [lectics. idoneus, a, um, suited. 

praebeo me (e. g. dialectlca, ae, /. dia- prudenter, adv. wisely. 

Rule of Syntax. The oblique cases of the Gerund form the cases 
of the Infinitive ; the Ace, however, can be used only in connection 
with a preposition. Comp. Synt. § 98. 



$51.] PASSIVE VOICE. Ill 

Nom. JVatdre est utile, swimming is useful. 

Gen. JVatandi sum peritus, I am skilful in swimming, or to swim; natan- 
di ars utilis est, the art of swimming or to swim is useful. Ars 
civitatern gubernandi, the art of governing a state is difficult. 

Dat. JVatando homo aptus est, man is fitted to swimming, or to swim. 

Ace. JVatdre disco, / learn swimming or to swim, but : ad natandum ho- 
mo aptus est, man is fitted for sivimming or to swim. 

Abl. JVatando corporis vires exercentur, hy swimming the powers of the 
body are exercised. 

Navigare utihssimum est, sed ars navigandi est difficillima. Boni 
discipuli cupidi sunt htteras diligenter tractandi. Principes civitatis 
periti esse debent civitatem gubernandi. Dialectica est ars vera ac 
falsa dijudicandi. Haec planities apta est pugnando. Ego fratrem 
tuum natare doceo, gaudeoque, quod tarn aptum se praebet ad natan- 
dum. Pauci homines idonei sunt ad aliis imperandum. Virtus hom- 
ines avocat a peccando. Acriter pugnando milites urbem ab interitu 
liberaverunt. 

To govern a state, is very difficult ; [only] a few understand the 
art of governing a state wisely. Avoid thou every occasion of sin- 
ning. Thy brother is very skilful in (gen.) riding. The human intel- 
lect is nourished by (abl.) thinking. 

LIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Crucio J. I torment. person and abl. of efFCisus, a, um, imre- 

cruciatus, us, m. torture. thing), / deprive of. strained. 

emendo 1. I improve. poena, ae, /. punish- piger, gra, grum, indo- 

nuntio 1. / announce. ment. lent, slothful. 

obscuro 1. / obscure. morbus, i, m. disease. benevole, adv. kindly, 

probo- 1. / approve ; incendium i, n. confia- benevolently. 

prober (c. dat.) I gration. hodie, adv. to-day. 

please. ohWv'io, 6ms, f oblivion, mlsere, adv. ivretchedly, 

spolio 1. (with ace. of decus, oris, n. honor. in a wretched way. 

B.) Passive of the First Conjugation. 

Quum urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur, omnium civium animi ingen- 
ti terrore occupabantur. Dum ego cantando delectabar, tu saltando 
delectabare (delectabaris). Quum pugna atrocissima erat, sol nubibus 
obscurabatur. Quamdiu virtus decore et dignitate sua non spoliabitur, 
tamdiu homines virtutis compotes etiam in summis cruciatibus beati 
erunt. Maleflci post mortem justis poenis castigabuntur. Ut alios 
tractaverltis, ita ab iis tractabimini. Si litteris diligenter operam nava- 
venmus, a parentibus nostris pulchris munerlbus donabimur. Quo re- 



112 FIUST CONJUGATION. [$51. 

ligiosius virtutis praecepta servabo, eo magis dec probabor. Quum 
urbs ab hostibus expugnata erat, omnes ciyes acerbissimo dolore cru- 
ciabantui'. Si liberi vestri bene a vobis educati erunt, magna ad vos 
laus redundabit. 

As yesterday thou wast with me, I was tormented by (abl.) violent 
pains, but to-day I am delivered from them. If thou lovest (= shalt 
love) men, thou wilt be loved by them. The remembrance of renown- 
ed men is obscured by (abl.) no oblivion. The wise will even then be 
happy, when they shall be tormented by the severest (acerbus) pains. 
While we delighted ourselves (= were delighted) in (abl.) song (Ge- 
rund), you delighted yourselves in the dance (Gerund). The more 
scrupulously you shall observe the precepts of virtue, so much the 
more will you please God. As the victory of our army was announc- 
ed, unrestrained joy prevailed (agitarij through the whole city. As 
the city had been taken possession of by the enemy, at (abl.) the very 
same time three conflagrations were raised. Rejoice, boys, lo-morrow 
Christmas (= the birth day of Christ) will be celebrated, and by your 
good parents you will be presented with (abl.) beautiful presents. If 
thou shalt please (fut. perf ) all good men, thou wilt also please God. 
The more kindly I shall have treated others, so much the more kindly 
shall I also be treated by them. As thou enteredst the house (ace.) 
thou wast delighted by (abl.) the arrival of thy father. 

LX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Conformo 1. I form. metus, us, m. apprehen- ignavia, ae,^ cowardice. 

obsto 1. / oppose, am a sion,Jear. otium, i, n. ease. 

hindrance. officio 3. / hinder, stand infirmitas, atis,/ weak- 

-prsiep^io i. I prepare. in the way. [tinue. ness. 

reporto 1. / hear off. pergo 3. / go on, con- timiditas, atis,/. timidi- 

solliclto 1. I disturb. impedio 4. I prevent. ty. 

sollicltus, a, um, dis- impedimentum, i, n. divinus, a, um, divine. 

turhed, apprehensive. hindrance ; impedi- immanis, e, cruel. 

expleo 2. I fulfil. mento est, it is a terrestris, e, earthly. 

prohlbeo 2. I prevent. hindrance. temere, adv. inconsid- 

metuo 3. / apprehend, constanda, ae, f.Jirm- erately, without rea- 

Jear. ness. son. 

Rule of Syntax. The conjunction quomlnus with the Subj. stands 
after the verbs and phrases which signify a hindrance, and is to be 
translated into English by ihat.^ (Comp. Synt. § 107, 2.). 

* Or more elegantly, often, by the prepositions, of, from, to, with a corres- 
ponding modification of the words which stand in connection with it. — Tr. 



$51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 113 

Levitas animi miiltis piieris impedimento est, quominus eorum 
mores emeiideiitur et ingenia litterarum studio conformentur. Mili- 
tLim ignavia obstabat, quominus liostilis exercitus superaretur. Unius 
ducis constantia obstabat, quominus cives ab immanibus militibus mi- 
sere vexarentur. Terrestrium rerum cura saepe prohibet, quominus 
res divinae a nobis curentur. Infirinltas vocis et timiditas animi saepe 
oratori officiunt, quominus laude dignus judicetur. Senectus non im- 
pedit, quominus litterarum studia studiose a nobis tractentur. Timidi- 
tas saepe impedit, quominus animus noster contra pericula, quae nobis 
imminent, praeparetur. 

Weakness of voice stood in the way of your being accounted (= hin- 
dered you, that you should be accounted) a great orator. The firm- 
ness of the general alone prevents the citizens fi-om being annoyed by 
the cruel soldiers. Already has levity been an hindrance to many 
boys, that their manners should be improved and their minds be formed 
by the study of literature. The cowardice of the soldiers hindered, 
that the hostile army should be overcome. 

Rule or Syntax. After the words and phrases which express /ear 
or apprehension, ne with the Subj. is to be translated by that, and ut with 
the Subj. by that not. (Corap. Synt. § 106, 3.). 

Piger discipulus semper metuit, ne a praeceptoribus castigetur. Me- 
tuo, ne a te vituperer. Timeo, ut victoria ab exercitu nostro de hos- 
tibus reportetur. Si tam fortiter contra hostem dimicare pergimus, 
non est periculum, ne ab lis superemur. Si ofRcia vestra semper reli- 
giose expletis ; ne metuite, ut omnibus probemini. In metu eramus, 
ut morbo liberaremini. Vehemens cura animos nostros sollicitabat, ne 
ab hostibus vexaremur. Sollicltus eram, ne in otio turbarer. 

I was in apprehension that I should be censured by thee. I appre- 
hended, that I should be disturbed in my ease. The soldiers were in 
apprehension that victory over the enemy would not be borne off. A 
violent apprehension (= care) disturbs our minds, that we may be an- 
noyed by the" enemies. Why did they apprehend, that they should 
not be delivered from sickness? If thou hast always fulfilled thy 
duties, do not fear that thou mayest not please (probor) all. If our 
army continues to fight so bravely against the enemies, there is no 
( = not) fear, that it may be overcome by them. Indolent scholars always 
fear, that they shall be punished by [their] teachers. We were in ap- 
prehension, that we should be accounted ungratefid by you. Not with- 
out reason so oppressive an apprehension seized you, that you would 
be annoyed by the enemies. 

10* 



114 FIRST CONJUGATION. [^51. 



LXI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Contammo 1. I con- ignominia, ae, J. igno- aequus, a, am, equal; 

taminate. miny. aequus animus, 

exoro 1. I prevail upon flagitium, i, n. foul equanimity. 

by entreaty. deed. sceleratus, a, um, 

migro 1. c. ace. I trans- prodltor, 6ris,m. traitor. wicked. 

gress. splendor, oris, m. splen- sancte, adv. sacredly, 

multo 1. 1 punish. dor. sanctitas, atis,/. sacrecZ- 

noto 1. I mark, brand, civitas, atis, /. citizen- ness. 

occo 1. / hairow. ship, right of citizen- sin, conj. but if. 
reparo 1. / repair, ship. 

Si industrius es, laudator ; sin piger, vituperator ! Si leges civitatis 
migraveritis, multaminor ! Ager justo tempore arator et occator ! Pro- 
ditores patriae civitate spoliantor ! Vos, o scelerati cives, ignominia 
notaminor ! * Leges divinae ab hominibus sancte observantor ! Si quid 
peccaveris, aequo animo vituperare ! Exoramlni, o mei parentes ! 
O mi puer, delectare litterarum studio ! Precibus nosiris exorare, o 
judex ! Ne flagitiis contaminammor ! 

Be prevailed upon by entreaty, my father ! O my boys, delight 
yourselves [= be delighted) in (abl.) the study of literature. If you 
have committed a fault (fut. perf ) allow yourselves to &e (= be ye) cen- 
sured with equanimity! Thou shouldest not be contaminated with 
foul deeds. If you are diligent, you will be praised ; but if you are 
indolent, you will be censured. Virtue should always be sacredly 
observed. The fields, at the right time, should be ploughed and 
harrowed. If thou transgressest (fut. perf) the laws of the state, thou 
shouldst be punished. Thou, O wicked citizen, shouldst be branded 
with ignominy! 

LXII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Adaequo ]. /ZeueZ. s^ero ^ . I hope. humamtas, atis,/. hu- 

appropinquo L / ap- violo 1. I violate. manity. 

proach. succenseo 2. 1 am offen- -permc'ies, ei, f. destruc- 
exstirpo 1. / extirpate. ded. tion. 

externiino 1. / expel. accldo 3. I happen. eximius, a, um, distin- 

fundo 1. I found. dimitto 3. T dismiss. guished, excellent. 

labefacto 1. / shake. efForesco 3. I flourish, jam pridem, adv. long 

muto 1. / cJiange, ex- ruo 3. / rush. since. 

change. pueritia, ae,/ boyhood, interdlu, adv. by day. 

regno 1. I rule, reign. solum, i. n, the ground. 

Melior est certa pax, quam sperata victoria. Terra mutata non 



§ 51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 115 

mutat mores. Multa in hac vita accidunt non exspectata. Omnes 
dolores patienter tolerati minus acerbi sunt. Dux dimittit mJlites ob 
eximiam virtutem laudatos. Multi juvenes, in prima pueritia a paren- 
tibus male educati, in perniciem ruunt. 

The friendship formed (= united) between good and wise [men] is 
disturbed by (abl.) nothing (= no thing). Dangers, which were not ex- 
pected (= not expected) by us, discompose our minds more (magis) 
than dangers which were long since expected. When thou art censur- 
ed (= having been censm-ed) on account of a fault, be not offended at 
the censurer (= the one censurmg). After the walls had been leveled 
{= the walls having been leveled) to the ground by the enemies, they 
are repaired by the citizens. By day we do not see the stai's, hecause 
they are obscured (= they having been obscured) by the splendor of the 
sun. 

(Concerning the Ablative absolute Comp. Synt. 100, 4, b). 

Regnante Xerxei), Graeci de Persis splendidissimam victoriam re- 
portaverunt. Inter bonos viros et deum amicitia est, conciliante natu- 
ral). Appropinquante hieme^), multae aves mitiores regiones petunt. 

Recuperata pace^), artes efflorescunt. Regibus exterminatis^), Ro- 
man! liberam rempublicam fundaverunt. Terra mutata^), mores homi- 
num non mutantur. Legibus divinis sancte observatis'''), vita nostra 
beata erit. 

While Numa Pompilius reigned, the Romans were very prosperous. 
While the larks sing, we go to walk over (per) the plains. While Au- 
gustus reigned, the splendor of the empire was the greatest. When 
a just king administers the state, the laws also are just. When the 
swallows migrate into milder regions, winter approaches. 

After the plains were laid waste, the enemies assaulted (perf.) the 
city. When the sacredness of the laws is violated, the foundation of 
the state is shaken. When the city had been taken, an immense con- 
flagration was raised. 

LXIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Coerceo, ui, Itum 2. / deleo, evi, etum 2. / pareo, ui 2. I obey, am 
restrain. destroy. obedient, follow. 

1) While Xerxes reigned, or : under the reign of Xerxes. ^) Since na- 
ture forms (it). ^) When the winter approaches, or : on the approach of 
winter. ■*) After peace is restored, or: on the restoration of peace. ^) After 
the kings had been expelled, or : after tlie expulsion of the kings. ^) When 
the country has been exchanged, or : after an exchange of countries. ''') 
When the divine laws are sacredly observed. 



116 PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^50. 

pateo, lii 2. I stand instruo, uxi, uctum 3. conjuratio, onis,/. con- 

upon. to furnish, to arrange. spiracy. 

valeo, ui, itiim 2. / am scribo, psi, ptum 3. to aditus, us, m. approach. 

strong, well. write. acies, ei,/. 1) edge; 2) 

absumo, sumpsi, sump- esurio 4. / hunger. line-of-hattle. 

turn 3. to consume. sitio 4. I thirst. tenuis, e, thin. 

cingo, nxi, nctum 3. corona, ae,/. garland, quoad, conj. so long as. 

to surround. membrana, ae,/. mem- fere, adv. almost. 

detego xi, ctum 3, to hrane. probe adv. excellently, 

detect. oculus, 1, m. eye. properly. 

excello, ui 3. to be dis- incendiura, i, n. confla- 
gration. 



C) Parallel exercises for all the Conjugations. 
a) Indicative Present, Imperfect and Future Active of all the Conjugations. 

Laudo, exerceo, duco, erudlo. Laudas, exerces, duels, erudis. 
Laudat, exercet, ducit, erudit. Laudabam, exercebam, ducebam, 
erudiebam. Laudabas, exercebas, ducebas, erudiebas. Laudebat, 
exercebat, ducebat, erudiebat. Laudabo, exercebo, ducam, erudlam. 
Laudabis, exercebis, duces, erudles. Laudabit, exercebit, ducet, 
erudiet. Gaudebara, quod tu et pater tuus valebatis. Dum ego pin- 
gebam, tu scribebas, et frater legebat. Milites nostri castra muniebant. 
Hostes aciem insti'uebant. 

Praeceptor gaudebat, quod vos ejus praeceptis parebatis. Dum nos 
legebamus, vos scribebatis et sorores acu pingebant. Quum hostes 
urbem rjostram obsidione cingebant, cives earn custodiebant. Tibi 
placebas, aliis displicebas. Dum tu dormiebas, ego te custodiebam. 
Omnes boni legibus divinis semper parebunt. Quoad vives, bene 
vives. Dum tu dormies, ego te custodiam. Virtutis honorem nulla 
oblivio delebit. Si virtutem coletis, aditus in coelum vobis patebit. 

We praise, we exercise, we lead, we instruct. You praise, you 
exercise, you lead, you instruct. They praise, they exercise, they lead, 
they instruct. We praised, we exercised, we led, we instructed. You 
praised, you exercised, you led, you instructed. They praised, they 
exercised, they led, they instructed. We will praise, we will exercise, 
we will lead, we will instruct. You will praise, you will exercise, you 
will lead, you will instruct. They will praise, they will exercise, they 
will lead, they will instruct. We rejoiced, that (quod) thou wast well. 
While we wrote, you read, and the brothers painted. 

While the enemies were arranging the line-of-battle, our soldiers 
fortified the camp. The teachers rejoiced, that (quod) the scholars 



§ 50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 117 

obeyed their (eorum) precepts. While I was singing, thou wast learn- 
ing, and the sister embroidering. While the enemy surrounded our 
city with a blockade, we guarded it. You pleased yourselves, others 
you displeased. While you slept, we guarded you. So long as you 
shall live, you will live well. While you shall sleep, we will guard 
you. 

b) Indicative Perfect Active of all the Conjugations. 

Laudavi, exercui, duxi, erudivi. Lauda(vi)sti, exercuisti, duxisti, 
erudi(vi)sti. Laudavit, exercuit, duxit, erudivit. Graecia omnibus 
artibus floruit. Hostes aciem instruxerunt. Milites per totum diem 
sitierunt et esurierunt. Laudo vos, quod mentes vestras in litterarum 
studio probe exercuistis. Multas litteras hodie scripslmus. Natura 
oculos tenuissimis membranis vestivit. Duces cupiditates militum 
coercuerunt. Bellum atrocissimum gessimus. Cur domus vestrae 
parietes coronis ornavistis et vestivistis? Cur tacuistis.? Bellum 
urbis nostrae opes absumpsit. Cicero conjurationem Catilinae detexit. 
Incendium totam fere urbem absumpsit. 

We have praised, we have exercised, we have led, we have instruct- 
ed. You have praised, you have exercised, you have led, you have 
instructed. They have praised, they have exercised, they have led, 
they have instructed. The general has arranged the line of battle before 
(ante) the city. The Greeks were (perf.) distinguished by (abl.) 
the glory of [their] arts and literature. I praise thee, that (quod) thou 
hast exercised thy mind properly in the study of literatui-e. I had 
written the letter. The general has restrained the passions of the 
soldiers. We have carried on a very bloody war. Wherefore hast 
thou adorned and hung (= clothed) the walls of thy house with gar- 
lands ? Why hast thou been silent ? The wars have consumed our 



LXIV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Convolo 1. Iflytogeth- excolo, olui, ultum 3. temerltas, atis,/ incon- 

er, hasten together. to cultivate. siderateness, rashness. 

specto 1. I behold, have metuo, ui 3. to fear. diu, adv. long time. 

in view. negligo, exi, ectum 3. vix, adv. scarcely. 

caveo, cavi, cautum 2. to neglect. priusquam [or prius, 

to he on one's guard, expedio 4. / disentan- quam) conj. sooner 

contemno,mpsi,mptum gle, get ready. . . . than. 

3. to despise. finio 4. / end, conclude, simulatque, conj. so 

educo, xi, ctum 3. to obedio 4. / obey. [as) soon as. 

lead out. 



118 PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [§ 50. 

c) Indicative Pluperfect Active of all the Conjugations. 

Lauda(ve)ram, exercueram, duxerara, erudi(v)eram. Lauda(ve)ras, 
exercueras, duxeras, erudi(v)eras. Lauda(ve)rat5 exercuerat, duxerat 
eriidi(v)erat. Haec civltas diii floruerat, quia semper legibus paruerat. 
Vix Caesar aciem instruxerat, quum hostes in unum locum convola- 
verunt. Praeceptoribus vestris placueratis, quia semper eorum prae- 
ceptis obedieratis. Tu nobis valde nocueras, quia temeritatem tuam 
non coercueras. Incendium totam fere m-bem absumpserat. Vix 
milltes nostri castra muniverant, quum Caesar aciem instruxit. 

We had praised, we had exercised, we had led, we had instructed. 
You had praised, you had exercised, you had led, you had instructed. 
They had praised, they had exercised, they had led, they had instruct- 
ed. Why hadst thou been silent ? Scarcely had the enemies arrang- 
ed the liue of battle, as Caesar led out (perf) the soldiers from the 
camp. The war had consumed the resources of our state. Thou 
hadst pleased thy teacher, because thou hadst always obeyed his pre- 
cepts. You had injured that [man] gi'eatly, because you had not res- 
trained your rashness. 

d) Indicative Future Perfect Active of all the Conjugations. 
Lauda(ve)ro, exercuero, duxero, erudi(v)ei'o. Lauda(ve)ris, exercue- 
ris, duxeris, erudi(v)eris. Lauda{ve)rit, exercuerit, duxerit, erudi(v)erit 
Nisi virtutis praeceptis parueritis, aditus in coelum vobis non patebit, 
Divites eritis, si divitias contempserltis. Non prius dormiemus, quam 
negotia nostra finiermius. Si cupiditates vestras coercuerltis, beati 
eritis. Simulatque litteras scripserlmus, ambulabimus. Quum milltes 
castra muniverint, ad pugnam se expedient. 

We shall have praised, we shall have exercised, we shall have led, 
we shall have instructed. You will have praised, you will have exer- 
cised, you will have led, you will have instructed. They will have 
praised, they will have exercised, they will have led, they will have 
instructed. If thou shalt have obeyed (parere) the precepts of virtue, 
thou wilt be loved by all. Thou wilt be rich, if thou shalt have 
despised riches. Not sooner shall I sleep, than I shall have concluded 
my business (plur.). If thou shalt have restrained thy passions, thou 
wilt be peaceful. So soon as I shall have written the letter, I will go 
to walk. So soon as the soldiers shall have got ready for battle, the 
general will lead them out of the camp. 



$50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 119 

e) Suhjundive Present and Imperfect Active of all the Conjugations. 

Curo, ut pueri mores emendem, corpus exerceam, animuin excolain, 
mentem erudlam. Curo, ut pueri mores emendes, corpus exerceas, 
animum excolas, mentem erudias. Curo, ut praeceptor pueri mores 
emendet, corpus exerceat, animum excolat, mentem erudiat. Cura- 
bam, ut pueri mores emendarem, corpus exercerem, animum excole- 
rem, mentem erudirem. Curabam, ut pueri mores emendares, corpus 
exerceres, animum excoleres, mentem erudires. Curabam, ut praecep- 
tor pueri mores emendaret, corpus exerceret, animum excoleret, men- 
tem erudiret. Non dubitamus, quin nobis fidem habeatis. Moneo 
vos, ne parentium praecepta negligatis. Cavete, pueri, ne garriatis ! 
Lacedaemoniorum leges id spectant, ut laboribus erudiant juventutem. 
Metuebam, ne vobis displicerem. Timebam, ne inimicus mihi noceret. 
Metuebam, ne taceres. Cur metuis, ne taceam ? Hostes timent, ne 
dux milites e castris educat. 

We look out [for this], that we may improve the manners of the 
boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] in- 
tellects. We look out [for this], that you may improve the manners of 
the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] 
intellects. We look out [for this], that the teachers may improve the 
manners of the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, 
instruct [their] intellects. We looked out [for this], that we might im- 
prove the manners of the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] 
minds, instruct [their] intellects. We looked out [for this], that you 
might improve the manners of the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cul- 
tivate [their] minds, instruct [their] intellects. We looked out [for this], 
that the teachers might improve the manners of the boys, exercise 
[their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] intellects. 

I doubt not, that thou hast confidence in me. I admonish thee, that 
thou shouldest not (ne) neglect the precepts of thy parents. Be on 
your guard, bo}', how (= that, ne) thou chatterest. The laws of the 
Lacedemonians had this in view, that they might instruct youth in la- 
bors. We feared, that (ne) we might displease you. We feared, that 
(ne) the enemies might injure us. We feared, that (ne) you might be 
silent. Why did you fear, that (ne) we might be silent ? The ene- 
mies feared, that (ne) the general might lead out the soldiers from the 
camp. I fear, that (ne) I may displease you. Why dost thou fear, that 
(ne) thou mayest displease us ? 



120 PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^50. 

LXV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Constat 1. it is known, lenio 4. / relieve, soothe, aeger, gi-a, grum, sick 

puto 1. 1 believe, think, mollio 4. / render pli- (of the mind), 
adspicio, spexi, spec- ant, abate. gnavlter, adv. zealously. 

turn 3, to look at. nuntius, i, m. news. unde, adv. whence. 

comburo, ussi, ustum consolatio, onis,/. con- 

3. to burn up. solation. 

corrlgo, exi, ectum 3. longinquitas, atis, /. 

to correct, improve. length, distance. 

f ) Subjunctive Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Active of all the Con- 
jugations. 

Nemo dubrtat, quin ego puemm semper bene educa(ve)rim,benev61e 
monuerim, diligenter correxerim, gnavlter custodi(v)erim. Nemo du- 
bitat, quin puerum semper bene educa(ve)ris, benevole monueris, dili- 
genter correxeris, gnaviter custodi(v)eris. Nemo dubltat, quin pater 
puerum semper bene educa(ve)rit, benevole monuerit. diligenter cor- 
rexerit, gnaviter custodi(v)erit. Nemo dubitabat, quin puerum semper 
bene educa(vi)ssem, benevole monuissem, dilligenter correxissem, 
gnaviter custodi(vi)ssem. Nemo dubitabat, quin puerum semper bene 
educa(vi)sses, benevole monuisses, diligenter correxisses, gnaviter cu- 
stodi(vi)sses. Nemo dubitabat, quin pater puerum semper bene edu- 
ca(vi)sset, benevole monuisset, diligenter correxisset, gnaviter custodi- 
(vi)sset. 

Nescio, cur tacueritis. Metulmus, ne hostes urbem combusserint. 
Narrate mihi, qua consolatione aegrum amici animum leniverltis. Non 
dubito, quin dux temeritatem militum coercuerit. Nescio, cur puerum 
puniverltis. Narrate nobis, quid parentes scripserint. Nescimus, 
unde amici hunc nuntium audiverint. Non dubito, quin pueri prae- 
cepta mea memoria custodierint. Hostes timent, ne dux milites e 
castris eduxerit. Nesciebam, cur tacuissetis. Metuebamus, ne hostes 
urbem obsidione cinxissent. Non dubitabam, quin praecepta mea 
memoria custodivissetis. Non dubito, quin puerum bene educaturus 
sis. Non dubito, quin dux temeritatem militum coerciturus sit. Ne- 
mo dubitat, quin hostes urbem obsidione cincturi sint. Non dubita- 
bam, quin longinquitas temporis dolorem tuum mollitura esset. Non 
dubitabam, quin praecepta mea memoria servaturus esses. 

Nobody doubts, that we have always brought up the boys well, have 
kindly admonished them, have carefully corrected them, have zealous- 
ly guarded them. Nobody doubts, that you have always brought up 
the boys well, have kindly admonished them, have carefully corrected 



$50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 121 

them, have zealously guarded them. Nobody doubts, that the teachers 
have always brought up the boys well, have kindly admonished them, 
have carefully corrected them, have zealously guarded them. Nobody 
doubted, that we had always brought up the boys well, had kindly ad- 
monished them, had carefully corrected them, had zealously guarded 
them. Nobody doubted, that you had always brought up the boys 
well, had kindly admonished them, had carefully corrected them, had 
zealously guarded them. Nobody doubted, that the parents had al- 
ways brought up the boys well, had kindly admonished them, had care- 
fully corrected them, had zealously guarded them. 

We know not, why thou hast been silent. I feared, that (ne) the 
enemy had burned the city. Relate to me, by (abl.) what consolation 
thou hast relieved the sick mind of thy friend. I doubted not, that the 
general had restrained the rashness of the soldiers. We know not, 
why thou hast punished the boy. Relate to me what the father has 
written. I know not, v/hence the enemies have heard the news. I 
doubt not, that the boy has kept my precepts in (abl.) remembrance. 
The enemies feared, that the general had led out the soldiers from the 
camp. We knew not, why thou hadst been silent. We feared, that 
the enemies had surrounded the city with (abl.) a blockade. I doubted 
not, that thou wouldst bring up the boy well. I doubted not, that the 
general would restrain the rashness of the soldiers. We doUbted not, 
that the enemies would surround the city with a blockade. I doubt 
not, that length of time will abate thy suffering. 

g) Imperative and Supine Active of all the Conjugations. 

Lauda, exerce, scribe, obedi. Laudato, exerceto, scribito, obedito. 
Praeceptor puerorum mores emendato, corpora exerceto, animos exco- 
lito, mentes erudito ! Tacete, pueri ! Disce, puer ! Ne garrite, pueri ! 
Liberi parentibus obediunto. Coelestia semper spectato, Immana con- 
temnlto ! Cupiditates coercitote ! Puer, ne contemnito praecepta ma- 
gistrorum tuorum! Die, quid pater scripserit. Educ nos, O dux, con- 
tra hostes ! Venio te rogatum, ut mecum ambiiles. Uva matura dul- 
cis est gustatu. Cupiditates difficiles sunt coercitu. Haec regio pul- 
chra est adspectu. Vox lusciniae est suavis auditu. 

Praise ye, exercise, write, obey. You should praise, exercise, write, 
obey. Teachers should improve the manners of the boys, should ex- 
ercise [their] bodies, should cultivate [their] minds, should instruct 
[their] intellects. Be silent, boy ! Learn, O boys ! Do not chatter, 
boy! The boy should obey the precepts of [his] teachers. You 
11 



122 PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 50. 

should always regard heavenly, [but] despise human [things]. Thou 
shouldst restrain the passions. Say, what thou hast written. Lead, O 
general, the soldiers against the enemies. We come, in order (Supine) 
to ask yon, that you would go to walk with us. An unripe grape is pun- 
gent to taste. The rashness of the soldiers was difficult to restrain. 
These regions are beautiful to look at. The city is difficult to guard. 

h) Participle, Gerund and Infinitive Active of all the Conjugations. 
Exercitus pugnans urbem intravii. Animus, se non videns, alia 
cernit. Miles, se foititer contra hostes defendens, laudatur. Hostes, 
urbem oppugnaturi, castra muniverunt. Sapiens bona semper placitu- 
ra laudat. Hostes veniunt, urbem obsidione cincturi. Venio auditu- 
rus, quid pater scripserit. Ars navigandi utilissima est. Sensus vi- 
dendi acerrimus est. Sapientia est ars vivendi. Obediendum est 
praeceptis virtutis. Hostes urbem nostram expugnare student. Cupi- 
ditates coercere debemus. Liberi parentes suos colere debent. Mi- 
lites urbem custodu-e debent. 

The soldiers fighting entered the city. Souls, not seeing themselves, 
see other [things]. The soldiers, who defend (= defending) themselves 
bravely against the enemies, are ])raised. Boys, who chatter (= chat- 
tering) in school, are troublesome. The enemies come wishing to as- 
sault the city. Strive, O boys, to obtain goods, ever about to please. 
The enemies came wishing to assault the city. We come wishing to 
hear what the friend has written thee. The art of WTiting is very 
difficult. By thinking and learning, the intellect (mens) is nourished. 
The opportunity to hear (= of hearing) is rarer than the opportunity 
to see (= of seeing). 

(Concerning the Ace. with the Infin., comp. Synt. § 105.) 
Scim.us, deum mundum gubernare (we know that God governs the 
world). Credo, meum consilium tibi placere (I believe that my plan 
pleases thee). Credo, fratrem pingere. Audlmus, hostes ante urbem 
castra munire. Audivi, milites nostros acerrime pugnasse. Quis nes- 
cit, Socratem semper virtutis praeceptis paruisse "? Constat, Ciceronem 
conjurationem Catillnae detexisse. Credo, te dormisse. Spero, vos 
consilium meum probaturos esse. Credlmus, ducem temeritatem mil- 
itum coerciturum esse. Puto, patrem eras scripturum esse. Omnes 
Gives sperant, milites urbem custodituros esse. 

I believe, that thou approvest my plan. I know, that you obey me. 
I believe, that the father wi-ites. I believe, that the boy sleeps. The 



^51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 123 

brother relates to me, that thou hast approved my plan. We hear, 
that the general has restrained the rashness of the soldiers. We be- 
lieve, that the father has written. We have heard, that the enemies 
have fortified a camp before the city. I believe, that the soldiers w^ill 
fight spiritedly. I hope, that the plan will please thee. All Romans 
hoped, that Cicero would detect the conspiracy of Catiline. I hope, 
that I shall soon hear this news. 

LXVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Despero 1 . I despair. jungo, nxi, nctum 3. naturalis, e, wa/wroZ. 

augeo, xi, ctum 2. to to join, connect. extemplo, adv. imme- 

increase, enrich. vivo, x'l, ctum 3. to live. diaiely. 

deterreo 2. / frighten propositum, i, n. pur- strenue, adv. vigorous- 

from. [fll. pose. ly. 

oppleo, evi, etum 2. to difficultas, atis, /. diffi- postquam, conj. after 
consplcio, exi, ectum 3. culty. that. 

to discover. subitus, a, um, sudden. 

i) Indicative Present, Imperfect and Future Passive of all the Conjugations. 
Laudor, exerceor, ducor, erudlor. Laudaris, exerceris, duceris, eru- 
diris. Laudatur, exercetur, ducltur, eruditur. Laudabai', exercebar, 
ducebar, erudiebar. Laudabare, exercebare, ducebare, erudiebare. 
Laudabatur, exercebatur, diicebatur, erudiebatur. Laudabor, exerce- 
bor, ducar, erudiar. Laudabere, exercebere, ducere, erudiere. Lau- 
dabitur, exercebitur, ducetur, erudietur. 

We are praised, we are exercised, we are led, we are instructed. 
You are praised, you are exercised, you are led, you are instructed. 
They are praised, they are exercised, they are led, they are instructed. 
We were praised, we were exercised, we were led, we v/ere instruct- 
ed. You were praised, you were exercised, you were led, you were 
instructed. They were praised, they were exercised, they were led, 
they were instructed. We shall be praised, we shall be exercised, we 
shall be led, M^e shall be instructed. You will be praised, you will be 
exercised, you will be led, you will be instructed. They will be prais- 
ed, they will be exercised, they will be led, they will be instructed. 

Quum in litteris exercemur, animi nostri multarum rerum utilium 
cognitione augentur. Quum subito periculo terremur, non debemus 
extemplo de salute nostra desperare. Quoad litteris honos suus erit, 
Graeci et Latini scriptores in scholis legentur. Si semper bene 
vixeris, ab omnibus diligere. Virtutis honos nulla oblivione delebltur. 
Quum urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur, a civibus acriter defendebatur. 



124 PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [4 51. 

When you are exercised in literature, your souls are enriched by 
(abl.) the knowledge of many useful things. When thou art frighten- 
ed by (abl.) a sudden fear, thou shouldest not immediately despair of 
thy safety. The Greek and Latin writers are read in the schools. If 
you shall always have lived well, you will be esteemed by all. The 
city which was assaulted by the enemies, was defended spiritedly by 
the citizens. 

k) Subjunctive Present and Imperfect Passive of all the Conjugations. 

Pater curat, ut ego bene educer strenue exercear, probe excolar, dil- 
igenter erudlar. Curo, ut bene educere, strenue exerceare, probe exco- 
lare, diligenter erudiare. Curo, ut puer bene educetur, strenue exer- 
ceatur, probe excolatur, diligenter erudiatur. Pater curabat, ut ego 
bene educarer, strenue exercerer, probe excolerer, diligenter erudirer. 
Curabam, ut bene educarere, strenue exercerere, probe excolerere, dil- 
igenter erudirere. Curabam, ut filius tuus bene educaretur, strenue 
exerceretur, probe excoleretur, diligenter erudiretur. 

Our father looks out [for this], that we may be well brought up, 
vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed. Your 
father looks out [for this], that you may be well brought up, vigorously 
exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed. Parents look out 
[for this], that the manners of [their] children (liberi) may be improved, 
[their] bodies vigorously exercised, [their] minds properly cultivated, 
[their] understandings carefully instructed. Our father looked out [for 
this], that we might be well brought up, vigorously exercised, proper- 
ly cultivated, carefully instructed. Your father looked out [for this], 
that you might be well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly cul- 
tivated, carefully instructed. The parents looked out [for this], that 
the manners of [their] children might be improved, [their] bodies 
exercised, [their] minds cultivated, [their] understandings instructed. 

Quis nescit, quam praeclaris fructibus animi nostri in litterarum 
studiis augeantur? Tiraemus, ne exercitus noster ab hostibus vinca- 
tur. Omnes cives metuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingere- 
tur. Lacedaemoniorum leges id spectabant, ut laboribus erudiretur 
juventus. Curae mihi est, ut a te diligar. Cives metuunt, ne castra ab 
hostibus ante urbem muniantur. 

I doubt not, that the soul may be enriched with (abl.) excellent fruit 
in the study of literature. We feared, that our army might be con- 
quered by the enemies. All citizens fear, that the city may be sur- 
rounded by the enemies with (abl.) a blockade. We look out [for 



$51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 125 

this], that the youth may be instructed in (abl.) labors. We ai'e anx- 
ious, that we may be esteemed by you. The citizens apprehended, 
that a camp might be fortified by the enemies before the city. 

1) Indicative and Subjunctive Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect 
Passive of all the Conjugations. 

Milites ob fortitudinem a duce laudati sunt. Pueri in litterarum 
studiis gnaviter exerciti sunt. Conjuratio Catilinae a Cicerone detecta 
est. Ocdli tenuissimis membranis a natura vestiti sunt. Cupiditates 
railitum a duce fortissimo coercltae sunt. Tria bella atrocissima gesta 
sunt inter Romanos et Carthaginienses. Quum rex urbem intrabat, 
omnium civium domus coronis et floribus vestitae et ornatae erant. 
Maximo incendio tota fere urbs absumpta erat. Vix acies a Caesere 
instructa erat, quum hostes in unum locum convolaverunt. Non eris 
dives, nisi divitiae a te contemptae erunt. 

Non prius dormiemus, quam negotia vestra finita erunt. Beati non 
eritis, nisi cupiditates vestrae a vobis coercltae erunt. Simulac castra 
munita, erunt, milites se ad pugnam expedient. Labor voluptasque 
naturah quadam societate inter se juncta sunt. Multae ui'bes ab 
hostibus combustae sunt. Vix hostes conspecti erant, quum milites a 
duce e castris in aciem educti sunt. Metuebamus, ne urbs ab hostibus 
obsidione cincta esset. Die mihi, quid tibi a sorore scriptum sit. Die 
nobis, qua consolatione aeger amici animus lenitus sit. Die, cur puer 
punitus sit. Metuo, ne milites sublto periculo territi sint. 

I have been tormented by (abl.) the most pungent pains. The en- 
mies have been frightened by (abl.) sudden fear. The upright man 
has been loved and esteemed by all. The sick mind of the friend has 
been soothed by (abl.) our consolation. I doubt not, that the passions 
of the soldiers have been restrained by the bravest general. The sol- 
diers have been led out of the camp by the general. I know^ not, w^hy 
the boys have been (subj.) punished by you. We apprehended, that, 
(ne) the soldiers had been frightened by (abl.) the sudden danger. 

I know not what may have been written you by the sister. We 
fear, that (ne) the city may be encompassed by (abl.) a blockade. The 
enemies were discovered (perf ) before (ante) the gates of the city. 
After my business (plur.) shall be concluded I will go to walk. So 
soon as the enemies shall be seen, we will get ready for battle. I 
doubt not, that riches have been despised by thee. We feared, that, 
by the conflagration, many houses had been consumed. We fear, that 
many cities have been burned up by the enemies. 
11* 



126 PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [§ 51. 

m) Imperative, Infinitive and Participle Passive of all the Conjugations. 

O puer, bene educare, strenue exercere, probe excolere, diligenter 
erudire ! O puer, bene educator, strenue exercetor, probe excolitor, 
diligenter eruditor ! Puer bene educator, strenue exercetor, probe ex- 
colitor, diligenter eruditor. Si quid peccaveris, aequo animo castigare. 
Ne rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterremini ! Deus pie colitor ! 
Ne vincimmi cupiditatibus. Leges divlnae ne contemnuntor. Impro- 
bi puniuntor, Temeritas ratione coercetor. O puer, strenue exercere 
in litterarum studiis ! Bonus discipulus studet laudari. Boni disci- 
puli student exerceri in litterarum studiis. Sapientes semper ratione 
regi student. 

Bonus discipulus litterarum cognitione erudirl studet. Puer, bene 
educatus, omnibus placet. Hostes terrlti in castris manent. Urbs, 
obsidione cincta, multis malis vexatur. Homo eruditus non solum sibi, 
sed etiam aliis prodest. Pueri bene educandi, strenue exercendi, probe 
excolendi, diligenter erudiendi sunt. 

Scimus, mundum a deo gubernari. Audimus, castra ab hostibus 
ante urbem muniri. Constat, conjurationem Catilinae a Cicerone de- 
tectam esse. Speramus, vos rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterri- 
tum non iri. 

O boys, be ye well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly culti- 
vated, carefully instructed! O boys, you should be w^ell brought up, 
vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed ! Boys 
should be well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, 
carefully instructed. If you shall have committed a fault in anything 
(quid), be reproved with equanimity. Be thou not frightened from 
thy purpose by (abl.) the difficulty of the thing. Be ye guided by (abl.) 
reason. Be thou not overcome by the passions. The divine law 
should not be despised. The impious [man] should be punished. 
The passions should be restrained by (abl.) reason. 

O boys, exercise yourselves (= be ye exercised) vigorously in the 
study of literature ! Good scholars seek to be praised. The good 
scholar seeks to exercise himself {= to be exercised) in the study of 
literature. The wise [man] seeks, always to be governed by (abl.) rea- 
son. Good scholars seek to be instructed in (abl.) the knowledge of 
literature. Well-brought-up boys please all. The frightened enemy 
remains in the camp. Cities encompassed by (abl.) a blockade are 
annoyed by (abl.) many evils. Instructed men benefit not merely 
themselves, but others also. The boy is to be brought up well, to be 
vigorously exercised, to be properly cultivated, to be carefully in- 
structed. 



^ 50—52.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 127 

We hear, that a camp is fortified by the enemies before the city. 
We hope, that the conspiracy will be detected. We believe that we 
have not been frightened from our purpose. 

LXVII. Words to be learned and Zeroises for translation. 

Careo2.(c. abl.)/i^anf. capio, cepi, captum 3. machinatio, onis, /. 
cohaereo, haesi, hae- to take, machination, artifice. 

sum 2. to hold to- duco, xi, ctum 3. to diuturnus, a, um, long 

gether. lead ; 2) to believe, to continued, 

jaceo, ui 2. to lie, he in account (as some- nefarius, a, um, execra- 

a low state. thing). ble. 

permaneo, mansi, man- caussa, ae, /. a reason, stabilis, e, stable, firm. 

sum 2. to last. cause ; ea caussa, ob nimium, adv. too much. 

torpeo, ui 2. to he torpid, earn caussam,/or this eo, adv. on this account. 

inactive. reason. nam, conj.for. 



D) Exercises to the Second Conjugation in particular. 

a) Active of the Second Conjugation. 

(Concerning the conjunction quod (that), see Synt. § 108.) 

Multa sunt admirabilia, sed nihil magis, quam quod ita stabilis est 
mundus atque tam praeclare cohaeret ad permanendum. Non ea res 
me deterruit a proposlto, quod civium nefariorum contra me machina- 
tiones timebam. Gaudeo, quod tu et pater tuus valetis. Non vitupero 
te, quod tuum tibi consilium maxime placet; nam plurimi nihil rectum, 
nisi quod placuit sibi, ducunt. Vehementer dolebdmus, quod litterae ob 
diuturnum bellum jacebant. Laudo te, quod meiitem tuam in littera- 
rum studio tam probe exercuisti. 

Omnes cives gaudent, quod duces militum cupiditates coercuerunt. 
Magna laude digni estis, quod malef icos deterruistis, quorainus nefaria 
consilia contra rempublicam caperent. Ob earn caussam aliis displicebas, 
quod tibi ipsi placebas. Ingens in urbe laetitia erat, quod milites fortis- 
Bimos se praebuerant. Haec civitas ed caussa diu floruerat, quod sem- 
per legibus paruerat. Eo me deterrueratis a proposlto meo, quod 
igtiavia torpebatis. Tu nobis ea re nocueras, quod temeritatem tuam 
non coercueras. Gaudebant parentes, quod ego tibi placueram. 

I rejoice, that thou hast always followed the precepts of thy teach- 
ers. I rejoiced, that thou and thy father were well. On this account 
(eo) he has displeased us, because he pleased himself too much. This 
thing has frightened me from my purpose, that thou hast wanted all 
courage. I rejoice, that you have maintained (tenere) well your 
opinion. We praise you, that you had always obeyed the precepts of 



128 SECOND CONJUGATION. [§ 50 52. 

your parents. We grieve, that thou hast displeased thy teacher. The 
father rejoices, that [his] sons has always shown themselves diligent 
scholars in school. I have grieved, that my counsel has displeased 
thee. The teacher praised me, that I had obeyed his precepts. We 
grieve, that we have not obeyed the precepts of our parents. 

L XVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Placo 1. / appease. persuadeo, si, sum 2. nervus, i, m. nerve^ 

veto, ui, itum 1. to (c. dat.), to persuade^ sinue. 

forbid. convince. impius, a, um, impious. 

audeo, ausus sum, pigritia, ae, / slothful- nullus, a, um, no one ; 

audere, to dare. ness. nullus non, every one. 

emineo, ui 2. to he emi- prudentia, ae, /. pru- praesens, ntis, present. 

nent. dence, wisdom. nunquam, adv. never. 

jubeo, jussi, jussum 2. satis, adv. enough. 

to bid, command. 

Legi divinae et humanae omnes parebunt, qui secundum naturara 
vivere studebunt. Si virtutis praeceptis semper parebis, in coelum 
tibi adrtus patebit. Si ignavia torpebltis, praeclaris rebus nunquam 
eminebltis. Si virtute carebimus, bonis non placebimus. Si cupidita- 
tes vestras coercueritis, in virtutis via nunquam vacillabitis. Quo quis 
magis mentem litterarum studio exercuerit, eo magis iis delectabltur. 
Quo plui-a beneficia parentibus nostris debuerimus, eo gratiores ani- 
mos in eos habere debebimus. Si milites nostri fortes se in pugna 
praebuerint, victoria non erit dubia. 

The more we shall have exercised our minds in the study of litera- 
ture, so much the more shall we be delighted by (abl.) the same. If 
you shall not have obeyed the precepts of virtue, you will not please 
good men. If thou shalt have shown thyself an upright man, thou 
wilt please all the good. If I shall have afforded refuge and consola- 
tion to my enemies, they will restrain their anger against me. 

Vide, ne ob pigritiam a praeceptoribus castigere ! Parete, pueri ! 
Illud tenete, nervos atque artus esse sapientiae, non temere credere! 
Impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum ! Pueri mentes litteris 
exercento! Ut oculus, sic animus, se non videns, alia cernit. Metus 
est opinio magni mali impendentis, et aegritudo est opinio magni mali 
praesentis. Nulli non ad nocendum satis virium est. Acerrimus ex 
omnibus nostris sensibus est sensus videndi. Prudentia ex providen- 
do est appellata. Lex est recta ratio in jubendo et vetando. Liberi 
parentibus parere debent. Persuadeto tibi, tuum consilium mihi 
vehementer et placuisse, et semper placiturum esse ! 



$ 50 52.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 129 

Be silent, boys ! See [to it], that, on account of [your] slothfulness, 
you are not censured by your teachers. Thou shouldest obey thy 
parents and teachers. The boy should exercise [his] mind in litera- 
ture. The impious should not dare to appease the anger of God by 
presents. The citizens feared the threatening danger. Youth is a 
thing, destined (= about) ever to please, never to displease. 

LXIX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Concito 1. / raist. torqueo, rsi, rtum 2. exercitatio, onis, /. 

ejulo 1. / complain. to twist, torment, tor- exercise, practice. 

reputo 1. / consider. ture. seditio, onis,/! sedition. 

commoneo 2. / remind, video, vidi, visum 2. impetus, us, m. attack. 

commoveo, ovi, otum to see ; videor, / am, obitus, us, m. departure, 

2. to move. seen, seem. death. 

edoceo, cui, ctum 2. concordia, ae,/. Aarmo- pristlnus, a, um, /ormer. 

to instruct, inform. ny. diligens, tis, diligent. 

misceo, miscui,mistum discordia, ae,/. discord, contmuo, adv. forthwith 

orrn\xtiim,tomix,dis- fuga, ae, f. fight. sedulo, adv. busily. 

turb. moeror, oris, m. grief, mirif ice, adv. wonder- 

perterreo 2. to frighten, crudelitas, atis,/. crv£l- fully. 

put in fear. ty. quoque, con;. aZso. 

b) Passive of the Second Conjugation. 
(Concerning the temporal conjunction quum (when, as), see Synt. § 110. 1.) 

Quum docemur, tacere debemus. Quum optdmus, ne respublica mis- 
ceatur, civium concordiam omnibus modis servare debemus. Qiium in 
schola diligens eris, dubitabisne, quin bonus discipulus a praeceptori- 
bus habeare ? Quum nobiscum reputamus, quantis et quam praeclaris 
fructibus anirai nostri in litterarum studiis augeantur, mirifice delecta- 
mur. Quum magnorum virorum laudes legimus, optamus, ut eadem 
gloria nos quoque digni habeamur. Quum militum crudelitas ducis 
consilio coercebdtur, tota civltas laeta erat. Litterae, quum ob bellum 
divL jacuerunt, nunc, recuperata pace, eo acriore studio exercentur. 

Quum hostes urbem oppugnaverant, omnes cives maximo timore 
opplebantur. Quum acerbissimae calamitatis nuntio terrebar, omne 
meum perfugium ac solatium in te collocatum esse existimdbam. Quum 
tristissimo de amici carissimi obitu nuntio graviter commovebdre animo, 
etiam nos moerore opplebdmur. Quum de culpa nostra a parentibus 
commonebdmur, acerbus dolor animos nostros occupdbat. Quum artes 
atque litterae in civitate nostra forebunt, ejus splendor augebltur. Quum 
milites nostri de hostium adventu edocebuntur, pugnandi ardoref agrd- ^ 
bunt. Ne turn quidem ejuldbo, quum acerbissimis doloribus torquebor. 



130 SECOND CONJUGATION. [^ 50 52. 

Quum hostium impetu perterrehimini, urbi nostrae magnum periculum 
imminehit. 

Quum milites seditionem concitassent, ducis consilio et virtute coerciti 
sunt Quum hostes territi essent et jam in fngam se darent, dux eos 
monuit, ut pristinae virtutis memores essent. Quum exercitus de hos- 
tium adventu edoceretur, continue summo pugnandi ardore Jlagrdvit. 
Ne turn quidem e/wZdm, quum acerbissimis doloribus torquerer. 

When thou art taught, thou oughtest to be silent. The wise [man] 
is happy, even when he is tortured. When good scholars are exer- 
cised in literature, they are delighted. When I see by how great 
pains thou art tortured, I am deeply (= violently) moved (commoveo). 
When you consider by (= with) yourselves, how many (quot) and how 
great (quantus) toils and cares have been bestowed by your parents 
for your good (= welfare); you ought to be moved by (abl.) gratitude. 
When thou shalt see how actively I am exercised in the Latin language, 
thou wilt rejoice. As we were pressed by the severest (acerbus) mis- 
fortune, we placed (colloco) our whole hope in {in with abl.) our friends. 
As the enemy seemed to approach the city, each one (unusquisque) 
of the citizens was filled with fear. As you were informed of the ar- 
rival of the enemies, you were not frightened. As I read the life of 
Agricola, I was violently moved within (animus). As thou wast tor- 
tured with severe pains, I was filled with pity. 

As the cruelty of the soldiers was restrained (subj.) by the wisdom 
and firmness of the general, [there] was (perf) great joy in the city. 
As the city was assaulted (subj.) by the enemies, all the citizens were 
put in fear (perf) As the camp of the enemies was moved (subj.), we 
exulted (perf). As we were frightened from (subj.) our purpose by 
the difl&culty of the thing, thou hast recalled us to the same. As I 
was moved (subj.) within (animus) by the sad news of the death of my 
fi-iend, thy pity was very agreeable to me. As thou seemedst (subj. ) 
to desert us, I was grieved (perf) very much. 

When the army shall be informed of the arrival of the enemies, it 
will burn with a desire to fight (gen. of Ger.). Wise men will be 
happy, even if tortured by the bitterest pains. When we shall be put in 
fear by the attack of the enemies, great danger will threaten our city. 
If thou shalt be virtuous (== partaking of virtue), thou wilt not even 
then complain, when thou shalt be tortured by the severest pains. 

Ne rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterrere ! Milites, ne hostium 
impetu perterremini! O puer, strenue exercetor in litterarum studiis! 
Milites, ne inani timore oppleminor! Leges civitatis ne discordia 



$ 50 52.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 131 

civium miscentor ! Territis hostibus, nostri milites victoriam reporta- 
verunt. 

Be ye not frightened from [your] purpose by the difficuhy of the 
thing. Soldiers, you should not be put in fear by the attack of the 
enemies ! The evil passions should be restrained by the reason. It 
is known, that all the powers of the body and of the soul are strength- 
ened (= increased) by exercise. 

LXX, Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Verso 1. /iwrn; versor, surgo, surrexi, surrec- perversltas, atis,/. per- 

/ turn myself, fnd turn 3. to arise. verseness. 

myself live. sugo, xi, ctum 3. to pravltas, atis, /. per- 

confligo, xi, ctum 3. suck, suck out. verseness, unckedness. 

I fight. ponium, i, n. eatable paene, adv. nearly, al- 

decerpo, psi, ptum 3. fruit; -plur. fruit. most. 

to pluck off. pavor, oris, m. fright, proVmus, adv. forthwith. 

pergo, perrexi, perrec- trepidation. statim, adv. immediate- 

turn 3. to go, con- lac, etis, n. milk, ly. 

tinue. nutrix, icis, /. nurse. ut, conj. just as, as. 



E) Exercises to the Third Conjugation in particular. 

a) Active of the Tliird Conjugation. 

(Concerning the temporal conjunctions postquam, ut, uhi, simulac, see Synt. 

§ 110, 2.) 

Hostes, uhi primum nostros equltes conspexerunt, (eos) celeriter per- 
iurhaverunt. Ut surreximus, protlnus ad te perreximus. Simulatque lu- 
cem adspexwnus, in omni continuo pravitate et in summa opinionum 
perversitate versamur, ut paene cum lacte nutricis errorem suxisse 
videamur. Postquam Caesar aciem instruxit, omnes hostes in unum 
locum convolaverunt. Ut nostri cum hostibus conflixerunt, magnus eos 
occupdvit pavor. Simulac litteras scripsi, cum fratre ambuldvi. Post- 
quam amicum in hortum duxero, dicam tibi, quid pater mihi scripserit. 
Ubi poma decerpserimus, edemus. Ut swrexistis, statim ad negotia vestra 
accedere dehetis. 

LXXI. Words to be learned atid Exercises for translation. 

^xp]6ro 1. I search out, elicio, ui, itum S. to recipio, cepi, ceptum 

examine. draw out, elicit. 3. to receive, se reci- 

propulso 1. I repel. coquo, xi, ctum 3. to pere, to betake one's 

alllcio, exi, ectum 3. to cook. self back. 

draw to, allure ; but, ningo, xi 3. to snow. restinguo, nxi, nctum 



132 THIRD CONJUGATION. [^ 50 52. 

3. to extinguish, put coeno, ae,f. a meal. pluviosus, a, um, rmni/. 

Old. sollicitudo, inis,y! solid- beate, adv. peacefully. 

relinquo, liqui, lictum tude. antequam, conj. before 

3. to leave behind, de- tempestas, atis,/. liieaf^- that, ere, before, 

sert. er, storm. 

(Concerning the particles of time : priusquam and antequam, see Synt. § 

a) Priusquam animum tuum soUicitudlne angas et crudes, explo- 
rare debes, quid sit, quod te angat et cruciet. 

b) Priusquam bellum atrocissimum gessimus, artes et litterae in 
civitate nostra floruerunt. Antequam bellum urbis nostrae opes ab- 
sumpsit, potentissima fuit. Jhfitequam ninxit, tempestas fuit valde 
pluviosa. 

c) Non beate vivetis, antequam omnium cupiditatum ardorem res- 
tinxentis. Non dives eris, priusquam divitias contempseris. Non prius 
edetis, quam coqua coenam coxerit. Non prius te illi relinquent, quam 
te ad misericordiam allexerint. Exercitus noster non prius domum se 
recipiet, quam hostes ad pugnam elicuerit. 

d) Hostes propulsati sunt, antequam urbem obsidione dngerent. 
Milites nostri urbem liberaverunt, priusquam eam hostes combussissent. 
Dies obrepsit hostibus, priusquam aggerem exstruxissent. 

LXXII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Contraho, xi, ctum 3. figura, ae, f. figure, donee, conj. so [as] long 

to draw together. form. as, until, until that, 

demo, mpsi, mptum, 3. conjuratus, i, m. a con- even until. 

to take away. spirator. dum, conj. while, so (as) 

describo, psi, ptum 3. gladius, i, m. sword. long as, until, until 

to describe, point out. mathematicus, i, m. that. 

stringo, inxi, ictum 3. mathematidan. quoad, conj. so [as) long 

to touch upon, to geometricus, a, um, as, until, until that, 

draw (a sword). geometrical. even until that. 

coipia, ae,f abundance ; nobllis, e, known, re- tamdiu, adv. so long as. 

plur. troops. nowned. 

(Concerning the particles of time : duw, quod, donee, see Synt. § 110. 4, 5.) 

Dum ego scribebam, tu legebas, et frater ludebat. Dum nos canebd- 
mus, vos disoebatis, et sorores pingebant. Quoad vives, omnibus tuis 
gratus vives. Homines, dum docent, discunt. Archimedes, nobilissi- 
mus mathematicus, dum in pulvere figuras geometricas describit atten- 
tius, Syracusae a Romanis expugnatae sunt. Dum consul litteras 
legit, conjurati gladios strinxeraiit. Dum dux aciem instrHit, hostis 
totam urbem ciiixerat. Cicero omni quiete abstinuit, donee Catilinae 



$ 50—52.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 133 

conjurationem detexisset. Exspectamus, dwn nobis dicdtis, quid paren- 
tes scripserint. Milites cupide expectabant, dum dux se e castris con- 
tra hostes educeret. Tamdiu interrogasii, quoad omnem meam senten- 
tiam elicuisti. Tamdiu manebo, dum omnem sollicituduiem tibi dernp- 
sero. 

While I was singing, thou wast learning, and the sister was paint- 
ing. While we were writing, you were reading, and the brothers 
were playing. So long as Cicero lived, he occupied himself with 
{navo operam c. dat.) literature. So long as I live, I shall be mind- 
ful of this kindness. While the general arranged the army in order of 
battle, the enemies had drawn together all [their] forces. Wait, until 
we tell you, what the father has written. The general waited, until 
the enemies had placed the army in order of battle. I waited, until 
thou saidst to me what the father had written. 

As soon as I had arisen (perf ), I went (perf.) immediately to you. 
After Caesar had led out (perf) the soldiers, the enemies arranged 
[their] army in order of battle. As soon as we shall have written, we 
will take a walk with you. As soon as thou art arisen, thou oughtest 
to go (accedere) forthwith to thy business. Before the enemies had 
drawn together (perf ) their troops, Caesar had captured (perf) the city. 
Thou wilt not live peacefully, before thou shalt have extinguished the 
ardor of all passions. You will not be rich, before you shall have de- 
spised riches. My friend will not leave thee, before he shall have 
moved (= allured, cdlicere) thee to sympathy. Our soldiers will not 
betake themselves home, before that they have allured the enemies to 
battle. Before we trouble and torment our mind with solicitude, we 
ought to inquire what [it] may be, which vexes and troubles us. The 
enemies were repelled (perf), before they had arranged the army in 
order of battle. Night overtook (perf) us, before we had extinguished 
the conflagration. 

L XXIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Separo 1. / separate, fabricator, oris, m. arcanus, a, um, secret ; 

divide. framer. arcanum, i. n. a 

benefacio, feci, factum sermo, onis, m. conver- secret 

3. to do well. sation, speech. ceteri, ae, a, the rest. 

circumspicio, spexi, affabilitas, atis, /. affa- perfectus, a, um, per- 

spectum 3. to look bility. feet. 

around, regard. comltas, atis,/. courte- ai\te, adv. before, rather. 

maledico 3. (c. dat.) ousness. quantopere, adv. how 

I reproach. facultas, atis,//acu%; much. 

praedico 3. I foretell. plur. means. simpliciter, adv. simply, 
vesper, eri, m. evening. 

12 



134 THIRD CONJUGATION. [§ 50 — 52. 

Ignis iirbem absumpsit. Mihi crede, nunquam vir perfectus fortimae 
maledixit. Nimium ne crede colori ! Fac, ut ante circumspicias, qui- 
buscum edas et bibas, quam quid edas et bibas ! Die, quid patri scrip- 
seris ! O stulte, ne praedic futura ! Ne credite mendacibus ! Pueri, 
strenue litteras discitote ! Puer in schola attendito ! Princlpes civita- 
tis concordiae consulunto ! Difficile dictu est, quantopere conciliet ani- 
mos hominum comltas afFabilltasque sermonis. Mendaci homini, ne 
verum quidem dicenti, credere solemus. Venio tibi dicturus, quid 
amicus mihi scripserit. Deus, fabricator mundi, nulla re magis homi- 
nem separavit a ceteris animalibus, quam dicendi facultate. Ex dis- 
cendo maxima ad nos redundat voluptas. Optimus est orator, qui di- 
cendo animos nostros et docet, et delectat, et permovet. Mores puero- 
rum se inter ludendum simplicius detegunt. Hominis mens discendo 
et cogitando alitur. Tamdlu discendum est, quamdiu vivas. Pulchrum 
est e virtute (conformably to virtue) vivere. Scisne, patrem scrpisisse ? 
Quis scit, se ad vesperum esse victurum ? Speramus, nos vobis arca- 
na elicituros esse. 

Eat and drink thou, moderately. Trust ye not too much to color. 
Do thou well to try friends. Tell me, w^hat the father has v^ritten 
thee. Boy, thou shouldst zealously learn literature. The boys should 
be attentive in school. It is incredible to say (Sup. in it), how bravely 
our soldiers have fought with the enemies. Lying men we are not 
even accustomed to believe, when they tell the truth (part). We come in 
order to tell (= wishing to tell) thee, what our brothers have written 
(subj.) us. By diligently learning (gerund), scholars acquire for them- 
selves the approbation of [their] parents and teachers. 

LXXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Urgeo, ursi, ursum 2. 3. to break ; mola wanting ; c. dat. to 

to press, oppress. frangere, to grind. neglect. 

conjungo, nxi, nctum frigo, xi, ctum 3. to mola, ae,/. mi7Z. [lance. 

3. to join {together). roast, parch. vigilantia, ae, f. vigi- 

expingo, pinxi, pictum, insculpo, psi, ptum 3. gladiator, oris, m. fen- 

3. to paint out, draw. to engrave. cer, gladiator. 

fingo, finxi, fictum 3. ungo, xi, ctum 3. to novus, a, um, new. 

to form, feign. anoint. profecto, adv. surely. 

frango, fregi, fractum desum, fui, esse, to he quoniam, conj. because. 



b) Passive of the Third Conjugation. 

conjunctions: quod, quia, quoniam, (he 
§ lii) 

Quia semper e virtutis praeceptis vixisti, ab omnibus diligeris. Ci- 



(Concerning the conjunctions: quod, quia, quoniam, (heca-use) , see Synt. 

§111.) 



§ 50 52.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 135 

ves summa inopia urgebantur, quia omnes eorum facultates bello ab- 
sumptae erant. Quoniam de hac re satis dictum est, jam accedamus 
ad novam. Cicero pater patriae appellatus est, quod ejus consilio et 
vigilantia conjuratio Catilinae detecta est. Omnes cives angebantur, 
quia metuebaut, ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingeretur. 

Multae fabulae a poetis fictae sunt. Gladiatores uncti decertabant. 
Apud Homerum omnia ita descripta sunt, ut quasi expicta videantur. 
Omnibus in animo quasi insculptum est, esse deum. Omnia suntpro- 
fecto laudanda, quae conjuncta cum virtute sunt, et, quae cum vitiis (sc. 
conjuncta sunt), vituperanda. Quoad urbs obsidione cingebatur, mag- 
no metu angebamur. Milites cuplde exspectant, dum a duce e castris 
contra hostes educantur. Cave, ne fallare ! Timebamus, ne exercitus 
noster vinceretur. Nihil magis mihi curae est, quam ut a te dillgar. 
Si ceditis, metuo, ne vincamlni. Non dubito, quin fortiter a militibus 
defendamur. Quum milites nosiri conspicerentur, hostes ingens pa- 
yor occupavit. Quoad honeste vives, omnibus diligere. Exercitus 
noster, quoad bonus dux ei praeerit, non vincetur. Ab omnibus con- 
temnemini, si ofSciis vestris deerltis. Quamdiu tu aberis, ego de te an- 
gar et cruciabor. Si tam fortiter pugnare pergemus, non vincemur. 
Postquam hostes conspecti erunt, nostri milites e castris educentur. 
Postquam hordeum frictum erit, molis fragetur. Ubi poma decerpta 
erunt, a nobis edentur. 

Take care (= be on thy guard), that thou art not troubled without 
reason. I fear that (ne) I shall be deceived. We are more anxious for 
nothing than that we shall be esteemed by you. If we give way, I fear 
that we shall be conquered. It often happens (accidit), that the good 
are injured by the bad. I was troubled, because I feared that I should 
be deceived. We feared that the city would be burnt up by the enemies. 
All desired (opto), that the conspirators might be discovered. We wait- 
ed anxiously, until we were led against the enemies. The enemies did 
not doubt, that we should be conquered. Why didst thou fear, that thou 
shouldst be injured by us ? So long as the city was surrounded by a 
blockade, you were oppressed with great want. So long as the ene- 
mies were seen, our [soldiers] remained in the camp. So long as the 
war was carried on, literature was in a low state. So long as the ene- 
mies besieged the city, we were troubled with great fear. As, lately, 
thou wast sick, thou wast very much troubled. If you shall continue 
to fight so bravely, you will not be conquered by the enemies. So 
long as you shall be absent, we shall be troubled concerning (de) you. 
Thou wilt be despised by all, if thou shalt neglect [desum) thy duties. 
Our soldiers will not be conquered, so long as a good general shall 



136 THIRD CONJUGATION. [^ 50 52. 

preside over them. Homer will always be read in the schools. As 
soon as the letter shall be written, we will take a walk with you. 
When the army shall be led out from the camp, it will fight with the 
enemies. 

LXXV. Words to be learned and 'Exercises for translation. 

Admlnistro 1. / man- detraho, xi, ctum 3. lucrum, i, n. gain, ad- 
age, to draw away, remove. vantage. 

perpetro 1. I perform, distraho, xi, ctum 3. existimatio, onis,/. es- 

perpetrate. to draw asunder, timation, opinion. 

praesto, iti, itum or waste. obsessio, onis,/. siege, 

atum 1. (c. dat.) to tin go, xi, ctum 3. to faclnus, oris, n. deed, 

he superior to. color, form. foul deed. 

adduco 3. to lead to, elegantia, ae, f ele- appetitus, us, m. desire, 

move. gance. longing. 

como, compsi, comp- fortuna, ae,/ /orfwne; diversus, a, um, c^iWse, 

turn 3. to comb, adorn. plur. gifts of fortune. different. 

consumo, mpsi,mptum luxuria, ae,/ luxury. finitlmus, b., nvci, neigh- 

3. to consume, miseria, ae, f. misery, boring. 

oonveho, xi, ctum 3. want nitldus, a, um, splendid. 

to bear together, bring providentia, ^Q,f fore- innumerabilis, e, innu- 

together. sight, providence. merable. 

destruo, xi, ctum 3. curriculum, i, n. circuit, tantopere, adv. so much, 

to destroy. course. 

Regere ratione! Ne angltor, amice! O cives, ne lucri cupiditate, 
sed virtutis studio regimmor ! Animi appetitus ratione reguntor ! Ju- 
veuis, litterarum morumque elegantia tinctus, omnibus placebit Com- 
busta urbe, omnes cives maxima miseria vexantur. Romani multis 
rebus praeclare gestis summam sibi comparaverunt gloriam. Contemp- 
ta virtute, vita beata nulla est. Multi homines, omnibus fortunis per 
luxuriam consumptis et distractis, relfquam vitam miserrime agunt. 

Dempta omni sollicitudlne, laetitiae indulgeamus ! Isocrates in di- 
vers© geuere dicendi nitldus fuit et comptus. Aciem instructam dux 
contra hostes eduxit. Frumento ex finitlmis regionibus in urbem con- 
vecto, cives urbis obsessionem aequis animis exspectaverunt. Caesar, 
contractis copiis in unum locum, hostium impetum exspectavit. Stric- 
to gladio, dux milites contra hostes eduxit. Urbs, obsidione cincta, 
multis mahs urgetur. Gloria detracta, quid est, quod in hoc tam ex- 
iguo vitae curriculo tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus ? 

Si bona existimatio divitiis praestat, et pecunia tantopere expetltur ; 
quanto gloria magis est expetenda! Justitia propter sese colenda est. 
Certum est, universum mundum divina providentia regiet administrari* 
Quis ignorat, innumerablles urbes a Romanis destructas esse ? Om- 



[§ 60 — 52. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 137 

nes sciunt, viros bonos nunquam spe mercedis adductum iri, ut facinus 
aliquod perpetrent. 

Be thou not conquered by the passions. Be ye governed by reason. 
Thou shouldst not be governed by the desire of gain, but by the pur- 
suit of virtue. You should not be troubled, friends. The divine law 
should not be despised. Parents should be honored by children. I 
hope that all solicitude will soon be taken away from thee. The ora- 
tions of Isocrates were splendid and adorned. The soldiers believed, 
that the troops of the enemies would be drawn together. The soldiers 
having been led out of the camp, fought (perf ) bravely with the ene- 
mies. In Homer, we see all things not described, but, as it were, 
painted out. Who does not know, that all the virtues are connected 
unth each other (inter se). I hope, that you will be led to my views. 

LXXVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Degusto, 1. / taste. gestio 4. / demean my- ment ; plur. elemen- 

contingo, tlgi, tactum self, am transported. tary principles. 

3. to touch ; con tin- sepelio, ivi, ultum 4. aequitas, atis, /. equity. 

git, it falls to my lot. I inter, hury. jucunditas, atis, /. de- 

licet 2. it is permitted. servio 4. / serve. lightfulness, agreea- 

miniio, ui, utum 3. / di- iracundia, ae,/. irasci- bleness. 

minish, make less. hility, anger. accuratus, a, um, accu- 

fastidio, 4. (c. ace.) I numerus, i, m. number ; rate. 

feel disgust, spurn. 2) harmony, rhythm. grammaticus, a, um, 

elementum, i, n. ele- grammatical. 

F) Exercises to the Fourth Conjugation in Particular. 

Sic vive cum hominibus, tanquam deus videat ; et videt. Cave, ne 
tanquam parva fastidias gramraatica elemental Philosophiae servire 
debemus, ut nobis contingat vera libertas. Nullus dolor est, quem non 
longinquitas temporis ininuat ac molllat. Nihil magis mihi curae est, 
quam ut obediam praeceptis magistrorum meorum. 

Quum milites nostri castra muniebant, hostes aciem instruebant. 
Dum urbem nostram custodiebamus, hostis eam oppugnare non aude- 
bat. Celeritas equitum nostrorum impediebat, quominus hostis se ad 
pugnam expediret. Quum milites ducem sepelirent, ingens luctus om- 
nium animos occupavit. Litterae tuae mihi tam gratae fuerunt, ut lae- 
titia plane gestirem. Semper operam navavimus, ut orationem nostram 
verborum numerorumque jucunditate condiremus. 

Nihil vos impedivimus, quominus negotia vestra finiretis. Nescivi, 
cur tantopere laetitia gestires. Scisne, cur hunc puerum puniverim? 
Nescio, unde hunc nuntium audiveritis. Dicam tibi, cur domum nos- 
12* 



1"38 FOURTH CONJUGATION. [$ 50 52. 

tram coronis ornaverlmus et vestiverimus. Die, cur ferierltis hunc 
puerum. 

Placebas praeceptoribus tuis, quia semper eorum praeceptis obe- 
dieras. Vix milites nostri castra muuierant, quum hostis conspectus 
€st. Jam laetitia gestieramus, quum repente tristissimus nuntius ani- 
mos nostros summo moerore opplevit Quum milites totum diem siti- 
vissent et esurivissent, ne nocte quidem quieti indulgere iis licuit. 
Quum hostis se ad pugnam expedivisset, milites nostri laetitia gestie- 
runt. 

Nou prius dormiam, quam negotia mea finivero. Quum exercitus 
castra muniverit, se ad pugnam expedlet. Si grammatica elementa 
fastidies, nunquam accuratam linguae Latinae cognitionem tibi compa- 
rabis. Si quid novi audiverlmus, curablmus, ut brevi sciatis. Non 
dubitabam, quin, si semel pbilosophiam degustavisses, toto animo ei 
serviturus esses. Ne garri, puer! Audite, pueri: si praeceptoribus 
vestris obedieritis, a parentibus vestris praemiis ornabimlni ! Puer obe- 
dito praeceptoribus ! Homo ne servito cupiditatibus ! Milites urbem 
custodiunto ! 

Puer, in scholis garriens, molestus est. Bonus discipulus semper 
praeceptis magistrorum obedire studet. Quis nescit, Ciceronem toto 
animo philosopbiae servisse ? Spero, vos gi'ammatica elementa non 
esse fasiidituros. Prohibenda est ira in puniendo. Optandum est, ut 
ii, qui praesunt rei publicae, legum similes sint, quae ad puniendum 
non iracuudia, sed aequitate ducuntur. Legendi semper occasio est, 
audiendi non semper. 

Terca vestita est floribus, herbis, arboribus, frugibus. Urbs a militi- 
bus custoditor. Speramus, urbem a militibus custoditum iri. 

To good parents, nothing is a source of greater care [est with dat), 
than that they may instruct their children in (abl.) literature. Be on 
your guard, boy, that thou dost not chatter! I punished the boy, be- 
cause he chattered. As the enemies were discovered, our soldiers 
were transported with (abl.) joy. So long as I was in school, I was 
anxious (= it was for a care to me), that I might obey the precepts of 
my teachers. Many with their whole soul, have given themselves up 
to (= served) philosophy. Often already has length of time abated 
the severest sufferings. We have kept in memory the precepts of our 
teachers. 

Tell me, whence thou hast heard this news. I doubt not, that the 
teachers have punished the boys with (abl.) justice. The soldiers had 
hungered and thirsted the whole day. Scarcely had our soldiers got 
ready for battle, when the enemies were discovered (perf.). As the 



$ 50—52,] FOURTH CONJUGATION. 139 

king entered into the city, all the citizens had adorned (= clothed) the 
houses with flowers and garlands. The soldiers did not doubt, that the 
enemies had already fortified [their] camp. I knew not whence thou 
hadst heard this news. 

The good will always obey the principles of virtue. Length of time 
will abate thy suffering. The precepts of our teachers are always 
kept in (abl.) remembrance. When you shall have heard this news, 
you will be transported with joy. If we shall always have obeyed the 
principles of virtue, the approach to heaven will stand open to us. 

Serve wisdom, not the passions. Do not chatter, boys. Thou 
shouldst not rage against {in c. ace.) the enemies, O soldier. You 
should obey [your] teachers and parents. The scholar should keep 
the principles of his teacher in remembrance. Men should not serve 
their passions. The boys, who chatter (part.) in school, are troublesome 
to the teacher. Soldiers ought (oportet) to guard the city. I hope that 
length of time will abate thy suffering. Hast thou heard, that the 
enemies have fortified the camp ? We come in order to (sup. in um) 
guard the city. A thoughtless boy is difiicult to instruct (sup. in m). 
We must (gerund) serve virtue. 



140 



DEPONENTS OP THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 



[$53. 

§ 53. DEPO 

Of the four 



1. Hortor, hoxXatus sum, hortari. 
Characteristic : a long. 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 
I. Present. 



hortor, I exhort 



hortd-ri5, thou ex- 
hortest. 

horta-iwr, he, she, 
t exhorts 

horta-miir, we ex- 
hort 

hoxid-minl^ you ex- 
hort 

horta-niMr,they ex- 
hort 



I 



may 



horte-r 

hort 
hortc-ri5(e), thou 

mayest exhort 
hortc-iw, he, she, 

it may exhort 
horte-mwr, we may 

exhort 
horte-winz, you 

may exhort 
horte-nfwr, they 

may exhort. 
II. Imperfect. 



hortd-fcar, I exhort- 
ed, was exhorting 

hortd-^drw(e), thou 
exh., wast exh. 



hortd-rer, I might 

exhort 
hortd-reris(€), thou 

mightest exhort 



hortd-//dZ'Ur,he,she, hortd-rcfwr, he, she, 

it exh., was exh. 
hortd-Z/dr/iwr, we 

exh., were exh. 
hortd-fedwrnt, you 

exh., were exh. 
horld- bantur., they 

exh., were exh. 



it might exhort 
hortd-rcr/mr, we 

might exhort 
hortd-rernznt, you 

might exhort 
hoxidrentur^ they 
might exhort. 
III. Future {Indicative). ^ 
hortd-6dr, 1 shall exhort 
hortd-^erz5(e), thou wilt exhort 
hortd-^i^wr, he, she, it will exhort 
hortd-izmwr, we shall exhort 
hoxid-bimlnii^ you will exhort 
hoxid-bunlur^ they will exhort. 



II. Vereor, yexitus sum, vercri. 
Characteristic : e long. 



Indicative. 
I. 



Subjunctive. 
Present. 



vere-or, I. rever- 
ence 

vexe-ris, thou rev- 
erencest 

vexe-tur, he, she, 
it reverences 

yexe-mur, we rev- 
erence 

vexe-mini, you rev- 
ence 

vexe-nlur^ they rev- 
erence 



vere-dr, I may rev- 
erence 

vere-dn'5(e) thou 
mayest rev. 

vexe-dtur, he, she, 
it may reverence 

\exe-dmur, we may 
reverence 

vere-dwin?', you 
may reverence 

vexe-antur, they 
may reverence. 



II. Imperfect. 



\exe-bar^ I reveren- 
ced, was rev. 

vere-//dri5(e), thou 

reverenc'dst,wast r 

vexe-bdtur, he, she, 
it rev. was rev. 

vexe-bdmur^we rev. 
were rev. 

vexe-bdmini, you 
rev. were rev. 

vexe-bantur, they 

rev. were rev. 

III. 

vexe-bor, I 



vere-rcr, I might 

reverence 
vexe-reris{e) thou 

mightest rev. 
vexe-retur, he, she, 

it might rev. 
wexe-remur, we 

might reverence 
vexe-remini, you 

might reverence 
vexe-rentur, they 

might reverence. 
Future {Indicative).'^ 
shall reverence 



IV 

a) Indicative. 

horta-tus, sum., I have exhorted verT-tus 

a, es, thou hast exhorted a, 

um est., he, she, it has exhorted um 

horta-ti, sumus, we have exhorted veri-ti, 

ae, cstis, you have exhorted ae, 

a sunt, they have exhorted a 

b) Subjunctive. 

horta-tus, sim, I may have exhorted verT-tus, 

a, sis, thou mayest have ex. a, 

um sit, he, she, it may have ex. urn 

horta-ti, simus, we may have exhorted veri-ti, 

ae, sUls, you may have exhorted ae, 

a sint, they may have exhorted. a 



vexe-beris{e), thou wilt reverence 
vexe-bitvr, he, she, it will reverence 
vexe-bimur, we shall reverence 
vexe-bimini, you will reverence 
vexe-buntur, they will reverence. 
Perfect. 



sum, I have reverenced 
es, thou hast reverenced 
est, he, she, it has reverenced 
sumus, we have reverenced 
estis, you have reverenced 
sunt, they have reverenced 

sim, 1 may have reverenced 
sis, thou mayest have rev. 
sit, he, she, it may have rev. 
simits, we may have rev. 
sitis^ you may have rev. 
sint., they may have rev. 



§53.! 



DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 



141 



NENTS 
Conjugations. 



111. Fungor, ^\xx\ctus sum, fungi 
Characteristic : e short. 



Indicative. 
I. 



Subjunctive. 
Present. 



fung-or,I manage 

fung-erij?, thou 

managest 
fung-?^wr, he, she, 

it manages 
fung-imur, we 

manage 
fung-imini, you 

manage 
fung-?iwfMr, they 

manage 



fung-a7*,l may man- 
age 

fung-ar«s(e), thou 
mayest manage 

^ung-dtur^ he, she, 
it may manage 

fung-amwr, we 
may manage 

fung-amm, you 
may manage 

^yxng-antur, they 
may manage. 



11. Imperfect. 



fung-ehar, 1 man- 
aged, was m. 
fung-c6ar/5(e),thou 

managedst,was m. 
fung-e/>a^«r,he,she, 

itm., was m. 
fung-cftamwr, we 

managed, were m. 
fan g-ebdmini, you 

managed, were m. 
fnng-ehantur, they 

managed, were m. 

111. Future {Indicative. y 
fung-dr, 1 shall manage 
fung-eri5(e), thou wilt manage 
fung-c^Mr, he, she, it will manage 
fnng-eiaury we shall manage 
fung-emini, you will manage 
fang-entur^ they will manage. 



fung-erer, I might 

manage 
fung-ercrw(e) , thou 

mightest manage 
f ung-ere^Mr,he, she, 

it, might manage 
fung-ere/?iwr, we 

might manage 
£nng-ere7nXni, you 

might manage 
fung-erentur, they 

might manage. 



IV. 



Partior, paitiiw^ sum, partzri. 
Characteristic : i long. 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 
1. Present. 



parti-or, 1 divide 



thou di- 



she, 



di. 



part?-n5, 

videst 
parti-^wr, he, 

it divides 
partl-mur, we 

vide 
p3iYii-minij you di 

vide 
pdvii-untur, they 

divide 



parti-dr, 1 may di- 
vide 

partij-drw(e), thou 
mayest divide 

parti-d<M7-, he, she, 
it may divide 

parti-dwmr, we 
may divide 

parti-dmiTii, you 
may divide 

purti-antur, they 
may divide. 



11. Imperfect. 



1 might 



func-tus, 
a, 

um 
func-ti, 

ae. 



func-tus, 
a, 
um 
func-ti, 
ae, 
a 



parti-e/'OTjldivided, partt-rcr 

was dividing divide 

partz-e/^dr<s(e),thou partl-rer?!5(e), thou 

dividedst, was d. mightest divide 
part?-c6df«?',he,she, partl-yeiwr, he, she, 

it divided, was d. it might divide 
partz-e/;dmMr, we pa.rtl-r emtir, we 

divided, were d. might divide 
pdirii-ebdrnini, you partt-rcwzm, you 

divided, were d. might divide 
pa,rti-ebantur, they pa.Tti-rentur^ they 

divided, were d. might divide. 
III. Futvre (fndicative.y 
part?-dr, 1 shall divide 
parti-c7-i5(e), thou wilt divide 
parti-eiM?-, he, she, it will divide 
parti-e?ftMr, we shall divide 
parti-cmwi, you will divide 
pa,rii-cntur, they will divide. 
IV. Perfect. 
a) Indicative. 



sum, I have managed 
65, thou hast managed 
est, he, she, it has managed 
suirius, we have managed 
estis, you have managed 
sunt, they have managed. 

b) Subjunctive 



partl-tus, 

a, 
um 

partl-ti, 



sim, 1 may have managed 
sis, thou mayest have m. 
sit, he, she, it may have m. 
simus, we may have m. 
sitis, you may have managed 
sint, tiiey may have managed. 



partl-tus, 

a, 

um 

parti-ti, 

ae, 

a 



sum, I have divided 
es, thou hast divided 
est, he, she, it has divided 
sumus, we have divided 
estis, you have divided 
sunt, they have divided. 

sim, 1 may have divided 
sis, thou mayest have divided 
sit, he, she, it may have d. 
simus, we may have divided 
sitis, you may have divided 
sint, they may have divided. 



142 



DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 



[$53. 



horta-tus, 
a, 

um 
horta-ti, 

ae. 



horta-tus, 

a, 

um 

horta-ti, 

ae. 



horta-tus. 



V. Pluperfect. 

a) Indicative, 
eraw, I had exhorted veri-tus, 

eras, thou hadst exhorted a, 

erdl, he, she, it had exhorted um 

erdmus, we had exhorted veri-ti, 

erdtis, you had exhorted ae, 

erant, they had exhorted a 

b) Subjunctive, 
veri-tus. 



eram, I had reverenced 
eras, thou hadst reverenced 
erat, he, she, it had rev. 
eramus, we had reverenced 
eratis, you had reverenced 
erantj they had reverenced. 



essem, I might have exhorted 
65565, thou mightesthave ex. 

e55e^,he,she,it might have ex. um 

essemus, we might have ex. veri-ti, 

essetts, you might have ex. ae, 

essent, they might have ex. a 

VI. Future Perfect (Indicativey 



essem, 1 might have rev. 
esses, thou mightest have rev 
e55ef,he,she,it might have rev. 
essemus, we might have rev. 
essetis, you might have rev 
essent, they might have rev 



ero, I shall have exhorted 
eris, thou wilt have exhorted 
um erit, he, she, it will have ex. 
horta-ti, erimus, we shall have ex. 
ae, erilis, you will have exhorted 
erunt, they will have ex. 
Imperative. 
hortd-rc, exhort thou 
hortd-tor, thou shouldest exhort 
hortd-^or, he, she, it should exhort 
hortd-mznl, exhort ye 
hortd-wimor, you should exhort 
horid-ntor, they should exhort. 

Infinitive. 
Pres. hortd-rl, to exhort 
Perf horid-tus, a, um, esse, to have 

exhorted 

Fut. hoTid-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
exhort^, (that one) will exhort. 
Participle. 
Pres. horta-w5, exhorting 
Perf. hortd-tus, a, um, having exhorted 
Fut. 1) Act. horid-turus, a, um, intend- 
ing, wishing, about to exhort 
Fut. 2) Pass. horXn-ndus, d, um, what 
should be exhorted. 
Gerund. 
N. horta-ndum est, one (we) mus^ ex. 
G. horia-ndi, of exhorting, o exhort 
D. horla-ndo, to exhorting, o exhort 
A. hoTia-ndum (e. g. arf),exhor.ing, 

to exhort 
A. hoTta-ndo, by exhorting. 

Supine. 
.Sec. horid-tum, in order to exhort 
Abl. hovid-tu, to exhort, be exiiorted. 



veri-tus, 



um 

veri-ti, 

ae. 



ero, I shall have reverenced 
eris, thou wilt have rev. 
erit, he, she, it will have rev. 



erimus, we shall have rev. 
eritis, you will have rev. 
erunt, they will have rev. 
Imperative. 

vere-re, reverence thou 

vere-tor, thou shouldest reverence 

vere-tor, he, she, it should reverence 

vere-mtni, reverence ye 

veve-minor, you should reverence 

veve-ntor, they should reverence. 
Infinitive. 

Pres. vere-ri, to reverence 

Peif. ver-itus, a, um, esse, to have rev- 
enced 

Fut. yexi-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
reverence^, (that onej will rev. 
Participle. ^ 

Pres. xere-ns, reverencing 

Perf. veri-tus, a, um, having reverenced 

Fut. 1) Jlct. vexl-turus, a, um, intend- 
ing, wishing, about to reverence 

Fut. 2) Pa55. vexe ndus, a, um, what 
should be reverenced. 
Gerund. 

N. vere-ndum est, one (we) must rev 

G. vere-ndi, of reverencing, to rev. 

D. vexe-ndo, to reverencing, to rev. 

A. vere-ndum (e. g. ad), reverencing, 
to reverence 

A. vere-ndo, by reverencing. 
Supine. 

Mc. veri-tum, in order to reverence 

Jibl. veri-tu,to reverence, be reverenced 



I) The Subjunctive of both the futures is wanting. See Remark 1) and 2) to $ 50.— 2) See 



§53.1 



DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 



143 



func-tus, 

a, 

um 

func-ti, 

ae, 

a 

func-tus, 

a, 

um 

func-ti, 

ae. 



V. Pluperfect. 

a) Indicative, 
eram, I had managed partl-tus, 

eras^ thou hadst managed a, 

era<, he, she, it had managed um 
eramus^ we had managed parti-ti, 

eratisy you had managed ae, 

erant, they had managed a 

b) Subjunctive, 
partl-tus, 



eranij I had divided 
eras, thou hadst divided 
ei-at, he, she, it had divided 
eramus, we had divided 
eratis, you had divided 
erant, they had divided. 



might have managed 
esses, thou mightest have m. 
esset, he,she, it might have m 
essemus, we might have m. 
essetis, you might have m. 
essentj they might have m. 

VI 



essem, 1 might have divided 
esses, thou mightest have d. 

um esset, he,she, it might have d 
parti-ti, essemus, we might have d. 

ae, essetis, you might have d. 
essent, they might have d. 

Future Perfect {Indicative)} 



func-tus, ero, I shall have managed 
a, eris, thou wilt have managed 
um erit, he, she, it will have man. 
func-ti, erimus, we shall have man, 
ae, eritis, you will have man. 
a erunt, they will have man. 
Imperative. 
fung-ere, manage thou 
fung-z^or, thou shouldest manage 
fung-zfor, he, she, it should manage 
f\xr\g-imini, manage ye 
i'nng-lminor , you should manage 
fung-ttwfor, they should manage. 

Infinitive. 
Pres. fung-i, to manage 
Perf. ^\xnc-tus, a, um, esse, to have 

managed 
Fut. innc-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
manage', (that one) will man. 
Participle. 
Pres. fung-en5, managing 
Perf. innc-tus, a, um, having managed 
Fut. 1) .Bet. fnnc-tfirus, a, um, intend- 
ing, wishing, about to manage 
Fut. 2) Pass. £ung-endus, a, um, what 
should be managed. 
Gerund. 
N. fying-endum est, one (we) must m 
G. fnng-cndi, of managing, to manage 
D. fung-endo, to managing, to manage 
A. fung-endum (e. g. ad), managing 

to manage 
A. fnng-endo, by managing. 

Supine. 
Ace. func-iwm, in order to manage 
Ml. iwnc-tu, to manage, be managed. 

Remark 4) to $ 50. 



partl-tus. 



um 

partl-ti, 

ae. 



esse, to have 



ero, 1 shall have divided 
eris, thou wilt have divided 
erit, he, she, it will have d 
erimus, we shall have divided 
eritis, you will have divided 
erunt, they will have divided 
Imperative. 
partz-re, divide thou 
parti-<or, thou shouldest divide 
pa.rti-tor, he, she, it should divide 
partl-mzm, divide ye 
partl-mmor, you should divide 
pa.rti-untor, they should divide. 

Infinitive. 
Pres. partl-ri, to divide 
Perf partt-tus, a, um, 

divided 

Fut. Tpdivti-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
divide^, (that one) will divide. 
Participle. 
Pres. parti-e7i5, dividing 
Perf. partl-^Ms, a, um, having divided 
Fut. 1) Jlct. ^d^rii-turus, a, vm,, intend 

ing, wishing, about to divide 
Fut. 2) Pass, parti-endus, a, um, what 
should be divided. 
Gerund. 
N. partz-enrfwm est, one (we) must d, 
G. parii-endi, of dividing, to divide 
D. Tparii-endo, to dividing, to divide 
A. parti- end um, (e. g. ad.), dividing 

to divide 
A. partt-erarfo, by dividing. 

Supine. 
Ace. part?-<M7», in order to divide 
ML parti-«M, to divide, be divided. 



144 



DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 



[^53. 



L XXVII. Words to be learned and ^zeroises for translation. 

Admiror 1 . / ac?mire. Conor 1. I attempt, ven- somnium, i, n. <freawi, 

asperDor 1. I spurn. ture. pulchritudo, Inis, /. 

comitor 1. 1 accompany, interpreter 1. / inter- beauty. 

contemplor 1. /confem- pret. demum, adv. first, at 

plate, consider, consigno 1. I point out. length. 



PART FIRST. 

Quis non admiretur splendorem pulchritudinemque virtutis ? Dux 
milites hortatus est, iit hostium aciem pertubare conarentur. Jam hos- 
tes urbem oppugnare conati erant, quum repente a civibus propulsati 
sunt. Turn demum beatus eris, quum aspernatus eris voluptatem. Con- 
templamlnor praeclara virtutis exempla, quae in historia consignata 
sunt ! Venio te comitatum in hortum. Somnia difRcilia sunt inter- 
pretatu. 

We admire the splendor and the beauty of virtue. The general ex- 
horted the soldiers, that they should attempt to throw the line of 
battle of the enemies into confusion. I have accompanied the brother 
into the garden. The enemies have ventured to assault the city. Thou 
shouldst contemplate the noble examples of virtue, which are pointed 
out in history. The citizens apprehended, that the enemies might as- 
sault the city. I doubt not, that thou hast interpreted the dream right- 
ly. Tell me, why thou hast not accompanied the father into the gar- 
den. 



LXXVIII Words 

Fateor, fassus sum, fa- 

teri 2. to acknowledge, 

admit. 
tueor 2. / keep, protect. 
intueor 2. / look upon, 

contemplate. 
misereor, misertus or 

rltus sum, niisereri 

2. (c. geu.)to pity. 
poUiceor 2. 1 promise. 
abator, usus sum, uti 

3. (c, abl.) to abuse. 
adipiscor, adeptus sum 

3. to obtain. 



to be learned and Exercises /or translation. 

labor, lapsus sum, labi 

3. to glide, fall. 
loquor, locutus sum, 



aggredior, gressus. gre- 

di 3. to attack. 
expergiscor, peiTectus 

sum 3. to awaken. 
fruor, fructus or frui- 

tus sum, frui 3. (c. 

abl.) to enjoy (part. 

fut. fruiturus). 
fungor, functus sum, 

fungi 3. (c. abl.) to 

administer. 
irascor, iratus sum 3. 

to be angry. 



loqui 3. to speak. 
morior, mortuus sum, 

mori 3. to die (part. 

fut. moriturus). 
sequor, secutus sum, 

sequi 3. (c. ace.) to 
follow. 
in ops, opis, destitute. 
audacter, adv. boldly^ 

confidently. 



§ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 145 

Artes se ipsae tuentur. Semper miserorum homiiium miserebimur, 
Veremini, o pueri, senectutem! Fatetor, o puer, verum ! Miseremi- 
norinopum! Discipuli verentor praeceptores. Non dublto, quin tuum 
pra€sidium mihi pollicitarus sis. Cum magna voluptate intiiemur prae- 
clara virtutis exempla, quae in historia consignata sunt. 

Quis nescit, quam multi eloquentia abutantur ? Per multos annoa- 
pace fruiti sumus. Omnes cives metuunt, ne hostes urbem aggredian- 
tur. Simulatque experrecti sumus, ad negotia nostra accedlmus. Gi- 
ves, libertatem adepti, summa laetitia fruentur. Succurre lapsis. 
Tam audacter cum amico loquere, quam tecum. Ne irasciminor iis, 
quos amare debetis ! Si virtutis viam semper sequemur, aditus in coe- 
lum aliquando nobis patebit. Munere tuo bene fungere. Metuo, ne 
amicus moriatur. 

The arts themselves v^^ill always protect themselves. I doubt not, 
that thou vs^ilt always pity the poor. Reverence, O boy, old age ! The 
rich should pity the destitute. You should acknowledge the truth 
(=what is true,) O boys! A good scholar will always reverence his 
teacher. I doubt not, that thou hast promised thy protection to the 
destitute friend. Contemplate ye the noble examples of virtue, which 
are pointed out in history. Many have abused eloquence. We desire 
(opto), that we may enjoy peace. All the citizens apprehended, that 
the enemies might attack the city. You are fallen. You should speak 
with a friend as confidently, as with yourselves. Thou shouldst not be 
angry with those, whom thou oughtest to love. I doubt not, that thou 
wilt always follow the way of virtue. All know, how well thou hast 
always managed thy olEiice. 

LXXIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Dilabor, lapsus sum, ficisci 3. to depart, mentior 4. / Zie. 

labi 3. to go to ruin. proceed, march. metior, mensus sum, 

obliviscor, litus sum, li- assentior, sensus sum metiri 4. to measure. 

visci 3. (c. gen. and 4. to assent to. decet 2. (c. ace. pers.) 

ace.) to forget. blandior 4. I flatter. it is fit. 

obsequor, secutus sum, experior, pertus sum modestia, ae,yi modesty, 

sequi 3. to comply 4. to try. umbra, ae,/. shade. 

with, obey. largior 4. / give freely, commendatio, onis, /. 
proficiscor, fectus sum, bestow. commendation. 

Quum aegrotus es, obsequi debes praeceptis medici. Stulti aliorum 
vitia cernunt, obliviscuntur suorum. Prima pueri commendatio profi- 
ciscltur a modestia. Concordia res parvae crescunt, discordia maximae 
dilabuntur. Gloria virtutem tanquam umbra sequitur. 

13 



146 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [$ 53. 

Ne blandire malis hominibus ! Puer, tie mentitor ! Natiira homini- 
bus multa bona largita est. Magnos homines virtute metimur, non for- 
tuna. Voluptas blanditiirsensibus nostris. Postquam orator orationem 
finivit, omnes ejus sententiae assensi sunt. Omnia prius experiri verbis, 
quam armis, sapientem decet. 

I doubt not, that thou wilt obey me. We shall never forget thee. 
Tell me, why thy father has proceeded to (in) Italy. We feared, 
that by (abl.) discord the resources (opes) of the citizens might go to 
ruin. Boys, you should not lie ! Who does not know, how often the 
discourse of men deceives (= lies)! Measure men according to (abl.) 
virtue, not according to fortune. Always follow the way of virtue. 



PART SECOND. 

a) Deponents of the First Conjugation. 

LXXX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Adulor 1. (c. dat. or opitulor 1 . / /ewe? aid libido. In is, y.Mnresiratn- 

acc.) IJiatter. recordor 1. (generally ed desire, caprice. 

arbitror 1. 1 think. with ace.) I remem- eventus, us, m. event. 

ausplcor 1. I commence. her. libens, tis, delighted. 

auxilior 1. / airf. innocen tia, ae,/. inno- aliquando, adv. som£- 

dominor 1. 1 reign. cence. time. 

moderor I.e. dat. Jmo^- an gor, oris, m. vexation. alUer, adv. otherwise, 

erate; c. ace. govern. rite, adv. properly. 

Boni viri non voluptate, sed officio consilia moderantur. Homo im- 
probus aliquando cum dolore flagita sua recordabitur. Socrates totius 
mundi se incolam et civem arbitrabatur. Disce libens : quid dulcius est, 
quam discere multa? Discentem comitantur opes, comitantur hono- 
res. Ubi libido dominatur, innocentiae leve praesidium est. Eventus 
fallit, quum allter accidit, atque homines arbitrati sunt. Attlcus poten- 
ti Antonio non est adulatus. Nihil rite sine dei immortalis ope, con- 
silio, honore auspicabere. 

LXXXI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Aemulor 1. (c. ace.)/ cmwcXoy 'i. I delay. veneror 1. /revere. 

emulate. • imitor 1. (c. ace.) I im- venor 1. Ihunt. 

auguror 1. 1 divine, fore- itate. occulto 1. / conceal. 

tell. jocor 1. I jest. rivulus, i, m. stream. 

aversor 1. I turn from, laetor ]. (c. abl.)' Ire- majores, um, ancestors. 

shun. joice. mediocris, e, moderate. 

consector 1. I pursue. precor 1. / entreat. quotidie, adv. daily. 



§ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJtJGATlONS. 147 

Venerare deiim, venerare parentes. Virtutes majorum aemulamini, 
vitia eorum aversamini ! In silvis venator venatur lepores ; in scholis, 
pueri, venamlni lepores ! Ubi res bona tractanda est, ne cunctator ! 
Discipuli bonos condiscipulos imitantor, malos aversantor. Quotidie, 
puer, precator a deo immortali, ut servet tibi tuos parentes! Tardi in- 
genii est, rivulos consectari, fontes rerum non videre. Nulla re tarn 
ketari soleo, quam meorum officiorum conscientia. In ira moderari 
animo et orationi, non mediocris ingenii est. Nescisne, Socratem in 
carcere paucis diebus ante mortem jocatum esse ? Quis speret, se au- 
guraturum esse ea, quae menti liumanae a deo sunt occultata. 

LXXXII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Adhortor 1. /e?icoMm^6, insidior A. I lie in wail immodestus, a, um, m- 

exhort. for. modest. 

cohortor 1. I encourage, susplcor 1. / sitspecl, ingenuus, a, um, 7io6/e- 

exhortor 1. / encour- conjecture. horn, dignified. 

age, exhort. vagor I. I wander. profusus, a, um, unre- 

consolor 1. / console. praecludo 3. / close. strained. 

conspicor 1. I discover, temperantia, ae,/. fern- nemo non, even/ one. 

see. [late. perance, moderation, excois, cordis, senseless. 

gratulor 1. I congratu- aper, pri, m. wild boar, admbdum, adv. very. 

indignor 1. (with ace. legatus, i. m. amhassa- aperte, ac??;. openly. 

or de with abl.) lam dor. nequicquam, adv. in 

dissatisfied udthsome- facetus, a, um, delicate, vain, to no effect. 

thing. witty. 

Apeite adulantem nemo non vidit, nisi qui admodum est excors. 
Mei"iti nihil est tarn inimicum, quam voluptas ; nee enim, libidine domi- 
nante, temperantiae locus est. Caesar, cohortatus milites, ut acriter 
contra hostes dlmicarent, urbem oppugnavit. Aliorum miseriam con- 
solaturi exempla laudare debemus viorum fortium, qui in a<*.erl)issimis 
fortunae tormentis non sunt indignati sortem suam. Genus jocandi non 
profusum, nee immodestum, sed iiigenuum et facetum esse debet. A 
venatore insidiandum est apris. Multi legati congregati sunt m urbem 
ad gratulandum nobis de recuperata libertate. Quem neque gloria, ne- 
que perieula excitant, nequicquam hortere : timor animi aures praeclu- 
dit. Narra, ubi per tam longum tempus vagatus sis. Non dubitabam, 
quin hujus hominis consuetudinem aversatus esses. Non dubito, quin, 
istum adolescentem couspicatus, eontinuo de ejus ingenio praeclarum 
quiddam euspieaturus sis. 

We rejoice at (abl.) the joy of friends in like manner (aequae) as (ac) 
at our own (= ours), and grieve in like manner at [their] grief 
(= vexations). Be convinced that thou art dear to me, but that thou 



148 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [$ 53. 

wilt be much (miilto) dearer, if thou wilt rejoice in good principles. 
The example of the leader encouraged (perf.) the soldiers, that they 
might imitate him. I doubt not, that thou wilt ever assist the good, 
[but] wilt shun the bad. I doubted not, that he would sometime remem- 
ber his foul deeds (ace.) with pain. Flatter thou not a powerful [man] ! 
Be convinced that you will commence nothing properly without the 
aid, counsel [and] honor of God. I exhort thee, that thou shouldst im- 
itate good men, [but] sLmi the bad. Relate to me, why thou hast been 
dissatisfied with thy fortune. I doubted not that the enemies had 
lain in wait for thee. 

When thou pursuest historj', O boy, thou shouldst contemplate both 
the examples of virtue and of vice, and emulate those, [but] shun these. 
In a good thing, thou shouldst not delay. The rich should lend aid to 
the destitute. The soldiers hasten, in order to lend aid (sup.) to us 
against the enemies. When evil desires reign (abl. abs.), there is no 
(= not) place for (dat.) virtue. 

b) Deponents of the Second Conjugation. 
IjXXXIII. Wb?'ds to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Confiteor, fessus sum reor, ratus sum, reri, venia, ae,/. pardon. 

2. to confess. 2. to think. exemplar, aris, n. pat- 

profiteor, fessus sum 2. dubito 1 . c. inf. / hesi- tern, model. 

to achiowledge freely , tate, entertain scru- cunctus, a, um, all 

promise. pies. (combined), whole. 

medeor (without perf.) impetro 1. / obtain. inanis, e, empty, vain. 

c. dat. to cure, rem- imploro 1. I implore. cito, adv. quicldy ;- ci- 

edy. in for mo 1. / instruct. tius, more quickly, 

mereor, itus sum 2. to nego \. I deny. ' more easily. 

deserve; dealiquare, trado, didi, ditum 3. to liberaliter, adv. freely. 

to deserve of some- deliver up, give up to. i\ondum, adv. not yet. 

thing. malitia, ae, f wicked- penitus, adv. thoroughly, 
ness. wholly. 

Vix peccatum tuum fassus eras, quum pater tui misertus est. Jam 
te en'asse confessus eras, quum denuo negasti. Nondum vestrum auxl- 
lum imploraveramus, quum jam id nobis professi estis. Vix inopiam 
nostram fassi eramus, quum liberalissime vestrum praesidi(mi nobis 
polliciti estis. 

Magna est vis philosophiae, quum medetur animis, inanes sollicitudi- 
nes detrahit, cupiditatibus liberal. Artes magnum nobis praebent prae- 
sidium, quum se ipsae per se tuentur singulae. Praeclare de patria 
merentur praeceptores, quum juventutem bonarum litterarum studiis 
informant. 



I 



f 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 149 

Rule of Syntax. When the conjunction quum expresses a sup- 
posed ground ^nd may be translated by the causal 5i?ice (seeing that,) 
or although, It is connected with the subjunctive. (Comp. Synt. 110, 1.) 

Quum philosophia animis mededtur, totos nos penitusque ei tradere 
deberaus. Omnes miserebantur vestri, quum non propter raalitiam, sed 
propter fortunam in miseriis essetis. Quum milites pericula vererentur^ 
nou audebant cum hostibus confligere. Quum is, qui verum amicum 
iutuetur, tanquam exemplar aliquod intuedtur sui ; talem amicum aeque 
ac nosmet ipsos amare debemus. Avarus, quum in omnium rerum 
affluentia sit, fatebiturne, se esse satiatum ? Quum, virtutem satis in 
se praesidii habere ad vitam beatam, /afedre; etiam confitebere, sapien- 
tem in cruciatibus beatum esse. Id si confessus eris, non dublto, quin 
professurus sis, sapientem in omni vitae conditione beatum esse. 

When we fi-eely acknowledge our guilt, we more easily obtain par- 
don. Since you have acknowledged, that virtue may have in itself 
sufficient of (gen.) protection for a happy life, you will also confess, 
that the wise J^man] may be happy lunler (in) tortures ; and when 
you shall have confessed this, I doubt not, that you will freely acknow- 
ledge, that the wise [man] is happy in every condition of life. Scarce- 
ly had I acknowledged my fault to thee, as I obtained (perf ) pardon 
from thee. Thou hast acquired for thyself great praise, inasmuch as 
(quum) thou hast pitied the destitute citizens. 

Miserere nostri ! Medeminor, O cives, inopiae nostrae ! Suum 
quisque tuetor munus. Nemo, cunctam intuens terram, de divina pro- 
videntia dubitabit, Cives, hostes urbem oppugnaturos =esse, rati, eos 
acrlter propulsare studuerunt. Venio meum praesidium tibi pollicitu- 
rus. Omnibus modis a vobis inopiae civium medendum est. Adol- 
escentis officium est, majores natu vereri. Quis nescit, te praeclare de 
republica meritum esse ? Spero, te mei miseiturum esse. 

Reverence, O boy, old age ! Pity ye me ! Thou shouldst cure the 
want of others. The scholar should reverence his teacher. Shall we, 
when we contemplate (= contemplating) the whole earth, doubt as to 
(de) the foi-esight of God ? Thinking (part. perf.), that thou hast prom- 
ised me thy protection, I have not hesitated to undertake (accedere) the 
business. Believe me, ti>Ao will freely acknowledge (part, fut.) what is 
true ! Thou must remedy (Ger.) the want of thy friend. I hope, that 
thou wilt promise to me thy protection. It is beautiful, to remedy the 
want of others. Who does not know, that Cicero deserved nobly of 
the Roman state ? 

13* 



150 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [f 53. 

C) DEPO]yE>TS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

LXXXIV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Complector, plexus adnitor 3. 1 endecuvor, reddo, didi, ditum 3. to 

sum, plecti 3. to em- exert myself. restore ; 2) to make. 

hrace, paciscor, pactus sum, gr&tm, ae f. thank. 

congredior, gressus pacisci 3. to make an aiigulus, i. m. comer. 
sum, gmdi 3. to en- agreement. philosophus, i, m. phi- 
gage, reverter, pf. reveiti, . losopher. 

nascor. natus sum, uas- part, reversus, inf pestis, is, /. pest^ (fe- 
ci 3. to he born, to reverti 3. to return. struction. 
spring from, (part, ulciscor, ultus sum, ul- semen, iiiis, n. seed. 
fut. nasciturus). cisci 3. (€. ace.) to visum, i, n. appearance. 

innascor 3. to he in- avenge one's sef on detestabllis, e, detesta- 

born, implanted. one. hie. 

nitor, nixus or nisus cumulo 1. 1 heap, load, superior, us, superior; 

sum, niti 3. (c. abl.), persevero 1. I continue. conqueror, 

to rest upon; 2) ad discedo, cessi, cessum quotiescunque, conj. 

aliquid, to strive after 3. to go away, depart. however often, 
something. 

Salus hominum non veritate solum, sed etiam fama nititur. Gives, 
cum hostibus pacii, pace fi-ulti sunt. Deum et diviuum animum cogi- 
tatione complectlmur. Lacte, carne multisque aliis rebus vesclmur. 
Ne ulciscimlni iuimicos vestios ! Romaiii Numldis polliciti sunt, si 
pei-severarent bello urgere Cartbaginienses, se adnisuros esse, ut bene 
cumulatam gratiam redderent. Nemo parum diu vixit, qui virtutis per- 
fectae perfecto functus est munere. Simulatque experrecti sumus, visa 
in somnio contemnlmus. Aristoteles, Theopbrastus, Zeno, innumera- 
blies alii philosophi nunquam domum reverterunt. Nulla tam detes- 
tabllis est pestis, quae non bomini ab bomine nascatur. Non sum uni 
angulo natus : patria mea totus hie est mundus. Sunt ingeniis nostris 
semtna innata virtutum. Hannibal, quotiescunque cum Romanis con- 
gressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior. 

LXXXV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Defetiscor, fessus sum, patior, passus sum, pati stultitia, n.e,f. folly. 

fetisci 3. to he weary, 3. to suffer. domluus, i, m. lord^ 

tired out. excedo, cessi, cessum master. [ter. 

elabor, lapsus sum, la- 3. (c. abl.) to retire. proelium, i, n. encoun- 

hi 3. to glide away. teudo, tetendi, tentum diuturnltas, atis,/.Zong- 

enitor, nisus or nixus 3. to stretch out ; ad continuance. 

sum, niti 3. 7o exert Si\\i\\\\d, to strive after vicinltas, atis, / neig^- 

one's self. something. horhood. 



§ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 151 

nei'as{indecl.),n. wrong, quo, adv. whiiher. gentium, wherever in 

proprius, a, um (c.gen.), ubicunque, adv. wher- the world, 
one's own, peculiar. ever; ubicunque. 

Optimi cujusque animus maxime ad immortalem gloriam nititur. 
Hostes, diuturnitate pugnae defessi, proelio excedebant. Qui virtutem 
adeptus erit, ubicunque erit gentium, a nobis diligetur. Avida est pe- 
riculi virtus, et, quo tendat, non quid passura sit, cogltat. Augustus 
dominum se appellari non est passus. Animalia alia sunt rationis ex- 
pertia, alia ratione utentia. Animo elapso, corpus nihil valet. Valet 
apud nos clarorum hominum memoria, etiara mortuorum. Reg- 
ia res est, succurrere lapsis. Proprium est stultitiae, aliorum vitia 
cernere, oblivisci suorum. Ut plurimis prosimus, eniti debemus. 
Irasci iis nefas est, quos amare debemus. Amicitiae, consuetudines, 
vicinitates quid habeant voluptatis, carendo magis intelliglmus, quam 
fruendo. Juveni parandum, seni utendum est. Suo cuiqu'e judicio 
utendum est. 

LXXX VL Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Ingredior, gressus sum, accuso 1. / complain of, usitatus, a, um, usualy 

gredi 3. (c. ace.) I go accuse. common, 

into, enter, enter upon, deflagro 1. / burn up diu, adv. long time ; 

perfungor, functus (intrans.). diutius, longer. 
sum, fungi 3. (c. abl.) vices plur. [gen. not 'miQxn\iGYSj;\XeY, adv. in- 
to pass through, used,) f. vicisitudes. temperately, without 

persequor, cutus sum, perexiguus, a, um, vei"!/ moderation. 

sequi 3. to pursue. small. plerumque, adv. gen- 
erally. 

All vi^ish, that they may reach (adipisci) old age, but when they have 
reached {= having reached), they complain of it. The soldiers tired 
out by the long march, gave themselves up to rest Boys, you should 
follow the example of the good. We have enjoyed a long-continued 
peace. Common things escape easily from the memory, remarkable 
and new things remain longer. Many abuse without moderation 
leisure and literature. Those appear to me to have lived happily, to 
whom it has been permitted to enjoy the praise of wisdom. We favor 
those, who have entered upon the very same dangers which we have 
passed through. All strive after joy, but many do not know, whence 
they may obtain permanent (stabllis, e) and great joy. Alexander pur- 
sued (perf.) the enemies eagerly. Fortune is not merely blind itselfj 
but it generally makes those blind also, whom it embraces. Man is 
not born for himself alone, but for his country and for his [friends], 
so that (ut) a very small part is left to himself. The condition of 



152 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 53. 

mortals has such (is) vicisitudes, that adversity (res adversae) springs 
from prosperity (res secundae), and prosperity from adversity. He 
lives the best, who obeys the laws not on accomit of fear, but follows 
them, because he thinks that this may be most salutaiy. In (abl.) the 
very same night in which Alexander was born, the temple of the 
Ephesian (Ephesius, a, um) Diana burned up. 



d) Deponents of the fourth Conjugation. 
LXXXVIL Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Potior 4. (c. abl.) I ^os- tempt), which fol- calor, oris, w. IxftarL 

sess myself of . lows throughout the frons, tis, /. forehead. 

opperior, pertus sum, fourth Conj. praeparatio, onis, /. 

periri 4. to await. coorior 4. / arise^ break preparation. 

ordior or exordior, or- out, hreak forth, vultus, us, m. expres- 

sus sum, ordiri 4. exorior 4. / appear, sion, countenance, 

to begin. spring from, arise. privatus, a, um, jorivate. 

orior, ortus sum, oriri demolior 4. / demolish, ferox, oc'is, ferce. 

A. to spring from, rise ehlandior A. I obtain by necesse est (c. sub- 

from ; part. fut. o?i- flattery. junctive or c. ace. et 

turus (not orturus); praeloquor, locutus inf), it is necessary. 

the Ind. Pres. fol- sum, loqui 3. <o prem- eo, adv. thither, so far. 

lows the third Conj. ; ise. grate, adv. gratefully. 

oreris, oritur, orl- animadverto, ti, sum tamen, conj. yet. 

mur; so its com- S. to observe, perceive, vero (after the first 

pounds except ado- praeda, ae,/. booty. word of its clause) 

rior (I attack, at- tergum, i, n. back. conj. but. 

Fions, oculi, vultus persaepe mentiuntur, oratio vero saepissime. 
Quicquid oritur, qualecunque est, caussam habeat a nutura necesse 
est. Sol universis eandem lucem eundemque calorem largitur. Quam 
multi indigni luce sunt ! et tamen dies oritur. Unde tandem tam re- 
pente nobis exoreris'? Milites, si feroci impetu in hostem coorlmur, 
victoria in manibus nostris est! Dum urbem oppugnare adorimur, 
hostes a tergo nos aggressi sunt. Suo quisque metu pericula metitur. 
Sapiens et praeterlta grate recordatur, et praesentibus ita potitur, ut 
animadvertat, quanta sint ea quamque jucunda. 

Cave, ne honores eblandiare ! Oratores, priusquam exordiantur, 
quaedani praeloquuntur. In omnibus negotiis, priusquam ordiamur, 
adhibenda nobis est praeparatio diligens. Omnes cives domos suas 
floribus et coronis ornaverant et vestiverant, quia regem opperiebantur. 
Dum exercitus hostilis urbis domos privatas publicasque demoliebatur, 
cives maximo moerore opplebantur. Quum hostes praedam inter se 
partiebantur, nos vehementissimo impetu eos adoriebamur. Dux mill- 



^53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 153 

tes cohortatus est, ut omnia experirentur, qiiibus iirbem obsidione lib- 
erarent. Quiuii saeva tempestas cooriretur, ingeiis pavor omnes naii- 
tas oncupavit. 

LXXXVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Ementior 4. / state conserve 1. / preserve, prodigiosus, a, um, 

falsely. comiiiodttas, atis, /. wonderful. 

emetior, mensiis sum, convenience. ridiculus, a, um, ridicu- 

metiri 4. / measure ubertas, a.U8,f. hounti- lous. 

off, travel through. fulness. tantus, a, um, so great. 

niolior 4. to move, ex- adspectus, us, m. consulto, odv. designed- 

cite, attempt. sight. ly. 

ad vole 1. I fy up, has- usus, us, in. use, want, fortuito, adv. hy chance. 

ten up. 

Ridiculi sunt, qui, quod ipsi experti non sunt, id decent ceteros. 
Omne animal se ipsum diligit ac, simulatque oitum est, id agit, ut se 
conservet. Ad hominum commoditates et usus tantam rerum uberta- 
tem natura largita est, ut ea, quae gignuntur, donata consulto nobis, 
non fortuito nata videantur. Herodotus, multas terras emensus, multas 
quidem res prodigiosas narravit, sed eas non ipse emeniltus est, sed 
alii, ex quibus audivit. Jam per tres menses opperti eramus amicum, 
quum nobis ejus mors nuntiata est. Repente Romanis Sulla exortus et 
atrocissimum bellum civile exorsus est. 

Sapiens nunquam malis hominibus blandietur, nunquam aliquid 
falsi ementietur, nunquam fortunam experietur, nunquam aliis calami- 
tatem molietur. Si celerlter hostem adoriemur, non est dubium, quin 
brevi tempore urbe potituri simus. Simulatque sol ortus erit, pro- 
ficiscemur. Ne blandire malis hominibus. Ne opperimlni fortunam ! 
Hostes advolaverunt urbe potitura. Numerus aequalis facilis est par- 
titu. Sole oriente, profecti sumus. Coorta saeva tempestate, omnes 
nautas ingens pavor occupavit. Solem oriturum cum maxima volup- 
tate spectamus. 

The sun does not always rise and set in the very same place. 
Scarcely had the enemy been discovered, as we arose (perf.) and at- 
tacked (perf.) them spiritedly. Men measure the year by (abl.) the re- 
turn of the sun. 

Nothing prevented you, that you should begin your business. 
Three days long (= through three days) have we awaited the arrival of 
the friend. Every living being, as soon as it is born (= sprung), loves 
(dlligo) both itself and all its parts. Many having travelled through 
many countries, have stated falsely many wonderful things. History 



154 PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. [^ 54. 

relates, that Sulla arose (perf.) suddenly against (dat.) the Romans and 
began (perf.) the civil war. Tell me, why thou hast not assented to 
my opinion. Hast thou heard that the enemies have tried all [means], 
in order to possess themselves of (= ad with gerund) the city ? 

We will not begin a new business, before that the previous [bu^siness] 
shall have been completed. When the canip shall be fortified, the 
soldiers will attack the enemy. If thou shalt lie, nobody will trust 
thee, even if {etlams'i) thou speakest (subj.) the truth. Our soldiers did 
not doubt, that, if they attacked (subj.) the enemy quickly, they might 
in (abl.) a short time possess themselves of the city. Await thou not 
fortune ! Flatter ye not bad men ! As the sun rose (abl. abs.), the 
soldiers marched against the enemies. The sun, on the point of rising 
(= about to rise), presents a splendid sight. I hope, that thou wilt 
never lie. All believed, that a storm would arise. 

§ 54. Periplirastic Conjugation. 

By joining the verb esse with the participles and with the 
gerund, a new conjugation is formed, called the periphras' 
tic conjugation; under this the following forms are to be 
noted: 

1) AmatUruSj a, um sum, / ivish^ intend^ am about to 
(will) love. 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Present. 

amaturus sum, I am about to {ivill) amaturussim,! may be about to {will) 

amaturus es, [love, amaturus sis, [love. 

amaturus est, amaturus sit, 

hortaturi sumus,i^7e are about to [will) hortaturi simus, ive may be about to 
hortaturi estis, [exhort, hortatuj-i sitis, [{iviU) exhort. 

hortaturi sunt. hortaturi sint. 

Imperfect. 
moniturus eram, / would admonish, moniturus essem, I would admonish. 

Perfect. 
yeritarusfm,! would have reverenced, veriturus fuerim, I would have rev. 

Pluperfect. 
recturus fueram, / would have gov. recturus fuissem, I would have gov. 

Future. 
functurus ero,I shall be about to manage, wanting. 



4 54.] 



PEEIFtlRASTIC CONJUGATION. 



155 



Future Perfect. 
auditurus fuero, I shall have been wanting, 

partiturus fueris. [about to hear. 

Inflnitwe. 
Pres. amaturus esse, to be about to [ivill) love 
Perf. amaturus fuisse, to have been about to love 
Fut amaturus fore, to ivill love, (that one) will be ready to love. 



2) Amandtfs, a, urn. sam, 
me : 



I must be loved^ one must love 



Pres. 



Imperf. 



Perf. 



Plupf 



Fut 



P.P. 



Pres. 
Perf. 
Fut. 



Indicative. 

amandus sum, I must be loved, 
one must love me 

amandus es, thou must be loved, 
one must love thee 

amandus est, he must be loved, 
one must love him 

hortandi sumus, uje must be ex- 
horted, one must exhort us 

hortandi estis, you must be ex- 
horted, one must exhort you 

hortandi sunt, they must be ex- 
horted, one must exhort them. 

monendus eram, / was to be 
admonished, one was to ad-\ 
monish me 

verendus fui, / should have 
been reverenced, one should 
have reverenced me 

regendus fueram, I ought to 
have been governed, one ought 
to have governed me 

persequendus ero, / shall be 
to be pursued, one ivill be un- 
der obligation to pursue me 

audiendus fuero, / shall have 
been to be heard, one ivill have 
been under obligation to hear 
me 

metiendus fueris, thou wilt have 
been to be measured, one will 
have been under obligation to 
measure thee. 

Infinitive. 
amandus esse, to be under obligation to be loved. 
amandus fuisse, to have been under obligation to be loved. 
amandus fore, to will be under obligation to be loved, (that one)etc. 



Subjunctive. 

amandus sim, / must be loved, 
one must love me 

amandus sis, thou must beloved, 
one must love thee 

amandus sit, he must be loved, 
one must love him 

hortandi simus, we must be ex- 
horted, one must exhort us. 

hortandi sitis, you must be ex 
horted, one must exhort you 

liortandi sint, they must be ex- 
horted, one must exhort them. 

monendus essem, / might be to 
be admonished, one might be 
to admonish me 

verendus fuerim, / may have 
been to be admonished, one 
may have been to admonish me 

regendus fuissem, / might have 

been to be admonished, one 

might have been to admonish me. 

vv^anting. 



vranting. 



156 



PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 



P54. 



3) Amandum est one must love, mihi amandum est, I must 
love. Comp. Synt. § 98. 



Pres. 



hnperf. 

Per/. 
Plupf. 
Fut. 
RP. 



Indicative. 
amandum est, one must Jove 
mihi amandum est, / must love 
tibi hortandum est thou must 

exhoH 
illi timendum est, he must fear 
nobis fatendmn est, we must 

confess 
vobis legendum est, you must 

read 
illis loquendum est, they must 



puero audiendum est, the hoy 

must hear 
viro experiendum est, the man 

must try 
amandum erat, one was to love 

mihi amandum erat, / was to 

love 
amandum fuit, one should have 

loved 
amandum fuerat, one ought to 

have loved 
amandum erit, one shall be to 

love 
amandum fuerit, one shall have 

been to love. \ 



Subjunctive. 
amandum sit, one should love 
mihi amandum sit, I should love 
tibi hortandum sit, thou shouldst 

exhort 

ilH timendum sit, he should fear 
nobis fatendum sit, we should 

confess 
vobis legendmn sit, you should 

read 
illis loquendum sit, they should 

speak 
puero audiendum sit, the boy 

should hear 
viris experiendum sit, men 

should try. 
amandmn esset, one might be 

to love 
mihi amandum esset, / might 

be to love 
amandum fuerit, I may have 

been to love 
amandum fuisset, / might have 

been to love. 

wanting. 

wanting. 



Patria amanda est, ' one's native country should be loved, one should 

love his native country ;' 
patria nobis amanda est, ' we should love our native country ;' 
hie liber tibi legendus est, ' thou shouldst read this book ;' ' 
milites duci adhortandi fuerunt, ' the general should have incited the 

soldiers.' 



Examples for the Gen., Dat., Ace. and Abl. of the Gerundive. Comp. 
Synt. k 99. 

Ars navis gubernandae, ' the art of governing a ship ;' 
perUus sum equorum regendorum, ' I am skilful in governing horses ;' 
aslmus idoneus est magnis oneribus portandis, ' the ass is fitted to bear- 
ing great loads,' or, 'to bear great loads.' 
corporis exercitationes plurimum valent ad valetudinem frmandam, ' exer- 
cise of the body avails much for confirming the health.' 



^55,] 



IRREGULAR FIRST CONJUGATION. 



157 



litteris tractandis animus excolitur, ' by the pursuit of letters the mind is 
cultivated.' 



Catalogue of the verbs, which in the formation of their tenses, differ from the 
paradigms given in § 50 and 51. 

FIRST CONJUGATION. 

^55, I. The Perfect ivith Reduplication. 

Remark. The reduplication in do, consists in repeating the first 
consonant of the stem with e, but in sto, in repeating the first two con- 
sonants of the stem with e, and then the 5 is dropped from the stem, 
hence : steti for ste-sti. Comp. spandeo, spopondi (§ 59, 7). 

1. Do, dedi, datum, dare, to give. The a of the stem- 
syllable is short throughout, as : dabam, dabo, darem ; ex- 
cept das and da. 

So its compounds of which the first part is a word of two syllables, 
as : circumdo, circumdedi, circumdatum, circumdare, to surround. Its 
compounds with monosyllables, on the contrary, have : -do, -didi, 
-drtum, -dere, and follow the third Conj., as: addo, addidi, additura, 
addere, to add. 

2. Sto, steti, stdtum, stare, to stand ; (c. abl. to be gained 
at the expense of, cost). 

Its compounds with monosyllabic prepositions have stiti in the Perf., 
as : adsto (I stand by), adstiti, but those compounded with dissyllabic 
prepositions retain the steti, as: circumsto (I stand around), circum- 
steti. The Sup. of only a few of the compounds is used and is std- 
tum ; only praesto (to stand before, bestow), has both praestitum and 
praestdtum. The Part. Fut. on the contrary, is always stdtiirus, as : 
praestatui'us, constaturus, obstaturus, etc. 



LXXXIX. Words to he learned and Exer 
Circumdo, dedi, datum. 



dare (c. dat. et ace, 
or c. ace. et abl.), to 
surround (something 
with something), to 
place (something 
around something). 

consto, iti, atum 1. (c. 
abl.) to consist of, to 
he gained at the ex- 
pense of, cost. 

persto, iti, atum 1. to 
persist. 

praesto, iti, itum and 



atum 1. to stand be- 
fore, be distinguish- 
ed ; c. dat. to sur- 
pass, to make good, 
pay ; se prae stare (e. 
g. fortem) to show 
one^s self {brave). 

forum, i, n. market. 

stipendium, i, n. wages. 

interfector, oris, m. mur- 
derer. 

propugnator, oris, m. 
champion. 

classis, is, f. feet. 
14 



•cisesfor translation. 

vestis, \s,f garment. 

conservatio, bnis,f pre- 
servation. 

invitus, a, um, unwil- 
ling. 

insperans, tis, not hop- 
ing, contrary to ex- 
pectation. 

uber, eris, c. rich, val- 
uable. 

certo, adv. certainly. 

extrinsecus, adv. with- 
out. 



158 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 56. 

Deus nobis dedit animum, quoi nihil est praestantius. Multo san- 
guine nobis victoria stetit. Mater omnium bonarum artium sapientia 
est : qua^ nihil a deo immortali uberius, nihil praestabilius hominum 
vitae datum est. Deus corpus, ut quandam vestem, animo circumde- 
dit et vestivit extrinsecus. Quorum patres, aut majores aliqua gloria 
praestiterunt, ii student plerumque eodem in genere laudis excellere. 
Parentes carissimos habere debemus, quod ab iis nobis vita tradita est. 
Non dedit beneficium, qiii invitus profuit. Quinam magis sunt tui, 
quam [ii] quibus tu salute m insperantibus reddidisti ? Gives acerri* 
mos propugnatores libertatis se praestiterunt. Ingens hominum multi- 
tudo oratorem in foro circumstetit. Quid est tam inhumanum, quam 
eloquentiam, a natura ad salutem hominum et ad conservationem da- 
tam, ad bonorum pestem perniciemque convertere ? Quum stipen- 
dium ex longo tempore non esset praestitum, seditio inter milites orta 
est. Certo scio, te mihi fidem praestaturum esse. Credo, nihil nobis 
obstaturum esse, quominus victoriam adipiscamur. Non dubitabamus, 
quin multorum vu'orum fortium morte victoria constatura esset. Nes- 
cio, perstaturusne sis in sententia tua. 

The Athenians gave (perf.) to Miltiades a fleet of (gen.) 70 ships. 
No pest has cost the human race (= race of men) more (pluris) than 
anger. Darius promised, that he v^^ould give 1000 talents to the mur- 
derer of Alexander. What of (gen.) time is given to each one for liv- 
ing, with (abl.) this he should be contented. Who does not know, that 
Socrates surpassed (perf) all the philosophers of antiquity in (abl.) wis- 
dom ? I fear, that the victory will cost us much blood. The body, 
as a garment, has been placed by God around (dat.) the soul. You 
should hold [your] parents very dear, because they have given (trado) 
life to you. Who is more thine, than [he], to whom, contraiy to ex- 
pectation, thou hast restored life (= safety) ? History relates, that 
Hannibal, so long as he may have been in Italy, surpassed (perf. subj.) 
all the Roman generals. Since the general for (ex) a long time had 
not paid the soldiers [then-] wages, a sedition arose (perf) among them 
against him. I doubt not that thou wilt make good thy word (= fidel- 
ity). Believest thou, that thy brother will persist in his opinion ? 

§ 56. II. Perfect : — ui ; Supine : — itum. 

1. CrepOj crepu ^, crepitum., crepdre^ to creak. 

2. Cuho^ cubui, cubit U7nj cubdre, to recline. 

' than which (soul). ' than which (wisdom). 



^ 56.] FIRST CONJUGATION. 159 

3. Domo, domui.) domitum, domdre, to tame, curb, 
subdue. 

4. 31 ICO, micu i, Sup. wanting, micdre. to glitter ; 

So: emico, emicui, bmlcdtum, emlcdre, to gush forth; but, di- 
mico, IJight, has dimicavi, atum, are. 

5. Plico, plicdvi and plicui, pUcdtum and plicitum, 
plicdre, to fold. This verb is used only in compo- 
sition, as : explico, avi and ui, atum and itum, are, to 
explain. Cicero prefers the regular form : — avi, atum. 

6. Sono, so nil t, somtum, sondre, to sound, (but Part. Fut. 
sonaturus). 

7. Tono, tonui, (Sup. wanting), ^o/zare, to thunder. 

8. Veto J vetui vetttum, vetdre, to forbid. 

XC. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Increpare, to reproach. ply one's self (to verecundia, ae, /. re- 

percrepare, to resound. something). sped. 

accubare, to recline by; compllcare, to f)ld to- notio, onis,/. notion. 

to sit at table. gether ; compUcatus, scaturigo, inis, /. 

excubare, to keep watch. complicated, obscure. spring. 

perdomare, curb, sub- repllcare, to roll back, gemitus, us, m. groan. 

due. recall. nutus, us, m. nod, com- 

applicare, to lean upon ; cremo 1 . I burn up. mand. 

se apphc, to ap- aduro, ussi, ustum 3. ploratus, us, m. cry. 

proach, to attach one's to set on fire, to burn passim, adv. far and 

self (to one), to ap- up. [3. to unfold. uride. 
evolvo, volvi, volutum 

Quis venit ? Fores crepuerunt. Dux milites vehementer increpuit. 
Tota urbs vocibiis civium de victoria ex hostibus reportata exsultantium 
percrepuit. Age, cubitum discedamus ! Romani multas gentes ac 
nationes armis perdomuerunt. Docemur auctoritate nutuque legum, 
domltas habere hbidines, coercere omnes cupiditates. Ex hoc fonte 
ingentes scaturigines aquae emicuerunt. Indorum sapientes, quum ad 
flammam se applicaverunt, sine geniitu aduruntur. Cicero Rhodi^ ad 
Molonem philosophum se applicdvit. Sapiens studet animi sui compli- 
cdtam notionem evolvere. Quum memoriam temporum replicaveris, et 
virtutum et vitiorum muka exempla reperles. Quum urbs expugnata 
esset, omnia passim mulierum puerorumque ploratibus sonuerunt. 
Terremur, quum serena tempestate tonuit. Nitlmur in vetitum. Au- 

' at Rhodes. See Synt. § 92. 



160 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^57. 

gustus carmina Virgilii cremari contra testamenti ejus verecundiam 
vetuit. 

I have forbidden thee to go to walk, but 'precisely hecause (ob id ipsum, 
quod) I have forbidden [it], thou hast striven against (in) what has been 
forbidden (= the forbidden). The question concerning (de) the im- 
mortahty of the soul (plur.), is nobly explained by Cicero in the first book 
of the Tusculan Disputations. Cicero applied (perf.) himself with 
[his] whole soul to the study of eloquence. Three hundred soldiers kept 
watch before the canip. Who does not know, that many nations and 
peoples were subdued by the Romans. If thou shalt have curbed thy 
passions (libido) and restrained (teneo) thy desires, thou wilt live hap- 
pily. Already we were sitting (pluperf ) at the table, when suddenly a 
flame gushed forth (perf of emico) from the roof Scarcely had we 
retired (discedere) to sleep (= in order to recline, sup.), when the whole 
city resounded (perf of joer^ono) with discordant cries. Thy brother 
related to me, that it thundered (perf) yesterday in (abl.) clear weather. 
As the doors had creaked (subj.), I doubted not (perf) that thou wast 
coming (subj.). 

§57. III. Perfect: — ui; Supine: — turn. 

1. Fnco, fricici, fricdtum (t^tgIj frictum), fncdre, to 
rub. 

2. Nec'o, dvi, dtum, dre, to kill ; but eji^co, enecui, ene- 
ctu m, enecdre, to kill by inches, to vex to death, to 
entirely exhaust. 

3. Seco, secui, sectum, Secdre, to cut (but Part. Fut. 
secaturus). 

IV. Perfect: — i; Supine: — turn. 

1. Juvo, juvi, jutum, juvdre (c. ace), to aid, assist. 

2. Ldvo^ Idvi, Idvdtum and lautum, Idvdre, to wash. 

XCI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Adjuvare (c. ace), to refrlcare, to rub again, oleum, i, n. oil. 

aid, assist, support. renew. principium, i, n. hegin- 

desecare, to cut off. alllgo 1. I bind. ning ; principle, in 

resecare, to cut off, re- coeno 1. I sup. the beginning. 

move. attingo, tigi, tactum 3. garrulltas, atis, /. lo- 

perfrlcare, to rub thor- to touch. [fetch. quacity. 

oughly. peto, Ivi, itum 3. to seek, purus, a, um, pure. 



f58.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 161 

solutus,a,um,wn6oMnc?. est; summa aqua, vivus, a, um, living, 
eummus, a, um, high- surface of the water. fresh. 

frustra, adv. in vain. 

Vereor, ne refricuerim meis litteris desiderium ac dolorem tuum. 
Dubium non est, quin tuis sceleribus reipublicae praeterita fata refri- 
caturus sis. Tantalus summam aquam attingens, enectus siti fiiigitur 
a poetis. Nescisne, quantopere garrulus iste homo me garriendo en- 
ecuerit ? Caius Marius quum secaretur, principio vetiiit se alligari, 
nee quisquam ante Marium solutus diciiur esse sectus. Agricolae fru- 
menta desecta in horrea congerunt. Nisi libidines resecueris, frustra 
studebis beate vivere. Quis nescit, quantopere Cicero patriam suam 
juverit ? Non solum fortuna, sed edam tua indiistria te in negotio tuo 
adjuvit. Si quid fortuna milites nostros adjuverit, non dubitamus, quin 
splendidam de hostibus reportaturi simus victoriam. Exercitus maxi- 
mis itineribus profectus est, cives obsidione cinctos adjutum. Ne prius 
coena, quam manus laveris. Corpus lavaturus aquam pm-am e vivo 
flumine pete. 

Boys, rise right early (bene mane), wash yourselves, and, when you 
have washed (fut perf ), proceed immediately to your business. This 
(iste) man has vexed me to death by his loquacity. After the soldiers 
had marched (perf) the whole day, they were (perf) entirely exhausted 
by hunger and thirst. It is known, that the gladiators of the Romans 
and Greeks, rubbed (perf) their bodies thoroughly with oil. If we 
shall be assisted (fut. perf) by fortune, we shall bear off a splendid 
victory over (de) the enemy. It is known, that Cicero assisted (perf) 
his native country very much (permultum). By (abl.) the war carried 
on between Caesar and Pompy, the recollection of the horrid (foedus, 
a, um) war of Marius and Sulla was (perf) renewed. The farmers 
have already cut the grain. Unless the passions and desires are re- 
moved, we strive in vain to live happily. 

SECOND CONJUGATION. 

§58. I. Perfect: — ui ; Snpine : — twn. 

Preliminary Remark. Many verbs of the second Conj. have no 
Sup., viz. those from which adjectives in use, chiefly in idus, are form- 
ed, as: horreo, ui, to shudder, horridus, hideous, paveo, pavi, to dread, 
^ pavidus, timid. 

jL 1. Arceo^ arciii, (Sup. wanting), arcere^ to keep from. 

Hjt The Part, artus, (strait), is used as an adjective. The com- 

^B pounds, in which a of the stem passes into e, follow moneo, as : 

^H' coerceo, ui, itum, ere, to keep together. 

m 



162 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 58 

2. Doceo^ docui, doctum, docere (with two ace), to 
teach. 

3. 3Iisceo, m is cu i, m ixtu m and m istu m, miscere, 
to mix. 

4. Teneo, tenui, tentum, Unere, to hold. 

5. Torreo, torrui^ to stitm^ torr&re^ to dry, bake. 

11. Perfect : — ui; Supine : — imi, only : 
Censeo, censui, cens u m, censere, to rate, judge. 

So its compounds, but with the associate form of the Sup. in 

Itum, as : recenseo, recensui, recensum and recensitum, to exam- 

amine ; except succensere, (to be displeased), perceiwere (to examine 

accurately, go through), which have no Sup. 

Remark. Taedet (it disgusts), has together with taeduit, also taesum 

est, but this is not used in the classical language ; the compound per- 

taedet, has in the Perf. only pertaesu7n est, e. g. pertaesum est (me) levi- 

tatis, whence by later writers peiiaesus, a, urn (c. gen. or ace), disgusted. 

III. Perfect: — evi; Supinum: — etum. 

1. Deleo^ evi, etum, ere, to destroy. 

2. Flere, to weep. 

3. Nere, to spin. 

4. The compounds of the obsolete plere (to fill), as : com- 
plere. Here belongs the compound of the obsolete 
oleo (I grow) : 

5. Aboleo, aholevi, abolitum, ahohre, to abolish; 
still this verb does not occur till after the Augustan 
period. 

Finally we have in this class : 

6. Cieo, civi, citii m, ciere, to stir, raise. 

So also the compounds, as : concieo, ivi, itum, iere, or regu- 
lar, according to the fourth Conj. : concio, ivi, itum, ire, to excite, 
excieo, ivi, Itum, iere or excio, ivi, itum, ire, to arouse, percieo, 
ivi, Itum, iere or percio, ivi, itum, ire, to stir up, raise ; but, accio, 
accivi, accitum, accire, to send for, desire to come, is of the fourth 
Conj. alone. 



IV. Perfect: — i; Supine: — turn. 
■ Remark. The short vowel of the ste] 

1. Cdoeo, cdvi, cautum, cdvere, to be on one's guard 



Preliminary Remark. The short vowel of the stem is lengthened 
in the Perf. 



^58.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 163 

(ab aliquo, against some one) ; to give security, pro- 
vide. 

2. Faveo, fdvi, (fautum mie) favere (c. dat.), to be 
favorable, to favor. 

3. Foveo, fo V i, fo t u m, fdv:re, to warm, nurse, cherish. 

4. Moveo movi mo turn, movere^ to move. 

5. Voveo, vovi, votu m, vovere, to vow, offer. 

Also the following without a Supine : 

6. Ferveo^ fervi ^nd ferbui^ fervere, to boil. 

7. Paveo, pdvi, pavere, to dread (commonly expaves- 
Cere). 

S. Conmveo, {-nivi and -nixi, neither of them used in 
good prose), connivere^ to close {the e?/es), wink. 

XCII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Admiscere, fo intermix, deprehendo, di, sum 3. gra vitas, atis, /. gmmf^, 

mingle. [occupy. to seize, take. dignity. 

distlnere, to hold apart, excludo, si, sum 3. to testis, is, c. witness. 

sustlnere, to bear. exclude, hatch. ascensus, us, m. ascent, 

removeie, to remove. gallina, ae,f. a hen. anxie, adv. anxiously. 

dedico 1. I consecrate, vigiliae, arum, f. ivatch- homo, adv. this year. 

implico 1. / involve. es, night watches. publlce, adv. publicly^ 

respiro 1. / breathe. pullus, i, m. the young on the part of the 

sedo ]. I quiet. (of animals), chicken. state, at the expense 

amplexor 1. I embrace, clades, is,/, defeat. of the state. 

Ciceronem Minerva omnes artes edocuit. Gravttas modestiae mista 
maxime admirabllis est. Tot tantisque negotiis distentus sum, ut mi- 
hi non liceat libere respirare. Nescisne, quot labores, quot pericula, 
quot miserias milites in itinera sustinuerint? Si virtus te a malis cu- 
piditatibus arcuerit, vita tua beata erit. Cicero, per legatos cuncta 
edoctus, praetoribus imperat, ut in ponte Allobroges deprehendant. 
Quo minus animi se admiscuerint atque implicaverint hominum vitiis 
atque erroribus, eo faciHor iUis ascensus in coelum erit. Simplex ani- 
mi natiu-a est, nee habet in se quicquam admixtum. Vescimur uvis 
sole tostis. Horno multas uvas torrulnius. Cato, Carthaglnem delen- 
dam esse, censuit. Quinto quoque anno tota Sicilia censa est. 

Duae urbes potentissimae, Carthago et Numantia, a Scipione sunt 
deletae. Graecorum Romanorumque gloriam nulla unquam oblivio 
delevit, nee unquam delebit. Deus bonis omnibus mundum implevit, 
mali nihil admiscuit. Dum abest d jx, milites seditionem civerunt. 



164 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 59. 

Nuntiata clades majorem, quam res erat, terrorem in urbe excivit. 
Catilina neque vigiliis, neque quietibus sedabatiu' : ita conscientia men- 
tem excltam vastabat. 

Cautum est legibus, ut mortui post tertium diem sepelirentur. Non 
dubito, quill semper ab hominum impm*orum consuetudine caveris. 
Non ignoro, te mihi meisque semper favisse. Pulli a matribus exclusi 
fotique anxie custodiuntur. Dubitabisne, quin summum semper in te 
foverim amorem ? Me sic amplexati estis, sic in manibus habuistis, 
Bic fovistis, ut nunquara illius diei obliviscerer. Brutus et Cassius, 
interfectores Caesaris, ingens bellum moverunt. Ingratus est, qui, re- 
motis testibus, agit gratias. Multi Romanorum imperatores pro salute 
patriae sua capita voverunt. Eodem anno tria templa sunt publico 
vota et dedicata. 

Cicero was instructed (perf.) by Minerva in (ace.) all literature. 
Tell me, who has taught thee (ace.) grammar. If thou shalt have join- 
ed (= mixed) dignity with modesty, thou wilt please all. If thou hadst 
abstained from the intercourse of bad men, thou wouldst now be con- 
tented with thy lot. If virtue had restrained thee from bad passions, 
thou wouldst now be happy. By the war all [things] have been con- 
founded (== mixed). Knowest thou not, that we have dried many 
grapes this year ? Under the reign of Augustus (abl. abs.) the Roman 
empire was rated (perf). 

All the senators judged (perf), that they should (Gerund) lend aid to 
the citizens of the city destroyed by the enemies. It is known, that 
Scipio destroyed (perf) two very powerful cities, Carthage and Numan- 
tia. Tell me, why thou hast wept. The death of the good king has 
been lamented (= wept) by all the citizens. When I shall have spun 
two hours, I will take a walk. The world is filled (complere) by God 
with all good [things], nothing of evil is intermixed. When thou hast 
filled thy body with food and drink, thou wilt not use thy mind well. 
Hast thou heard that the soldiers have raised a conspiracy against the 
general? It is not [possible] to quiet a mind stirred up by an evil 
conscience. 

When I shall have sent for (accio) you, you will not delay to come. 
My brother, sent for by a letter, will come to-morrow. Philip, king of 
the Macedonians (Macedo, onis), sent for (perf) Aristotle [as] teacher 
for his son Alexander. The laws have established, that (ut) the dead 
should be buried after the third day. I know, that thou hast always 
been on thy guard against the intercourse of bad men. It was es- 
tablished (perf) by the will of the king, that grain should be distribu- 



§ 59.] SECOND CONJUGATION, 165 

ted to the destitute citizens on his birth-day. I rejoice, that (quod) 
thou hast always favored me and my studies. I know that thou hast 
always cherished great love for (in c. ace) me. The hen anxiously 
guards the chickens which she has hatched and nursed. An im- 
mense war was raised (perf. of moveo) by Brutus and Cassius, the 
murderers of Caesar. 1 doubt not, that thou hast been greatly moved 
(commovere) by the news. History relates, that many generals of the 
Romans, offered (perf) their heads for the welfare of thek country. 
Livy relates, that in the same year three temples were vowed and 
dedicated at the expense of the state. 

§ 59. V. Perfect — i; Supine — sum. 

(Comp. Prelim. Rem. to § 58. IV.) 

1. Prandeo, p r a n di, pransu m, prcmdere, to breakfast. 

2. Sedeo, s edi, s e s sum^ sedere^ to sit. 

So the compounds with dissyllabic prepositions, as : circum- 
sedeo, edi, essum, ere, to sit around, to beset ; but those with mono^ 
syllabic propositions change the e of the stem-syllable into t, as: 
assldeo assedi, assessum, assidere, to sit by. 

3. Strldeo, stridi, (Sup. wanting), s^nt/ere, to whiz. 

4. Video, V I d i, visu m, videre, to see. 

Also the following, of which the Perf. takes the Ee- 
duplication. 

5. Mordeo, m o m ord f, m or su m, mordere, to bite, af- 

flict. 

6. Pendeo, pepe n d i, (Sup. uncertain), pendere, to hang. 

7. Spondeo, spopondi, sponsum, spondere, to proui' 

ise, to become responsible for. 

8. Tondeo, totondi, tonsu m, tondere, to shear, cut. 

The reduplication in these verbs, consists in a repetition of the 
first consonant of the stem with the first vowel of the stem. 
Concerning spopondi, see § 55. Rem. — The compounds of these 
verbs follow the simples, but are without the reduplication, as : 
admordeo, admordi, admorsum, to bite into; praependeo, pendi, 
to hang before, respondeo, respondi, responsum, to answer; de- 
toudeo, detondi, detonsum, to shave off. 

VI. Perfect: — si; Supine: — tu?n. 
1. Augeo, auxi^ auctum, auger e, to increase. 



166 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 59. 

2. Indulgeo, indulsi, {indultum rare), indtdgere, to 

be indulgent, to give one's self up to. 

3. Lugeo, luxi (without Sup.) /wo-ere, to mourn, lament. 

4. Torqueo, torsi, tortu m, torquere, to twist, torture. 

XCIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Extorquere, io wrest lacrlma, ae,/. tear. occasus, us, m. setting. 

from. sjca, ae,/. dagger. rabies, ei,/. madness. 

pervidere, to contem- sicarius, i, m. assassin, rabiosus, a, um, mad. 

plate, examine. collum, i, n. neck. exterus, a, um, external, 

residere, to remain he- toiisor, oris, m. barber. foreign. 

hind. tonstricula, ae ,/. a fe- ancillaris, Q, of a maid, 
locupleto 1. / enrich. male barber. servile. 

harhsL, ae, f. beard. -prohltSiS,^tis,f. upright- acute, adv. sharply, 
epistola, ae,/. letter. ness. acutely. 

Postquam prandero, ambulabo. Audistine, nos eras in horto pran- 
suros esse ? Quoad ulla spes in animo meo resedit, pro patriae liber- 
tate dimicavi. Jam tres menses obsederunt hostes nostram urbem. 
Non ego sum ille ferreus, qui (= ut ego) non movear horum omnium 
lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis. Multi putant, se bene- 
ficos in suos amicos visum iri, si locupletent eos quacunque ratione. 
Ne prius de re aliqua judica, quam earn diligenter pervideris. Episto- 
lae tuae valde me momorderunt. Si quis a cane rabioso morsus est, 
rabies eum occupat. Quoad tu locutus es, puer ab ore tuo pependit. 
Spopondistine pro amico ? Spopondi. Multa a Laelio et in senatu et 
in foro vel provisa prudenter, vel acute responsa sunt. Cicero narra- 
vit, Dionysium, ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere filias suas 
docuisse : ita sordido ancillarique officio regias virglnes ut tonstriculas 
totondisse barbam et capillum patris. Tanta vis probitatis est, ut eam 
vel in iis, quos nunquam vidimus, vel, quod majus est, in hoste etiam 
diligamus. 

Callisthenem Alexander non tantum necavit, sed etiam torsit. Ro- 
manae reipublicae magnitudo atque amplitudo bellis cum exteris gen- 
tibus ac nationibus gestis mirum in modum aucta est. Sicario sica de 
manibus est extorta. Quo magis indulseris dolori, eo intolerabilior 
erit. Occasum atque interltum reipublicae Romanae o])timi quique 
maxime luxerunt. 

Come to me to day, in order to breakfast (sup.). When we shall 
have breakfasted, we will take a walk. Our city has already been 
beset three months by the enemies. The enemies have beset the 
whole city. Hast thou already seen the friend ? no, but I hope that I 



I 



$ 60,] SECOND CONJUGATION. 167 

shall see him to-morrow. I grieve, that my letter has afflicted thee. 
I fear that the dog will bite me. So long as thou hast been absent, 
we have felt anxiety for thee (pendere animis de te). My friend has not 
yet indeed become responsible for me, but I hope that he will become 
responsible for me. I have heard with great pleasure, that your friend 
has answered your letter quickly. The captives have cut (= sheared) 
neither the beard nor the hair for (ex) three months. 

History relates, that Callisthenes was (perf ) not only killed by Alex- 
ander, but before also was tortured. The soldiers wrested (perf.) a 
dagger from the hands of the assassin. Catiline emboldened (= in- 
creased) [his] fierce mind and [his] consciousness of foul deeds by 
wicked arts. By the discourse of the generals, the courage of the 
soldiers was increased (perf). I rejoice, that thou hast not been in- 
dulgent towards (dat.) the faults of thy son. Thou knowest, how very 
much we have lamented the death of our friend. 

§ 60. VII. Perfect : — si ; Supine : — sum. 

1. Miilceo, mulsi, mulsum, mule ere, to stroke. 

2. Mulgeo, mulsi, mulsum, mulgere, to milk. 

3. Tergeo. ter si, ter sum, tergere, to wipe. 

4. Ardeo, arsi, arsum, ardere, to burn, take fire. 

5. Rideo, risi, risuwj, r'ldere, to laugh. 

6. Suddeo, sua si, sua sum, suddere, to advise. 

7. Mdneo, man si, mansum, mdnere, to remain. 

8. Jubeo, j ussi, j us sum, juhere, to bid, command, order. 

9. Haereo, haesi, haesu rti, haerere, to hang, stick. 

The following also without a Supine : 

10. Algeo, alsi, algere, to suffer from cold, freeze. 

11. Fulgeo, fulsi, fidgere, to glitter, lighten. 

12. Turgeo, tursi, turg ere, to swell. 

13. Urgeo, ursi, z<^r^ere, to press, oppress. 

14. Frlgeo, {frixi xaxe) frlgere, to freeze. 

15. Luceo, luxi, liicere, to shine. 

VIII. Perfect with ^diS^iYe ioxm (Neuter Passives) ; with- 
out a Supine. 

1. Audeo, ausus sum, audere, to d^re. 

2. Gaudeo, gdvlsus sum, gaudere, to rejoice. 

3. Soleo, soli tics sum, solere, to be accustomed (to do 

something). 



168 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^60. 

XCIV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Abstergere, to wipe off, remauere, to remain he- scintilla, ae, /. a spark. 

dispel, remove. hind, remain. exsilium, i, n, banish- 

detergere, to wipe off. oblecto 1. I delight. ment. 

affulgere, to shine upon, convivor 1. / eat in caducus, a, um, destin- 

deridere 2. to deride. common. ed to fall, Jailing. 

dissuadere, to dissuade, lateo, ui 2. I remain confectio, onis,/. mak- 

elucere, to shine foHh. concealed. ing, composition. 

permulcere, to stroke, perpetior, pessus sum, 

charm, soothe. peti 3. to endure. 

Dux mitibus verbis excltos militum animos permulsit. Legendo 
Virgilii carmina animus meus mirifice oblectatus et permulsus est. 
Ita jucunda mihi hujus libri confectio fuit, ut omnes absterserit senec- 
tutis molestias. Non prius ad te veniam, quam luctum omnem abster- 
sero. Detersane jam est tabula ? Quadraginta milia librorum Alex- 
andriaei arserunt. Non dublto, quin brevi tota Germania bello arsiira 
sit. Quis est, cui semper arriserit fortuna ? Nescio, cur a te derisus 
sim. Sic mihi persuasi, sic sentio, non esse animos nostros mortales. 
Quis credat, cives pacem dissuasuros esse ? Quis conf idit, semper 
sibi illud stabile et firmum permansurum esse, quod fragile et caducum 
sit ? Romanorum gloria usque ad nostram memoriam remansit. Ly- 
cui'gus convivari omnes cives publice jussit. Non qui jussus aliquid 
facit, miser est, sed qui invitus facit. Persuasum mihi est, memoriam 
hujus atrocissimi belli non modo in hoc populo, sed etiam in omnium 
gentium sermonibus semper haesuram esse. 

Milltes in itineribus multos labores perpessi sunt, sudaverunt et al- 
serunt. Superatis hostibus, nova spes salutis civitati affulsit. Pater 
litteris me ursit, ut primo quoque tempore litteras ad se dai'em. Quo- 
modo in viro latebit scintilla ingenii, quae jam in puero eluxit ! Tu 
me tantis beneficiis auxisti, quanta nunquam ausus sum optare. De 
amici tui comitate valde gavisus sum. Athenis^ optimo cuique acci- 
dere solitum est, ut in exsilium pelleretur. 

The poems of Virgil have delighted and charmed my mind wonder- 
fully. The orator hoped, that he should soothe the excited minds of 
the citizens by mild words. Hast thou wiped off the table ? it has 
already been wiped off. I give (ago) thee very great thanks, that thou 
hast removed from me all pain by thy consolation. Under the reign 
[imperare, abl. abs.) of Napoleon (Napoleo, onis) nearly all Europe 
burned (perf ) with war. I hope, that all citizens, will burn with a 
desire, to fight (gen. of gerund) for the safety of [their] country. Who 

' at Alexandria. See Synt. § 92. ^ ^t Athens. See Synt. § 92. 



^ 61.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 169 

knows, whether fortune will always smile upon him (sibine). I know 
not, why you have derided me. I have not dissuaded the peace, and 
have been convinced, that neither will you dissuade it. We hope, that 
our souls will remain after death. Tell me, why thou hast persisted in 
thy opinion. The general ordered the soldiers to attack the city. The 
soldiers, having been commanded (part, perf pass, of juheo) to assault 
the city, forthwith executed the command (= what had been com- 
manded). I fear, that this pain will ever stick in my mind. The re- 
membrance of (gen.) this bloody war, has remained (= stuck) in th& 
minds of all. 

The hunters have sweated and frozen. After it has lightened, it 
thunders. The soldiers have pressed the enemies very much. From 
the countenance of the man, shone (perf) dignity and modera- 
tion. I have rejoiced, that (quod) thou hast dared to speak thy opin- 
ion freely. The Carthaginians were accustomed (perf.) formerly to 
use elephants in war. 

THIRD CONJUGATION. 
§61. I. Perfect: — si; Supine: — sum; 

a) The stem ends in d ox t: 
\. ClaudOy clausi, clausum, claudere, to close. 

In the compounds au passes into m, as : includo, usi, usum, 
udere, to include. 

2. Divido, divlsi, divlsum, divider e, to divide. 

3. Laedo, lae si, lae sum, laedere, to hurt. 

In the compounds ae passes into i, as : illido, isi, isum, id6re, 
to strike against. 

4. Liido, lib si, lusum, ludere, to play. 

5. Plaudo, p la usi, plausum, plaudere, to clap. 

So also applaudo (I applaud) ; in the remaining compounds 
au passes into o, as : explodo, osi, osum, odere, to clap off, drive off. 

6. Rddo, rdsi, rdsum, rddere, to shave, shear. 

7. Rddo, rdsi, r osum, r odere, to gnaw, slander. 

8. Trudo, trusi, triisum, triidere, to thrust. 

9. Vddo, vddere, to go ; without Perf and Sup. 

But the compounds have both, as : evado, e v a 3 i, e v a- 
s u m, evadere, to come out, escape. 

To these succeed the following : 

10. Cedo, cessi, cessum, cedere,. to give way. 

11. Mitto, ml si, mis sum, mittere, to send. 

15 



170 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 61. 

12. Quatio, (Perf. wanting,) quassum, ^z^a^e/e, to shake. 

The compounds change qua into cu and form the Perf., as : 
decutio, decussi, decussum, decutere, to shake down, 

b) The stem ends in g, c, or ct : 

13. Mergo, mersi, mer sum, mergere, to plunge. 

14. Spargo, spar si, sp ar sum, spargere, io scatter (sow). 

Li the compounds a of the stem passes into e, as : consper- 
go, ersi, ersum, ergere, to besprinkle. 

15. Tergo, tersi, t ersum, tergere, to wipe, (kindred form 
oftergere §60. VII. 3). 

16. Figo, fi X i, fi xum, f'lgere, to fix. 

17. Flecto, flexi, flexu m, Jiectere, to bend. 

18. Necto, nexui, nexum, nectere, io nnite, -plait 

19. Pecto, pexi, pexum, pectere, to comb. 

20. Flecto, {plexi,) plexum, plectere, to plait 

c) Finally, the two following belong here. 

21. Premo, pr e s si, pres sum, premere, to press. 

In the compounds e of the stem before m passes into i, as : 
comprimo, essi, essum, imere, to press together. 

22. Fluo (foTjluvo), fluxi, fluxu m, fluere, to flow. 

XCV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Committere, to commit, ehdere, to dash, break, spectator, oris, m. spec- 

concedere, to concede^ imprimere, to impress. tator. 

allow. copulare, to join. cachinnatio, onis,/. an 

connectere, to join to- locare [in c. abl.), io unrestrained laugh. 

gether, connect. place, set. histrlo, onis, m. actor. 

corradere, to scrape to- libra, a.e,f. a pound. perpetultas, atis,y. sta- 

gether. modi us, i, m. a bushel. bility, perpetuity. 

deludere, to deceive. regnum, i, n. reign, imprudens, tis, una- 

eludere to mock. kingdom. wares. 

discludere, to separate, praecordia, orum, n. viritim, adv. man by 

diaphragm. man. 

Templum Jani bis post Numae regnum clausum est. Si ridere con- 
cessum sit, vituperatur tamen cachinnatio. Si concesseris, esse deum ; 
confitendum tibi est, ejus consilio mundum administrari. In omnium 
animis dei notionem impressit ipsa natura. Magna vis est conscien- 
tiae, et magna in utramque partem, ut neque timeant [ii], qui nihil com- 
miserint, et poenam semper ante oculos versari putent [ii], qui pec- 
carint. Virtutes ita copulatae connexaeque sunt, ut omnes omnium 
participes sint Caesar populo praeter frumenti denos modios ac to- 



J 61.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 171 

tldem olei libras trecenos quoque nummos vimtim divisit. Qui diffi* 
dit perpetuitati bonorum suorura, timeat necesse est, ne aliquando, 
amissis illis, sit miser. Plato duas partes animi, iram et cupiditatem, 
locis disclusit: iram in pectore, cupiditatem subter praecordia locavit 
Omnis Gallia in tres partes divisa est. Si quis imprudens te laeserit, 
ne ei irascere. Si vitae molii et efFeminatae te dederis, brevi tempore 
omnes nervi virtutis elisi erunt. Cur me elusistis I Nescisne, a perf ido 
amico me delusum esse ? Histrionibus, qui heri praeclare partes suas 
sustinuerunt, omnes spectatores applauserunt. Epicuri de vita beata 
sententia ab omnibus acutioribus philosophis explosa est. Sunt multi, 
qui in pecunia corrasa vitae feiicitatem collocatam esse putent. 



XC VI. Words to be lear7iecl and Exercises for translation. 

Concludere, to include, emergere, to emerge, exagitare, to disquiet. 

confluere, to Jlow to- rise up, work one's exanimare to kill. 

gether, dssemhle. self out. exsibilare, to hiss off. 

diffluere, tojiow asun- detrudere, to thrust fugare, to put to Jlight. 

der, run into. down. hasta, ae, /. spear, 

defigere, to fix, render extrudere, to thrust nebCila, ae,/. a mist. 

firm, to turn upon from. [dispel, clypeus, i, 7/1. a shield, 

something. d'lscutere, to di'ive away, stimulus, \, m. goad. 

transfigere, to transfix, dispergere, to disperse, caligo, inis,/. darkness. 

deflectere, to deviate. dispicio, spexi, spec- salvus, a, um, safe. 

demergere, to plunge tum 3. to open tJie mobilis, e, changeable. 

under, sink, suppress. eyes. quondam, adv formerly. 

Te in tantum luctum et laboreni detrusum esse, graviter doleo. Cur 
aedibus istum extrusisti ? Spero, amicum aegrotum e morbo evasiirum 
esse. Si animus e corpore evaserit, tum demum vivet et vigebit. Sole 
orto, caligo discussa est. Omnia pericula, quae urbi impendebant, 
ducis fortitudo et consilium discussit. Marius senile corpus paludibus 
demersum occultavit. Animus coelestis ex altissimo domicilio depres- 
^us et in terram quasi demersus est. Leges, per longum tempus hos- 
tium vi demersae, tandem emerserunt. Deus immortalis sparsit ani- 
mos in corpora humana. Omnia, quae nunc artibus conclusa sunt, 
quondam dispersa et dissipata fuerunt. Epaminondas quum superas- 
set Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam, atque ipse gravi vulnere exani- 
mari se videret, ut primum dispexit, interrogavit, salvusne esset clypeus. 
Quum salvum esse a flentibus suis audisset, rogavit, essentne fugati 
hostes. Quum id quoque audivisset, evelli jussit eam, qua erat trans- 
fixus, hastam. Alia omnia incerta sunt, caduca, mobilia: virtus est 
una altissimis defixa radicibus. Cicero omnes suas curas cogitationes- 



172 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 61. 

que in reipublicae salute defixit. Qui semel a veritate deflexit, ei ne 
yerum quidem dicenti fides haberi solet. Non credo, te unquam de 
virtutis via deflexurum esse. Die, cui banc coronam nexueris. Ingens 
hominum multitudo in urbem confluxit, ludos publlcos spectatum. 

The Romans closed (perf.) the temple of Janus twice after the reign 
«f Numa. If it is conceded to me by thee, that there is a God, 
thou must confess that the world is managed by his counsel. What thou 
hast promised, thou must hold to [tenere, gerundive). The idea(= no- 
tion) of God, is impressed upon (abl.) the souls of all men by nature 
herself. Men, by whom crimes have been committed, are disquieted 
by the goads of conscience. God has connected all parts of the world 
together (inter se). Hast thou heard, that grain has been distributed 
to (dat.) the poor by the king ? A virtuous (= partaking of virtue) 
man will be happy, even when he shall have lost all the gifts of for- 
tune. Plato believes, that anger and passion are separated from 
the reason and understanding. The general has divided all the troops 
into four parts. It is not doubtful, that a soft and effeminate life will, 
in a short time, enfeeble all the powers (= nerves) of virtue. Know- 
est thou not, that the faithless friend has deceived me ? Last (= yes- 
terday) evening, the actors were (perf) applauded by all. Hast thou 
heard, that lately all the actors have been hissed and clapped off? 
Many think, that, if they have scraped together (subj.) much gold, they 
may be happy. The heads of the captives were sheared (perf) by the 
soldiers. What misery has brought thee (= thrust thee down) into so 
great grief? That (iste) man hast justly been thrust from the house. 

I hope, that we shall escape the danger. When once (quando) a 
{aliquod) dream has turned out (evadere) true, many men beheve, that 
this has not happened by chance. The sun has driven away the mists. 
All dangers which threatened the state, are dispelled by the wisdom 
and bravery of the general. I hope, that thou wilt soon emerge from 
the misfortune into which fortune has plunged thee. Immortal souls 
have been placed (= sown) by God, in mortal bodies. Our soldiers 
attacked (perf) the enemies dispersed and put them to flight. All the 
cares and thoughts of Cicero were turned upon the welfare of the re- 
public. I know, that thou wilt never deviate from the path of virtue 
through wickedness. For (dat.) whom is this crown plaited? I be- 
lieve there is a great multitude of men assembled in the city, in order 
to behold (sup.) the public games. It is known, that the Romans of 
later (posterior) times, ran into (diffluere) luxury. 



$ 62.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 173 

§ 62. II. Perfect : — ui ; Supine : — tum^ — ttum^ — sum, 

1. Colo, colui, cult urn; colere, to attend to, cultivate, 
honor. 

2. Consulo, consului, consultum, consuLtre, to deliber- 
ate ; c. ace, to consult some one ; c. dat., to consult for 
some one. 

3. Occulo, occului, occultum, occulere^ to conceal, 

4. Rapio, rapui, raptum, rdpere, to snatch, plunder, carry off 

Compounds : — rlpio, — rlpui, — reptum, — ripere, as : arrlpio, / 
seize, appropriate to myself. 

5. SerOy serui, sertum, serere, to join together. 

6. Tezo, texui, textum, texere, to weave. 



7. Alo, dJui, altum, dlere, to nourish. 

8. Cumho, cubui, cub I turn, cumbere, to lie. 

The simple verb is not used, but its compojinds, as : discum- 
bere, to lie down. 

9. Depso, depsui, depstum, depsere, to knead. 

10. Fremo, fremui, fr emltum, fremere^ to murmur, 
grumble. 

1 1. Gemo, g emui, g emltum, gemere, to groan, deplore. 

12. Gigno, genui, genitum, gignere, to beget, produce. 

13. Molo, mdlui, mo lit urn, mdlere, to grind. 

14. Pinso, pinsui, pinsitum (and pinsum, pistum), piri' 
sere, to bray, pound. 

15. Pono, p osui, posxtum, pdnere (in c. abl.), to place, lay. 

Pono arises from poslno, and posui from posivi, 

16. Vomo, vomui, vonVitum, vomer e, to vomit. 



17. Frendx), frendui, fresum ox fressum, frendere, to 
gnash. 

18. Meto, messui, messum, me^e/e, to mow, reap. 

Remark. The following want the Sup. : sterto, stertui, stertere, to 
snore, strepo, ui, ere, to rustle, sound, resound ; tr^mo, ui, ere, to trem- 
ble ; the compounds of pesco, as : compesco, compescui, compescere, 
to restrain ; volo, ui, velle, to wish ; and the compounds of cdlo except 
percellere : excello, antecello, praecello / excel, Pf! cellui ; excelsus and 
praecelsus (lofty, distinguished) are used adjectively. 
15* 



174 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$62. 

XCVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Ampere, to seize upon, depugnare, tofght (for sepulcrum, i, n. grave, 

dirlpere, to plunder. life or death). burial. 

conserere, to join to- }urad'e, to swear. tegumentum, i, n. cover, 

gether, to be hand to suo, sui, satum 3. to covering, 

hand. sew. commutatio, onis, /. 

demetere, to cut down, progredior, gressus change. 

demittere, to letdown, sum, gred'i 3. to step migratio, onis, / wiigra- 

letfall. Jorth. tion. 

disserere, to discuss, caerimonia, ae,/. sane- recordatio, onis, f. re- 
speak, tity, religious cere- collection. 

ingignere, to implant. mony. mutus, a, um, dumb. 

praepouere, to place be- praetorium, i, n. gener- supremus, a, um, last, 

fore. aVs tent. mature, adv. speedily. 

In onmibus negotiis, priusquam aggrediare, consult© opus est^; 
ubi autem consulueris, mature rem ipsam aggredere. Socrates supre- 
mo vitae die multa de immortalitate animorum disseruit. Manibus 
•consertis, milites nostri fortitudine excelluerunt Animus moderatur 
et mo vet id corpus, cui praeposltus est. Zeno in una virtute beatam 
vitam posuit. Natura ingenuit homini cupiditatem verum inveniendL 
Omnibus animalibus a natura ingenlta est conservandi sui custodia. 
Alexander, victor tot regum atque populorum, irae succubuit. Spero, 
te semper maximo studio in litteras incubiturum esse. Caerimonias 
sepulcrorum homines, maximis ingeniis praediti, non tanta cura coluis- 
sent, nisi haereret in eorum mentibus, mortem non interitum esse om- 
nia delentem, sed quandam quasi migrationem commutationemque 
vitae, quae in claris viris et femlnis dux in coelum soleret esse. Si 
ingenium tuum artibus litterisque excultum erit, et tibi et aliis utilis 
eris. Dux, ne milites animum demitterent, vulnera sibi inflicta occu- 
luit. Ne crede, ullum peccatum deo occultum manere. Tegumenta 
corporum vel texta, vel suta sunt. Quis pulchram illam vestem texuit ? 
Oratio tua totos nos ad se rapuit. Quaerit Socrates, unde animum ar- 
ripuerimus, si nullus fuerit in mundo. Expugnata urbs ab hostibus 
direpta est. Scipio pugnavit cum Hannibale, prope nato in praetorio 
patris, fortissimi ducis, alto atque educato inter arma. Cui non locus 
ille mutus, ubi altus aut doctus est, cum grata recordatione in mente 
versetur? Agricolae frumentum non solum jam demessuerunt, sed 
etiam demessum in hon-ea congesserunt. Ipse Hector toto pectore tre- 
muit, quum Ajax multa cum hilaritate progrederetur depugnaturus cum 
illo. 

* there is need of one's deliberating. 



I 



$ 63.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 175 

Tne Romans sent (perf.) ambassadors, in order to consult (part, fut 
act) the oracle. I know, that thou hast cared for me and mine. The 
soldiers were (perf.) hand to hand with the enemies. The soldiers 
swore, that they would not desert [their] general. God has placed 
the soul before the body. Nature has produced gold, silver, brass, iron, 
in short (denique) all metals for the use of men. The desire to find 
(gen. of the gerund) the truth (= what is true), is implanted in the 
human race by nature. I rejoice, that thou hast applied thyself with 
so great zeal to literature. I doubt not, that the wise [man] will never 
sink under the pains of the body. If thou shalt have cultivated thy 
genius by arts and literature, thou wilt be useful both to thyself and to 
[thy] native land. I hope, that thou wilt always honor thy parents. 
Why hast thou concealed thy faults from me ? didst thou think, that 
thou would St always conceal them from me ? The enemies, after they 
had taken the city, (abl. abs.), killed (perf) the citizens and plundered 
their goods. The wise [man] will be happy, even when all the gifts 
of fortune may be snatched from him. Gratefully we remember the 
place (ace.) where we were nourished and brought up. 

§ 63. III. Perfect : — vi ; Supine : — turn. 

The stem of the Pres. is strengthened by n or r : 

1. Li-n-o,levi, I'ltum, ZiTiere, to besmear. 

2. Sl-n-o, slvi, situm, 5T?ie/-e, to let, permit. 

3. Se-r-o, s evi, sdtu m, serere, to sow. 

In the compounds, a of the Sup. passes into ?, as : consfiro, 
consevi, consltum, conserere, to seed down, plant. 

The following have suffered a transposition of letters in the 
Perf and Sap. : 

4. Cer-n-o, cr ev i, cretu m, cernere, to sift, discern. 

The Perf and Sup. occur only in the compounds. 

5. Sper-n-o, sprevi, spr etum, spernere, to spurn. 

6. Ster-n-o, strdvi, st r dtum, sternere, to spread. 

Finally there belong here the following in sco : 

7. Cre-sc-o, c r evi, cr et a m, crescere, to grow. 

So : accrescere, to grow to, increase, excrescere, to grow up, 
decrescere, to decrease, recrescere, to grow again, concrescere, to 
grow together ; the remaining compounds want the Sup. 

8. Nb-sc-o, novi, no turn, noscere, to be acquainted with'. 



176 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 63. 

So : internoscfire, to distinguish, ignoscere, to pardon, pernos- 
cere, to become thoroughly acquainted with, praenoscere, to become 
acquainted with before ; but, cognoscere, to become acquainted with, 
agnoscere, to perceive, praecognoscere, to become acquainted with 
previously, recognoscere, to become acquainted with again, to re- 
view, form the Sup. in itum, as : cognitum. 

9. Fa-sc-o, pdvi, pa stum, pascere, to pasture, feed. 

1 0. Qicie-sc-o^ quievi, quietum, quiescere, to rest. 

11. Sci-sc-o, sclvi, scitum, sciscere, to decide. 

12. Sue-sc-o, suevi, suetu m, suescere, to be accustomed. 



XCVIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Decernere, to deter- under, place under, to obtrectatio, onis, /. de- 
mine, to discern. subject. traction, grudge. 

secernere, to sever, sep- importare, to import. venustas, atis,/. loveli- 

arate. concionari, to har- ness. 

inserere, to sow in, im- rangue the people. corporeus, a, um, cor- 

plant. invidia, ae, f. envy, poreal. 

oblinere, to besmear, hatred. communis, e, common, 

daub. vinea, ae,/. the vine. known by all. 

prosternere, to pros- butyrum, i, n. butter. ibi, adv. there. 

trate. comitia, orum, n. as- opportune, adv. oppor- 

consternere, to strow. semhly of the people: tunely. 

substernere, to spread messis, is,/, crop. sublto, adv. suddenly. 

Inslta est nobis corporis nostri carltas. Ibi messis non est, ubi 
satum non est. Omne, quod erat concretum atque corporeum, deus 
substravit animo. Vita tua malevolorum obtrectationes et invidias 
prosiravisti. Probus, imperator, Aureum montem apud Moesiam su- 
periorem vineis consevit. Proelio commisso, omnia longe lateque telis, 
armis, cadaveribus constrata erant. Sceleratum hominem couscientia 
spretae virtutis exagltat. Die, cur consilium meum spreveris. Audi, 
puer! Mater te rogat, cur panem butyro oblitum oblltus sis edere. 
Displlcet, qui se externis moribus oblevit. Rem dubiam decrevit saepe 
vox opportune emissa. Venustas et pulchritudo corporis secreta non 
est a valetudine. Cato concionatus est, se comitia haberi non siturum 
(esse). Galli vinum ad se omnino importari non siverunt. Cur desisti 
(desivisti) istum librum legere ? Thebanorum potentia, quoad iis 
Epaminondas et Pelopldas jiraefuerunt, mirum in modum crevit. Ami- 
citia nostra cum aetate accrevit. Non dubitamus, quin flumen, quod 
sublto accrevit, etiam sublto decreturum sit. 



I 



§ 63.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 177 



XCIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Adsciscere, io adopt. deponere, to lay aside, luxuries, ei,y. extrava' 

assuescere, (c. dat.) to sacra, orum, n. sacred gance. 

accustom one's self, to rites. alienigena, ae, foreign, 

he accustomed (to auctor, oris, m. author, from another country, 

something). adviser; me auctore, assiduus, a, urn, unre- 

consuescere, io accus- on my advice. mitting, constant. 

torn one's self, to be reWgiO, 6ms, f. religion, dilucidus, a, um, clear. 

accustomed. scrupulousness. quotidianus, a, um, 

approbare, to approve, superstitio, 6nis,yi su- daily. 

levare (c. abl.) to relieve, perstition. futllis, e,fnvolous. 

free. suavltas, atis,/. amia- paululum, adv. a little. 

privare (c. abl.), to de- hleness, amiable dispo- 

prive. sition. 

Multi homines, labori assiduo et quotidiano assueti, quum tempesta- 
tis caussa produce prohibentur, ludis delectantur. Demosthenes sum- 
ma voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare coDsuevit. Numam 
Pompilium, regem alienigenam, patribus auctoribus, sibi ipse populus 
adscivit. Cereris sacra populus Romanus a Graecis adscita maxima 
religione coluit. Ubi animus paululum e negotiis requieverit, ad te 
advolabo, in cujus amore et suavitate spero me conquieturum omnes- 
que curas doloresque depositurum esse. Si amici rnei mores perno- 
veris, spero, te ejus innocentiam agniturum eique ignoturum. esse. Si 
luxuriem orationis tuae depaveris, magni oratoris laudem tuebere. 
Bestiae, fame dominante, plerumque ad eum locum, ubi pastae aliquan- 
do sunt, revertuntur. Cave, ne incognita pro cognltis habeas iisque 
temere assentiare. Quid est tam futile, quam quicquam approbare 
non cognitum ? Populus Romanus eo magnitudinis (=ad eam 
magnitudinem) crevit, ut viribus suis conficeretur. Quid est tam 
jucundum cognitu atque auditu, quam sapientibus sententiis gravibus- 
que verbis ornata oratio ? Quo brevior, eo dilucidior et cognitu facilior 
narratio est. Cato, quoad vixit, virtutum laude crevit. Omnium re- 
rum natura cognita, levamur superstitione. 

Nature has implanted in us a love for (gen.) our body. Where thou 
hast not sown, there is not a crop. Believe not, that thou wilt put an 
end io (= prostrate) the detraction (plur.) and envy (plur.) of the wicked. 
We feared, that the soldiers had prostrated all [things]. If thou hast 
(fut. perf ) spurned virtue, thou wilt not be happy. Tell me, why my 
advice has been spurned by thee. Boy, hast thou eaten the bread 
spread with butter by thy mother.? I thought (=beheved) that 
mother had not spread it. It has been determined by the general, to 



17$ IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 64. 

attack the enemy. Before thou shalt have separated thyself from the 
wicked, thou wilt seek in vain the intercourse of the good. It is cer- 
tain, that the rivers which have decreased in winter, will increase in 
the spring. I am accustomed (perf. act. of consuesco), to read some- 
thing from (gen.) Homer daily. Numa Pampilius was adopted (perf) 
by the Roman people [as] king. It is known, that the Roman people 
adopted (perf) the sacred rites of Ceres from the Greeks. Cicero, de- 
prived of public offices, found satisfaction in the study of literature. 
When thou shalt have become intimately acquainted with my brother, 
I doubt not, that thou wilt perceive his preeminence. The sheep 
have eaten down the herbs of the field. The shepherd drives (agere) 
the sheep to pasture (= in order to pasture, sup.). 

§64. IV. Perf.: — ivi; Svpine : — ilum (like the fourth 

Conj.). 

1. Cupio, cuplvi, cup Hum, cw^ere, to desire, wish. 

2. Peto, pet Ivi, p et'itum, pUere, to seek, strive after 

something, to attack sometliing ; ah aliquo, to request of 
some one. 

3. Quaero, quae s ivi, quae sit um, quaerere, to seek. 

Li the compounds, ae passes into i, as: exquii'o, isivi, isitum, 
irere, to examine, trace out. 

4. Rudo, rudlvi and riidi, rudltum, rudere, to roar. 

5. Tero, trlvi ( for terlvi) , trltum (for terltam), terere, to 

rub. 

The following also in esso : 

6. Arcesso, ar cess Ivi, arcessltum, ar cesser e, to bring. 

7. Capesso, ivi. Hum, ere, to seize. 

8. Facesso, ivi, Hum, ere, to make (negotiumy«ce55ere, to 

make trouble, to vex) ; to take one's self off. 

9. Incesso, ivi, (Sap, wanting,) ere, to attack. 
10. Lacesso, ivi, itum, ere, to provoke. 

Saepe homines res, quas vehemter cupiverunt, adepti fastidiunt. 
Audistuie, ut leones rudiverint? Bellum ita suscipiatur, ut nihil aliud, 
nisi pax quaesita videatur. Quum omnem antiquitatem memoria re- 
petiveris, tria vix amicorum paria invenies, qui alter pro altero vitam 
deponere parati erant. Ne judica de re prius, quam earn accurate 
exquisiveris ! Erechthei filiae cupide mortem expetiverunt pro vita 
civium. Omnis Romanorum philosophia repetita est a Graecis. So- 



{ 65.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 179 

crates totam vitam atque aetatem contrivit in emendandis aliorum mo- 
ribus. Praecepta virtutis, quamvis contrita sint et communia, tamen a 
paucis observantur. Constat, bello Punico secundo Hannibalem Italiae 
opes attrivisse. Importunus iste homo multa mihi facessivit negotia. 
Non dubito, quin nova lege civibus negotium facessitum sit. Nisi 
milites propere ex urbe facessivissent fugamque capessivissent, cives 
eos armis incessivissent. Vix hostes milites nostros ad pugnam laces- 
siverunt, quum arma capessivernnt eosque incessiverunt. Legimus, Ro- 
mauos saepe consules suos ab aratro arcessivisse. Multa sacra, ab ex- 
terisnationibus adscita atque arcessita, Romani religiosissime coluerunt. 
Scarcely had the lion roared, when all the other (ceterae omnes) 
beasts took (perf.) flight. The soldiers, provoked by the enemies, 
wished (perf.) to fight, and asked (perf.) of the general, that he would 
lead them (se) forth from the camp against the enemies. We have 
sought peace, not war. Do not judge concerning a thing, before it 
shall have been sufficiently examined by thee. History relates, that 
death was sought by the daughters of Erectheus for the life of 
the citizens. We read, that the consuls were brought from the 
plough by the Romans. It is known that the Romans have brought 
many sacred rites from foreign nations. As soon as the enemies 
attacked (perf) our soldiers, they seized their arms and fought. I 
have taken myself so hastily from the city, because troublesome 
men vexed (perf) me daily. I fear, that thou hast provoked the 
friend by thy licentious jests. It is known, that the power (opes) of 
Italy was (perf) formerly wasted by Hannibal. 

§ 65. V. Perfect : — i ; Siipine : — turn. 

a) The stem ends in h or 7; .- 

1. Capio, cepi, cap turn, cohere, to take, seize, receive. 

Compounds : — cipio, — cepi, — ceptum,- — cipere, as : perci- 
pio, I perceive^ incipio, / begin. 

2. Rumpo, rup% rap turn, rumpere, to hresik. 

Scdbo, scdhij scdbere, to scratch, and lambo, Iambi, lamberCf 
to lick, want the Supine. 

b) The stem ends in c, g or qu ; 

3. Ago, egi, actum, dgere, to lead, drive, do, act, make; 

of time : to spend. 

So : circumagere, to drive round, peragere, to cairy through^ 
satagere, to have enough to do ; the other compounds on the con- 
trary, have : — ^Igo, egi, actum, igere, as : abigo, / drive away, exigo, 



180 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 65. 

/ expel, (of time) I pass, sublgo, I subjugate ; cogere, to compel (from 
coagere), has coegi, coadum. 

4. Fdcio, fe c i, fa ctwin, fdcere, to make, do. 

Concerning the Pass. : fio, factus sum, fieri, and its compounds 
see § 76. The compounds with prej)ositions have in the Imper. 
— -flee, as: perflce; the rest retain /ac; from calfacere, however, 
w^e have calfdce. 

5. Ico, lei, ictum, icere, to strike; of a league: to con- 

clude. 

6. Jdcio, j eci, j actu m, jdcere, to throw. 

Compounds: — jicio, — jeci, — jectum, — jicere, as: rejicio, / 
throw hack, reject, subjicio, I throw under, subject. 

7. Lego, legi, ledum,, legere,\Q, collect, read. 

So, allego, / elect to, perlego, / read through, praelego, I read 
before, relego, I read again, sublego, 1 gather from below ; the fol- 
lowing, on the contrar}^, have in the Pres., — ligo, as: coUigo, / 
collect, (collegi, collectum, colligere), dellgo and eligo, I choose, re- 
coUlgo, / collect again, seligo, / select ; but : dillgo. Hove, intelJigo, / 
understand, negligo, / neglect, have in the Perf. exi, as : diligo, 
dilexi, dilectum, diligere. 

S. Frango, fregi, fraetum, frangere, io hte^^ 

The compounds : — fringo, — fregi, — fraetum, — fringere, as : 
perfringo, perfregi, perfractum, perfringere, to break through. 

9. Linquo, llqui, lie turn,. li?iq-uere, iole^ive. 

10. Viiico, vlci, vietum^ vmcere, to conquer, overcome. 

Fugio, fitgi, fag ere, to flee, has no Supine, 

c) The steni ends in m ; 

1 1. Emo, e mi, emtu m, emere, to buy. 

Compounds: — \mo, anere, as: eximo, exemi, exemtum, exl- 
mere, to except ; but in coemo, / buy in quantities, the e remains. 

d) The stem ends in u or r : 

12. Aciio, dcUi, deiitiim, a cikVe, to sharpen. 

The compounds want the Supine. 

13. Argdo, argiii, argiitum., ar^uere, to accuse. 

14. ExOo, ex Hi, exiitum., exutre, to put off. 

15. Induo, etc. I put on, clothe. 

16. Imhun, etc. I dip in ; c. ahl. I imbue with. 

17. Luo, lui, lixtum, lucre, to wash. 

18. Minwo, etc, J diminish. 



i 65.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 181 

19. Niio, etc. I nod, in compounds, as : adnuo, I nod to. 

20. Ruo, rui, rut u m, mere, to rush (but Part. Fut. ruitiims). 

21. Spuo, spui, sputum, spuere, io s^ii. 

22. StatOo, etc. I place firmly. 

The compounds change the a of the stem into t, as : destituo, 
/ desert. 

23. Suo, etc. I sew. 

24. TriJjUo, etc. I give. 

25. Solvo, solvi, soliitum, solvere, io\oos,e. 

26. Volvo, volvi, voliLtum, volvere, io roll. 

Metuere (ui), to fear, pluere (plui), to rain, sternuere (ui), io 
sneeze, want the Supine. 

C. Words to be learned mid Exercises for translation. 

AfFicere, to affed ; af- translgere, to spend foedus, eris, n. league, 

fectus, affected. (time). ^totestas, a.t\s,f. power. 

delinquere, to do some- excerpere, to make ex- furiosus, a, um, mad^ 

thing wrong, to be tracts from. insane. 

delinquent. benefactum, \,n. favor, modo, adv. only, just. 

disjicere, to throw a- dominatio, onis,/. 5ii;ay. 

sunder, scatter. 

Eodem modo erga amicos afFecti simus, quo erga nosmet ipsos. 
Priusquam incipias consulto et, ubi consulueris, mature f a c- 
to opus est.* Acti labores jucundi sunt. Sola virtus in sua po- 
testate est ; omnia praeter earn subjecta sunt fortunae dominationi. 
Unus dies, bene et ex praeceptis philosophiae actus, peccanti immor- 
talitati anteponendus est. Conscientia bene actae vitae multorumque 
benefactorum recordatio jucundissima est. Appetitus rationi sunt sub- 
ject] lege naturae. Victus est Xerxes magis consilio Themistoclis, 
quam armis Graeciae. Quid hominem octoginta anni juvant, per iu- 
ertiam exacti? Quos viceris, amicos tibi esse cave (ne) credas. Pro- 
fecto beati erimus, quum, corporibus relictis, cupiditatum erimus ex- 
pertes. Quid est tam furiosum, quam verborum vel optimorum atque 
ornatissimorum sonitus inanis, nulla subjecta sententia? Pecuniam 
si cuipiam fortuna ademit, tamen, dum existimatio est integra, facile 
consolatur honestas egestatem. Milites, captis armis, impetum fece- 
runt in hostes ; hi autem propere fugam ceperunt. Hostes, foedere, 
quod modo icerant, rupto, sublto in castra nostra irruperunt. Si quid 
philosophus in ratione vitae deliquerit, eo turpior est, quod artem vitao 

* There is need that you should consult, and act. 
16 



182 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 65. 

profitetur. Plinius nullum librum legit, quem non excerperet. Gives, 
ab liostibus siibacti, omni libertatis recuperandae spe adempta, miseram 
transegerunt vitam. Milites liostium aciem perfregerunt et disjecerunt. 
Foedera icta ab hostibus fracta sunt. 

CI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Destituere, to dtsert, gloriari, to glory. pallium, i, n. cloak, 

leave behind. mdulgent'm, ae,f.{ndul- discrimen, inis, n. dis- 

instituere, to instruct. gence. tinciion. 

effiigere c. ace. to escape, tunica, ae,y. under gar- prosperitas, atis,y!^ro5- 

exacu6re, to sharpen. ment. perity. [posite. 

involvere, to involve, annulus, i, m. ring. contrarius, a, um, op- 
envelope, soccus, i, m. sock, shoe, liberalis, e, liberal. 

redarguere, to disprove, obsequium, i, n. obe- ingenue, adv. nobly, re- 

respuere, to reject. dience. spectably. 

Quis, lionesta in familia iustitutus et educatiis ingenue, non ipsa 
turpitudine, etiamsi eum laesura non sit, ofFenditur ? Carthago diruta 
est, qnum stetisset annos sexcentos sexaginta septem. Pacis nomine 
bellum involutum reformido. Philosophi involutam multarum rerum 
naturam evolverunt. Num tibi unquam placebit, quod omnium mentes 
aspernatae sunt et respuerunt? Milites in ipso discrimine periculi 
civesinermes destituerunt. Quum animus, cognitis perceptisque virtu- 
tibus, a corporis obsequio indulgentiaque discesserit, voluptatemque op- 
presserit, omnemque mortis dolorisque timorem effugerit, cultumque 
dei et purara religionem susceperit, et exacuerit ingenii aciem ad bona 
deligenda et rejicienda contraria : tum vita nobis erit beatissima. Num 
credis^ improborum prosperitates redarguisse dei bonitatem? Dejani- 
ra Herculi sanguine Centauri tinctam tunicam induit. Hippias sophis- 
ta gloriatus est, se non solum omnes artes, quibus liberales doctrinae 
atque ingenuae continerentur, scire, sed anniiliun, quem haberet, pal- 
lium^ quo vestatus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, se sua manu confecisse. 

CII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Defio.ere, to fail. d'lssolvere, to relax. extenuare, to extenuate, 

praeficere, to set over, persolvere, to pay. lessen, 

dem'muere, to diminish, emere, to dig up. severitas, atis,/. sever- 

diluere, to diluie, ivea- obruere, to cover up. ity. 

ken. designare, to designate. 

Homines metalla terra obruta eruerunt Milites in expugnatae ur- 
bis cives ita saevierunt, ut omnem humanitatem exuisse viderentur. 
Divina lex non scripta est, sed nata : qua non instituti, sed imbuti su- 



f 65.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 183 

mus. Nemo est tatii immanis, cujus inentem non imbuerit deorutn 
opinio. Pueri auimum tenerum virtutis praeceptis imbulmus. Cog- 
itatio, omnes res humanas fraglles et caducas esse, omnes meas moles- 
tias extennavit et diluit. Quae observata sunt in usu ac tractatione 
dicendi, haec ab hominibus doctis verbis designata et partibus distribu- 
ta sunt Divitiae, quae ad exteris naiionibus Romam confluxerunt, 
morum disciplinam severitatemque dissolverunt Stipendiis, quae dux 
militibus promiserat, non persolutis, seditio concitata est. 

The passions ought to be subjected to the reason. If thou shalt 
have spent thy Hfe according to (ex) the precepts of virtue, the en- 
trance to heaven will stand open to thee. It is hard to retain (tenere) 
friendship, when thou shalt have fallen from virtue. God has set the 
soul over the body. Some doubt, ivhether the world may be made by 
chance (ne whether, attached to casu) or (an) by the divine reason. It was 
uncertain, whether the Romans had (subj.) conquered, or had been con- 
quered. Then (turn) first (demum) will the soul enjoy a happy life, when 
it shall have deserted tlie body. The enemies have broken (rumpere) 
the concluded league. When anything has been done wrong by a philo- 
sopher, it is so much the more base, because he teaches (= professes) 
the art of life. If any one (quis) has taken (fut perf ) from us liberty, 
the light of life will be taken from us. Caesar, after the line-of-battle 
of the enemy was broken and scattered (abl. abs.), led his soldiers back 
into the camp. Thou wilt not enjoy a peaceful life, before that thou 
shalt have subjected the passions to the reason. The defenceless cit- 
izens were (perf.) deserted by the soldiers, in the very (ipse) crisis of 
danger. It is known, that the Romans destroyed (perf.) Carthage. 

The soldiers fled because they feared (perf. of metuo), that they 
should be conquered by the enemies. The metals, which nature has 
hid in (abl.) the earth, are dug -up by man. Who is not imbued with 
the belief in (gen.) God ? Parents, who have imbued the minds of 
their children with the principles of virtue and have instructed them in 
literature, deserve well, not only of (de) their children, but also of the 
state. We have weakened the wine by (abl.) water. I hope that this 
reflection will weaken all thy troubles. Already the powers of our 
soldiers were diminished, when the enemies made (perf) an attack. 
By the riches, which flowed together (perf) to (ace.) Rome after 
the destruction (abl.) of Corinth, the ancient discipline and severity 
•were relaxed (perf). 

Since the general had not paid [their] wages to the soldiers for (per) 
two months, a sedition was excited (perf) in the camp. Hast thou 
heard, that the city has concluded a league with the enemies, but that 



184 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 66. 

they have broken (frangere) it ? After the troops were collected 
(abl. abs.), the general determined (perf.) to attack the camp of the 
enemies. I believe, that I have sufficiently disproved thy reasons. 

§ 66. VI. Perfect : — i ; Bupine : — sum, 

a) The stem ends \n d or t : 

1. Cando in compounds, as : accendo, ace endi, ace en- 
s u m, aeeendere, to kindle, inflame. 

2. Ciido, ciidi, cusum, ciidere, to forge. ; 

3. JSjfo, e di, e .9 u m, edere, to eat. 

4. Fendo in compounds as : defendo, d efe ndi, d efe n- 
sum, defendere, to defend. 

5. Fodio, fo d i, fo ssum, fodere, to dig. 

6. Fundo, fii di, fit s u m, /under e, to pour. 

7. Mando, mandi, mansum, mandere, to chew. 

8. Pando, pa ndi, p a ssum, pandere, to spread. 

.9. Prehendo, pr ehendi, pr eh en sum, prehendere, to 
grasp. 

10. Seandx), s c audi, s e ansum, seandere, to mount. 

In the compounds : — scendo, — scendi, — scensum, — scendere, 
as : adscendere, to ascend^ scale, descendere, to descend. 

11. Sido, s'ldi, (Sup. wanting,) sidere,\.o ^\t. 

In the compounds : — sido, — sedi, — sessum, — sidere, as : con- 
sidere, to sit down. 

12. Str'ido, strldi, (Sup. wanting,) strldere, to hiss. 

13. Verto, verti, v er sum, verier e, to turn. 

Finally, there belongs here the neuter passive : 

14. F'xdo, fxsus sum, fldere, to trust. 

So : conf idere, to confide in, diffidere, to distrust, despair. 

b) The stem ends in / or r : 

15. Velio., vein, vulsu m, veUlre, to pluck. 

16. Psalh, psalli, (Sup. wanting, )j95a//eYe, to play the lyre, 

17. Verro, verri, (Sup. wanting,) verrere, to sweep. 

Rkmark. It is to be noticed, that the stem-vowel of these verbs, 
when short in the other parts, is long in the perf. The two follow- 
ing verbs form an apparent exception : 

Findo,^trfi, fissum, findere, to split, (so also its compounds), 



i 



$ 66.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 185 

Scindo, scidi, scissum, scindere, to cut (so also its compound*). 
But both these verbs originally took the reduplication. The same is 
true of the compound : percello, perculi, perculsum, percellere, to strike 
violently (from the obsolete cellere, to impel). See § 62, II. Rem. * 

cm. Words to he learned and Exercises far translation. 

Comprehendere, to em- exedere, to consume, liquefacere, to mxike 

brace. corrode. liquid. 

confbdere, to stab. incendere, to enkindle, proftcere, to benefit. 
effbdere, to dig out. inflame. pervehi,<o bear through, 

diffundere, to diffuse, procudere, to forge ; (of convey. 

disperse. money) to coin. colonia, ae,/. colony, 

effundere, to pour forth ; lacerare, to lacerate,tear. velum, i, n. sail. 

2) throw off {the rider), digerere, to dispose, di- furor, oris, m. madness. 
offundere, to flow a- gest. vetustas, atis,^*. age. 

gainst, diffuse, spread inscribere (c. dat.) to conspectus, us, m. sig-i^f. 

over. inscribe, write upon, antiqultus, adv. ancient- 

ly, formerly. 

Constat, Tyriorum colonias paene toto orbe terrarum diffusas fuisse. 
In morte portum nobis paratum [esse] et perfugium putemus. Quo 
utlnam velis passis pervehi liceat ! Hannibal patriam defensum ex 
Italia revocatus est. Nihil proficiunt praecepta, quamdiu menti error 
offusus est. Beate vivendi cupiditate incensi omnes sumus. Ingens 
mimmorum numerus hoc anno procusus est. Aegritudo animum 
meum laceravit, exedit planeque confecit. Epigrammatis, monument© 
inscripti, litterae vetustate exesae erant. Milites urbem, ab hostibus 
oppugnatam, acerrime defenderunt. Antiquitus magna auri argentique 
vis in Hispania est eifossa. Mihtes, furore capti, ducem confoderunt. 
Equusrepentecorruit consulemque lapsum super caput efFudit. Cibos 
mansos ac prope liquefactos demittlmus, quo (= ut eo) facilius digeran- 
tur. Quo magis virtutis vim animo et cogitatione comprehenderlmus, 
eo magis eam admirabimur. Proditores urbis deprehensi in conspectu 
omnium civium necati sunt. Nonne vides omnium ora atque oculos 
in te conversos ? Multi facultatem dicendi ad hominum perniciem 
converterunt 

CIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Convellere,fo tear away, rescindere, to tear, to motus, us, m. motion. 

convulse. break down. motus terrae, earth- 

desidere, to sink down, transgredi, to pass over. quake. [ersoever. 

difiindere, to split. mora, ae,/. delay. quocunque, adv. whith- 

discindere, to tear in nodus, i, m. a knot. scilicet, adv. namely, 

pieces. scrupulus, i. m. anxiety. doubtless. 
16* 



166 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 67. 

Qruocunque le vel oculis, vel animo converteris, divinae bonitatis 
plena esse omnia, intelJiges. Alexander, rex Macedonum, Gordli no- 
dum ense difidit, scilicet difflsus, eum a se solutum iri. Quum Han- 
nibal Alpes transgrederetur, multa ingentis magnitiidinis saxa diffissa 
sunt. Quis tibi vestern discidit ? Quid ? discissane est ? Pompeii 
terrae motu desederunt. Quis nescit, apud Romanos eloquentiam ad 
summum honorem adscendisse ? Caesar, militum virtuti confisus, 
sine mora hostllem exercitum adortus est. Litterae tuae omnem 
scrupulum mihi ex animo evellerunt. Est boni regis officium, quum 
rempubllcam labefactatem convulsamque videt, opitulari patriae. 

The goodness of God is diffused through (abl.) the whole world. 
The sails are spread. Superstition has spread (oifundere) darkness 
over (dat.) the souls of men. The king has coined a great quantity of 
money this year. My mind is torn and consumed by grief (aegritu- 
do). When we shall have eaten, we will take a walk. The city, 
which was assaulted by the enemy, was (perf ) very bravely defended 
by the citizens. Anciently, the Spanish (Hispanus, i) dug up much 
gold and silver (= much of gold and silver). By thy bravery, thou 
hast turned all eyes and minds upon (in) thee. Never has a wise [man] 
trusted to the stability of the gifts of fortune, but rather, has always 
distrusted them. It is known, that the knot of Gordius was not loosed 
by Alexander, but severed by the sword. The general was stabbed by 
the soldiers, because he ventured to quiet their sedition. 

How often has the faculty of speaking (gen. of ger.) been turned to (ad) 
the destruction of men ! The enemies have broken down the bridges. 
Mountains and cities have been sunk down by earthquakes. We had 
already descended from the mountain, as we heard (perf.), that you 
were ascending (subj.) it. All anxiety has been removed (evellere) 
from my mind by thy letter. Who does not know, that the long war 
has shaken the state violently ? Caesar by a few words inflamed the 
soldiers for the battle. 



§ 67. VIII. Perfect with the Reduplication. 

Preliminary Remark. The Reduplication consists here, in those 
verbs of which the first vowel of the stem is t, o, or w, in the repeti- 
tion of the first consonant of the stem with this vowel, but with the 
remaining verbs, in the repetition of the first stem-consonant with c. 

1. Cddo, cecldi, cdsum, cddere, to fall, to happen. 

Compounds: — cido, — cidi, — casum, — cldere ; so: occido, / 



{ 67.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 187 

go to ruin, incido, I fall upon and reeido, I fall back ; the others 
want the Supine, as: concldo, idi, idere, to fall together. 

2. Caedo, cecldi, caesu7n, caedere, to fell, IdW. 

Compounds : — cido, — cidi, — cisum, — cidere, as : occido, I kill. 

3. Cdno, ce cini, cantum^, canere, to sing. 

Compounds : — cino, — cinui, — cinere, as : conclno, ui, ere. 

4. Curro, cucurri, cur sum, currere, to run. 

Most of its compounds are both with and without the redupli- 
cation. 

5. Disco, did lei, (Sup. wanting,) discere, to learn. 

So also its compounds, as : perdisco, perdidlci, perdiscere, to 
learn thoroughly. 

6. Folio, fefelli, falsum,fallere, to deceive. 

Fallit me, it escapes me. — The Part, falsus is commonly used 
as an adjective, /a/^e. Compound: refello, refelli, (Sup. want- 
ing), refellere, to refute. 

7. Fango, peplgi, pactum, pangere, to fasten, to bargain, 

agree to on condition. 

Compounds: — pingo, — ^pegi, — pactum, pingere, as: compin- 
go, to fasten together. 

8. Far CO, peperci, par sum, par cere (c. dat), to spare. 

9. Fdrio, peperi, partmn, pdrere, to bear (ova parere, to 

lay eggs), to acquire. Particip. F ut pariturus (for partii,' 
rus). 

10. Fello, pepuli, 2yiilsu7n, pelle re, to drive, repel. 

Compounds : — pello, — puli, — pulsum, — pellere, as : expello, 
expuli, expulsum, expellere, to drive aivay. 

11. Fendo, pependi, ^e?^5^^^, j^ew^Ve, to suspend, weigh, to 

pay, compensate. 

The compounds have no reduplication, as: appendo, appendix 
appensum, appendere, to hang to, append. 

12. Fosco, poposci, (Sup. wanting,) ^o^ceVe, to demand. 

So also its compounds, as : exposco, exix)posci, exposcere, to 
demand of request of 

13. Fungo, pupugi, punctum,,pungere, to prick, harass. 

Compounds: — pungo, — punxi, — punctum, — pungere, as: in- 
terpungo, to distinguish. 



188 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 67. 

14. Tango, tetigi, tactum, tangere, to touch. 

Compounds: — tingo, — tigi, — tactum, tingere, as: attingo, at- 
tigi, attactum, attingere, to touch, reach. 

15, Tendo, tetendi, tentum ^nd tensum, tender e, to stretch, 

spread, extend (tendere insidias, to lay snares). 

The compounds are without the reduplication and generally 
with the Sup.: — tentum, as: contendo, contendi, contentum, 
contendere, to draw together, exert one^s self, strive. 

16. Tundo, tutudi, tunsum, tundere, to beat, stun. 

Compounds: — tundo, — tudi — tusum — tundere, as: contundo, 
contudi, contusum, contundere, to break in pieces, crush. 

Rem. 1. The two following verbs have the reduplication in the Pres. 
and retain it in the other tenses: 

blbo, bibi, bibltum, bibere, to drink (so also its compounds), 
sisto, stiti, statum sistere, to place, stop (so its compounds). 

Rem. 2. The compounds of dare with monosyllabic words (comp $ 
55, n, 1.) also belong to this class, as: addo, addidi, additum, addere, 
to add. 

C V. Words to be learned ayid Exercises for translation. 

Concinere, to sing to- evertere, to overthrow, proverbium, i, n. pro- 

gether, sound to- demolish. verb. 

gether. inspicere, to look upon, fides, \s,f. string ; fidl- 

excidere, to cut off, des- view. bus, canere, to play 

troy. recedere, to go back, with a stringed in- 

obtingere, to fall to retire. strument. 

one's lot. restituere, to restore. fiigus, oris, n. cold. 

confirmare, to render emollire, to soften. innoxius, a, um, inno- 

permanent. epulae, arum, f. a cent. 

devolare, tofy away. meal, feast. noctu, adv. by night. 

populari, to lay waste. praesto, adv. present. 

Et discas oportet, et, quod didicisti, agendo confirmes. Male parta 
male dilabuntur. Ut hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt, frigore 
pulsae recedunt; ita falsi amici sereno vitae tempore praesto sunt; 
simulatque hiemem fortunae viderint, devolant omnes. Quid casurum 
sit, incertum est. Quod cuique obtlgit, id quisque teneat. Clitum 
amicum senem et innoxium a se occisum esse, Alexander dolebat. 
Ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes, emollit mores, nee sinit esse feros 
(eos). Non tam utilitas, parta per amicum, quam amici amor ipse 
delectat. Hannibalem non fefellit, ferocius, quam consultius rem hos- 
tes gesturos esse. Ex quo (se. tempore) peounia in honore fuit, verus 
rerum honor occidit. Silva vetus cecidit, ferro quam nemo cecidit. 



I 



^ 67.] THIRD CONJUGATION. ISO" 

Epaminondas fidibus praeclare ceciiiisse dicitur. Cato scribit, pris- 
cos Romaiios in epulis cecinisse ad tibiam clarorum virorum laudes 
atque virtutes. Datur cohortibus siguum cornuaqiie ac tubae con- 
ciniierunt. In pugna, ad Trasimenum anno CCXVII ante Christum 
natum commissa, quindecim milia Romanorum in acie caesa sunt; 
decern milia, sparsa fuga per omnem Etruriam, diversis itineribus 
urbem petierunt. 

Constat, Numantiam a Scipione excisam et eversam esse. Si id, 
quod dixi, falsum erat ; cur me non refellisti ? Hostes pacem nobis- 
cum pepigerunt, ut milites a nobis oaptos restitueremus. Cleomenes, 
Lacedaemonius, qimm triginta dierum essent cum hoste pactae indu- 
tiae, noctu populabatur agros, quod dierum essent pactae, non noctium 
indutiae. Dux, quum urbem cepisset, aedificiis omnibus, publicis et 
privatis, sacris et profanis, sic pepercit, quasi ad ea defendenda, non 
expugnanda cum exercitu, urbem intrasset. Urbe expugnata, milites, 
furore capti, juraverunt se non aetate confectis, non mulieribus, non 
infantibus parsuros esse. Ovorum inter se similitudo est in proverbio; 
tamen Deli* fuerunt complures, qui, permultas gallinas alentes, quum 
ovum inspexerant, quae id gallina peperisset, dicere solebant. Mihi 
crede, te tua virtute maxiraam laudem tibi pariturum esse. 

C VI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translatio7i. 

Compimgere, to prick, conclamare, to cry out doliarium, i, n. cellar. 

mark. together. festivitas, atis,y*. agree- 

condere, to found, pre- gthn\i\are, to goad. ahleness. 

serve. sustentare, to preserve, loquacitas, atis, f. lo- 
distinguere, to distin- sustain. [forth. quacity. 

guish. erumpere, to break potus, us, m. drink. 

percurrere, to run nota, ae, /. sign, mark, spurius, a, um, spuri- 

through. adversarius, i, m. ad- ous. 
perdere, to destroy, ruin. versary. 

Catilina multas insidias Ciceronis vitae tetendit, sed hie omnes illius 
machinationes contudit. Admiramur praeclaros illos viros, qui sem- 
per summis laboribus et periculis ad summam laudem gloriamque 
contenderunt. Garrulus homo loquacilate sua aures meas plane tu- 
tudit. Die, a quo haec grana tunsa sint. Metellus in Numidiam pro- 
ficiscitur magna spe civium ; avaritia enim magistratuum ante id tem- 
pus in Numidia Romanorum opes contusae hostiumque (opes) auctae 
erant. Verres, simulac tetlgit provinciam, maximae avaritiae totum 
se tradidit. Totum librum legendo percucurri. Duae in Capitolio 

* at Delos. See Synt. § 92. 



190 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 67. 

aedes miiltaque alia aedificia uno anno de coelo tacta simt. Agesilaus, 
quotiescunque congressus est cum hostibus, multo majores adversario- 
rum copias pepulit Tu temeritatis tiiae maximas poenas pependisti. 
Conclamabant omnes Carthaginienses, satissuppliciorumase pro te- 
meritate unius hominis, Hannibalis, pensum esse. Milites, urbem in- 
gress!, non cibum, aut potum poposcerunt, non armorum onus depo- 
suerunt. Tu ex animo scrupulum evellistij qui me dies noctesque sti- 
mulavitac pupugit. Philosophia, si paupertas momordit, si ignominia 
pupugit, si quid tenebrarum ofFudit exsilium, singularum rerum pro- 
prias cousolationes adhlbet. Festivitatem habet narratio, distincta per- 
sonis et interpuncta sermonibus. Aristarehus, grammaticus, eos 
Homeri versus, qui spurii ei videbanlur, notis quibusdam compunxit. 
Omnes cives, belli calamitatibus confecti, paceni expoposcerunt. Ro- 
mani in doliariis condlta habebant vina, pipere et melle condita, Grae- 
ciae civitates, dum imperare singulae cupiunt, imperium omnes perdi- 
derunt. Perditis rebus omnibus, ipsa virtus se sustentat. 

The Gauls (Gallus, i,) have learned from the Greeks, to surround 
[their] cities with walls. If any one has acquired (fut. perf.) riches in 
a bad way (male), he will also lose them in a bad way. Tlje thing 
has turned out otherwise than (atque) I had expected. Alexander, 
seized (capere) by anger, killed (perf.) [his] friend Clitus, an old njan. 
Thy friendship has always afforded me the greatest pleasure. The 
faithless friend has deceived me. After my sister had sung (perf) 
alone (solus), we all sang together (perf.). It is known, that Scipio 
demolished (perf) Numantia. The old oak, which stood before (ante) 
our house, was (perf) felled yesterday. Since Cleomenes had agreed 
upon a truce of thirty days with the enemy, he laid waste the fields by 
night, because he had agreed upon a truce of days, not of nights. 
We have heard, that peace has been agreed upon (= bargained) with 
the enemy. The ship having struck against a rock, made (perf of 
facere) shipwreck. 

The citizens of the city hoped, that Caesar, who had already spared 
other captured cities, would also spare theirs. It is not to be doubted, 
that our army, which under the conduct of a bad general (duce malo im- 
peratore) has acquired for itself great praise by its bravery, under the 
conduct of a good general, will acquire for itself still (etiam) greater 
praise. A victory gained by treachery, redounds (= is) to (dat.) the 
conqueror not for praise but for disgrace. The rashness of Catiline 
was crushed by the prudence of Cicero. The dart will be discharged 
(emittere) so much the more violently, the more (magis) the bow has 
been drawn together (contendere) and drawn up (adducere). As 



^ 68.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 191 

Caesar entered (ingredi, subj.) the captured city, the inhabitants extend- 
ed (perf.) [their] hands to (ad) him, and entreated {orare, perf.) him, 
that he would spare them. Why dost thou weep boy ? because I have 
been struck. Who has struck thee ? 

The firmness of the general and the bravery of the soldiers, have 
weakened the attack of the forth-breaking enemies. Scarcely had I 
reached the house, when it was (perf) struck (= touched) hy lightning 
(de coelo). Our soldiers repulsed the enemies at (abl.) the first attack. 
The whole book has been run through by me [in] reading (abl. of ge- 
rund). The traitor has paid jnst punishment for his offence. As soon 
as the horns sounded (perf of canere), all the soldiers ran (perf) to- 
gether. Virtue sustains itself, even if (etiamsi) it may have lost all. 

§ 68. VIII. Lichoaiwe Verbs. 
All inchoative verbs (in sco), i. e. verbs which express a be- 
coming or beginning of the idea contained in the primitive, fol- 
low the third Conj. and coincide in the Perf. and Sup. with 
their primitives, as : 

inveterasco (from invcterare), inveteravi, inveteratum, invete- 

rascere, to grow old ; 
exardesco (from ardere), exarsi, exarsum, exardescere, to be- 
come inflamed, to be kindled ; 
indolesco (from dolere), indolui, indolltum, indolescere, to feel 

pain ; 
revivisco (from vivere), revixi, revictum, reviviscere, to come 

to life again, revive ; 
concupisco (from cupere), conciipivi, concupitum, concnpis- 

cere, to desire (earnestly) ; 
obdormisco (from dormire), obdormlvi, obdormitum, obdor- 
miscere, to fall asleep. 

Remark. The inchoative verbs from the absolete oleo, ui, olere, to 
grow, (§ 58, III, 4.) vary in their formation in the following way: 

adolesco, adolevi, adultum, adolescere, to grow up. 

exolesco, exolevi, exoletum, exolescere, to become old. 

inolesco, inolevi, (Sup. wanting), inolescere, to grow into. 
Also, obsolesco, obsolevi, obsoletum, obsolescere, to grow old, obsolete, 
varies from its primitive, solere. Very many inchoative verbs want the 
Sup., as : incalesco, incalui, incalescere, to become warm (from caleo, ui, 
rtum, ere, to be warm). Sf)me want both Perf and Sup., as : ai.gesco, 
I increase [^vom, augeo, xi, ctum, ere). Here especially, belong the 
inchoatives which are derived from substantives and adjectives, as : 



192 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 68. 

repuerascere, to become a hoy again ; only a small number of these 
form the Perf. which is in m*, as : maturesco, maturui, maturescere, 
to become mature. 



C VII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Coalesco, lui, lltum 3. illucesco, luxi 3. to be- advertere, to turn (hith- 

to grow together, coa- come light, daivn. er). 

lesce. recrudesco, dui 3. to auditor, oris, m. hearer. 

consanesco, nui 3. to be- break out afresh. viscus, eris, n. boioels. 

come well. rescisco, ivi or ii, itum adulterinus, a, \im,adul- 

consenesco, nui 3. to 3. to ascertain. terated, counterjeii. 

grow old. condemnare, to con- contra, adv. on the con- 

convalesco, lui 3. to be- demn ; capitis, to trary, other side. 

come better, recover. death. quando, adv. when. 

defervesco, vi 3. to burn permanare, to Jiow 

out, subside. through, flow along. 

Crede, omnem diem tibi illuxisse supremum. Socratis response 
sic judices exarserunt, ut capitis hominem innocentissimum condem- 
narent. Ratio, quum adolevit atque perfecta est, nominatur rite sa- 
pientia. Quaerltur, si sapiens adulterinos nummos acceperit impru- 
dens pro bonis, quum id rescierit, solnturusne sit eos ])ro bonis. Incre- 
dibile memoratu est, quam facile Ronuiai et Aborigines coaluerint. 
Quum est concupita pecunia, nee adhiblta continuo ratio, quae sanet 
eam cupiditatem : permanat in venas et inhaeret in visceribus illud ma- 
lum. Endy mlo, nescio quando, in Latmo, Carlae monte, obdormivit, nec- 
dum est experrectus. Oratori abstinendum est verbis, quae propter ve- 
tustatem obsoleverunt. Convaluistine tandem ex morbo, quo tamdiu la- 
borasti ? Illius oratoris ardor animi, qui prius omnium auditorum ani- 
mos ad se advertebat rapiebatque, jam plane defervit. Vulnus meum, 
quod jam consamiisse videbatur, nunc recruduit. 

Scarcely had the day dawned, when I commenced ( perf. of ag- 
gredi) my journey. A bloody war broke out (= was kindled) between 
(inter) the Romans and Carthaginians. Catiline addressed (perf) his 
associates with these words: Our (= to us) age is vigorous (vigere), 
the soul is strong (valere) ; on the other side, all is grown old by years 
and riches. As soon as Caesar ascertained (perf), that the enemies 
were approaching, he led out (i)erf ) the soldiers from the camp. In 
a short time, the minds of all hjid coalesced into (abl.) so great (tan- 
tus) friendship, that every distinction of rank (ordo et locus) was for- 
gotten. I have perceived with great pleasure from thy letter, that thou 
hast recovered from tiiy long continued sickness. The sedition of the 



$ 69,] FOURTH CONJUGATION. 193 

soldiers, which had been quieted by the wisdom (consilium) of the 
general, broke out afresh (perf.) during his absence (eo absente.) 

§ 69. Fourth Conjugation. 

L Perfect : — ivi and — Hi ; Supine : — turn. 

1. Sepelio, sep el'ivi, sepultum, sepellre, to bury. 

2. Sdlio, sdlui, sal turn, satire, to leap. 

The compounds have : — silio, — silui, — sultum, — silire, as : 
assilio, assilui, assultum, assilire, to leap upon. 

II. Perfect : — i ; Supine : — turn. 

1. Comperio, c o mp eri, co mp ertum, comptrxre, to as- 

certain. 

2. ^Jteperio, r ep eri, r ep ertum, reper'tre, to find, dis- 

cover. 

But : aperio, rut, rtum, rire, to open., uncover^ operio, rm', rtum, 
rire, to cover. 

3. Ve7iio, V eni, v entum, ventre, to come. 

III. Perfect : — si ; Supine : — turn. 

1. Amicio, {amixi and amicui, both rare), amictum, ami- 

aire, to clothe. 

2. Farcio, fa r s i, fa rtum, farclre, to stuff. 

The compounds have : — fercio, — fersi, — fertum, fercire,. as : 
refercire, to stuff full, Jill up. 

3. Fulcio, fu I si, fu Itum, fulcire, to support. 

4. Haurio, hausi, haustum, haurire, to draw. 

5. Sancio, sanxi, sane it urn (rare sanctum ; but sanetus, 

a, um, as adjective, sacred), sanclre, to sanction. 

6. Sarcio, sarsi, sartum, sarclre, to patch, repair, re- 

store. 
- 7. Sepio, sep si, septum, ^epire, to hedge around. 
8. Vincio, vinxi, vinctum, vincire, to bind, confine. 

IV. Perfect: — si; Supine :— sum. 

Sentio, s ensi, s en sum, sentire, to feel, think, suppose. 

CVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Consentire, to agree dissentire, to disagree, desilire, to leap down, 
with. dissent. transilire, to leap over. 

17 



194 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 69. 

exhaurire, to exhaust. dumetura, i, n. thicket, coetus, us, m. assembly. 
indagare, to search out. ludibrium, i, n. sport. affluenter, adv. plenti- 
d\spe]\ere,to drive asun- parricidium, i, n. par- fully. 

der, disperse. ricide. immortaliter, adv. im- 

catena, ae,/. chain. curatio, 6nis,y! cure. mortally. 

munificentia, ae,/. mu- explorator, oris, m. a rursus, adv. again. 

nijlcence. spy. [nor. undique, adv. from all 

documentum, i,w.j?roo/I rector, oris, m. gover- sides. 

Regis sepulcro haec verba inscripta sunt: Probe vixit, improbos vin- 
xit, hostes vicit. Hostes victi et catenis vincti in servitutem abducti 
sunt. Imperiiim justis legibus fultum esse debet. Rex, pace compos- 
ita, rerapublicam labefactatam sua virtute fulsit. Virtus difficilis inven- 
tu est : rectorem ducemque desiderat. Artes innumerablles repertae 
sunt, docente natura. Vita, si undique referta bonis est, beata dicitur. 
Homines urbes moenibus sepserunt. Occultae inimieitiae magis timen- 
dae sunt, quam apertae. Quis est tarn miser, ut non dei munificentiam 
senserit ? Dii, induti specie humana, fabulas poetis suppeditaverunt, 
hominum autem vitam superstitione omni referserunt. Continuis bel- 
lis reipublicae opes exhaustae sunt. Quo quis affluentius voluptates 
undique hauserit, eo graviusardenti usque sitiet. Spero, te mecumcon- 
sensurum esse. Cicero Archimedis sepulcrum, septum undique et ves- 
titum vepribus et dumetis, indagavit. Fama est, ludibrio fratris Re- 
mum novos urbis muros transiluisse. Lycurgus nihil lege ulla in alios 
sanxit, cujus non ipse primus in se documenta daret. Hippias gloria- 
tus est, pallium, quo amictus esset, se manu sua confecisse. Spera- 
mus, pacem omnia belli damna brevi sarturam esse. Una victoria 
omnia prius accepta detrimenta sarsit. Caesar, ubi per exploratores 
comperit, hostes adventare, protinus milites e castris eduxit. Nebula, 
hora quarta sole dispulsa, aperuit diem. Plato Athenis* in Academia 
sepultus est. Eodem loco nostra memoria sepultus est Carolus Odo- 
fredus Miillerus, professor Gottingensis, vir praestantissimus et de an- 
tiquitatis disciplina immortaliter merltus. 

The state shaken by the war, has been supported by the virtue of 
the king. Trajan alone of [gen.) all the citizens is buried with- 
in (intra) the city [of] Rome. Men have invented innumerable arts, 
nature teaching them (abl. abs.). Cicero's writings upon (de) philoso- 
phy, are filled up with the most excellent principles of virtue. The 
just king has supported his government by just laws. O king, thou 
art to be pronounced (= extolled) happy, who hast always lived up- 
rightly, hast bound the wicked, hast conquered the enemies. The 
cities are surrounded (= hedged around) with walls. Many philoso- 

* at Athens. See Synt. § 92. 



$70.] 



PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 



19S 



phers say, that the soul of man has been drawn from (ab) the divine 
nature. The horsemen leaped down (perf.) from (ex) their horses and 
fought (perf) on foot (= footmen). I know not, what thou hast thought 
(sentire) concerning my plan ; but I hope, that thou wilt not dissent 
from it. What has been sanctioned by the laws, must be observed by 
men. Solon (Solo, onis) ordained (= sanctioned perf.) nothing con- 
cerning parricide, because it had not been committed before his time 
(= him). Peace, in a short [time], has repaired all the losses of the 
war. All the fornjer (superior) losses are repaired by one victory. 
Whence hast thou ascertained, that my brother will come to-day? 
Just as physicians, when they have discovered the cause of the sickness 
(abl. abs.) believing that they have discovered the cure, so shall we, 
when the cause of sorrow is discovered, find the ability of curing {gen. 
of gerund) [it]. As the old man entered (subj.) the assembly, all un- 
covered (perf) [their] heads; but as he left (subj.) it, all covered (perf) 
[their] heads again. God has enclosed (= hedged in) and covered the 
eyes with (abl.) very delicate membranes. 



PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
§70. 1) Pos-sum, pol-ui, posse, to be able (can). 
Preliminary Remark. .Po55wm is composed of pot-is, e [able), and 
the verb sum. 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 


Indicative. Subjunctive. 


Present. 


Perfect. 


pos-swm, I am 


pos-5m, I may 


p6t-m, I have 


pot-wmm, I may 


able (can) 


be able 


been able 


have been able 


p6t-c», 


pos-5i5, 


\)dt-uisti 


pot-Mem 


p6t-c««, 


pos-«rf, 


pot-uif 


pot-uerit 


pos-5Mmw5, 


pos-5lmw«, 


pot-uimus 


pot-uerlmus 


\}6t-estis, 


^os-sltis, 


l)6t-uistis 


ip6t-u£ritis 


l>os-sunt. 


lios-sint. 


l)6t-uerunt{€re) 


])6t-uerint. 


Imperfect. 


Pluperfect. \ 


pot-eraw, I waspos-sem, I might 


pot-wemm, I had 


pot-wmewi, I 


able (could) 1 be able 


been able 


m'hthavebeena. 


pot-erds, etc. ipos-5e5, etc. 


Y>6t-ueraSj etc. 


ipot-uisseSy etc. 


Futuj-e. 


Future Perfect. 


pot-ero, I shall be able 


pot-Mero, I shall have been able 


pot-eris, etc. 


pot-ueris, etc. 


Infinitive. 


Participle. 


Pres. pos-5e, to be able 


p6t-en5 (only as adjective), able. 


Perf pot-wme, to have been able 


The remaining Part, are wanting. 


Put. wanting. 




1 Imperative 


wanting. 



196 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 70. 

CIX. Wbi'ds to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Celare (aliquem ali- constituere, to establish, effector, oris, m. crea- 
quid), to conceal constitute. tor. [situation. 

(something from desistere, to desist, cease, situs, us, m. condition, 

some one). [ate. inducere, to lead to, adeo, cuiv. so, so very. 

enumerare, to enumtr- induce. injuste, adv. unjustly, 

medltari (c. ace), to mitescere (without Y>nm\im, adv. first. 

<A{nA; (of something). Perf or Sup.) /o he- proinde quasi,jMsf 05 i/*. 

pejerare, to swear false- come mild, tame. 

Perglte, pueri, atque in id studium, in quo estis, incumblte, ut et vo- 
bis honori, et amicis utihtati, et reipublicae emohmiento esse possitis ! 
Nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit. Hoc quotidle meditare, 
ut possis aequo animo vitam rehnquere. Quidam idciico, deum esse, 
non putant, quia non apparet, nee cernitur : proinde quasi nostram 
ipsam mentem videre possimus. Universum mundum quum cermmus, 
possumusne dubitare, quin ei praesit aliquis effector et moderator ? 
Nihil tarn difficile est, quin (= ut non) quaerendo investigari possit. 
Sic cogitandum est, tanquam aliquis in pectus intlmum iuspicere pos- 
sit ; et potest. Satis nobis persuasum esse debet, etiamsi deum hom- 
inesque celare possimus, nihil tamen injuste esse faciendum. Potes- 
lisne dubitare, quin deus universum mundum gubernet? Non possu- 
mus. Cur nobiscum ambulare non potes ? 

Alcibiades Athenas Lacedaemoniis servire non poterat pati. Marcel- 
lus pedltes primum, deinde equites, quanto maximo possent, impetu 
in hostem erumpere jussit. Agesilaus non destitit, quibuscunque rebus 
posset, patriam juvare. Caesar, quam potuit maximis itineribus, exer- 
citum contra hostes duxit. Casus est, quum sic aliquid evenit, ut vel 
non evenire, vel aliter evenire potuerit. Omnes mundi partes ita con- 
gtitutae sunt, ut neque ad usum meliores potuerint esse, neque ad spe- 
ciem pulchriores. Ante occupatur animus ab iracundia, quam provi- 
dere satis potuit, ne occuparetur. Vix Caesar milites e castris educere 
potuerat, quum hostes impetum feceruiit. Quid enumerem artium 
multitudinem, sine quibus vita omnis nulla esse potuisset ? Quem, ut 
mentiatur, inducere possumus ; [eum,] ut pejeret, exorare facile poter- 
imus. Dolorem, si non potero frangere, occultabo. Facile intelligitur, 
nee figuram situmque membrorum nostrorum, nee ingenii mentisque 
vim efflci potuisse fortuna. Hoc primum sentio, nisi in bonis, amici- 
tiam esse non posse. 

If you earnestly apply (fut.) yourselves to the study of literature, you 
will be able to be useful, as well to yourselves as to [your] friends and 



§71.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 197 

the state. Socrates thought daily of this, that he might be able to die 
with equanimity. Canst thou tell me, why thy brother is not able to 
come to me to-day ? No. When you contemplate the whole world, you 
are not able to doubt, that it is ruled by a divine mind (mens). The 
wise can be happy, even when they are tortured. If we cultivate (co- 
lere) virtue, we can always be happy. 

Why cannot thy brothers come to me to-day ? I do not know, why 
they cannot. But why could they not come yesterday ? They could 
not come yesterday on account (per) of much business (plur.). What 
could have been (= has been able to be) given to the human race, 
fairer and more noble than reason ? The enemies had not as yet been 
able to draw their troops together, as Caesar made (perf ) an attack 
upon (in) them. Who believes, that the world can have been (= may 
have been able to be) made by chance ? 

§ 71. 2) Edo^ edi, esstim, edere and esse^ to eat. 

The whole irregularity of this verb, arises from its having forms like 
those beginning with es of the verb sum, which ai-e used at the same 
time with the regular form ; but the form es from tdo is long, from sum 
short. 



Pres. Ind, 



Imperf. Subj. 



edo, edis and es, edit and est, edimus, editis and eslis, edunt 



ederem and essem, ederes and esses, ederet and esset, 
ederemus and essemus, ederetis and essetis,edeTent and essent 



Imperative. 



Sing. 2. ede and es Plur. 2. edite and cs^e. 3. edunto. 
2. and 3. editoand esfo. editote and csfoie. 



Remark. So also its compounds, as : comedo, / eat, consume, comedis 
and comes, etc. The forms not given in the above table are regular. 

ex. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Symbola, ae, /. a con- argentum vivum, n. familiaris, e, belonging 

trihution of money quicksilver. to the family ; res fa- 

orfood; de symbo- spatium, i, n. space. miliaris, estofe. 

lis edere, to eat at curculio, onis, m. corn- perrumpere, to break 

common expense. worm. through. 

adolescentulus, i, m. moles, is,/, mass. vae, interj. alas ! 
young man, youth. 

Esse oportet, ut vivamus ; non vivere, ut edamus. Modice bibite et 
este. Heri aliquot adolescentuli convenerunt, ut de symbolis essent. 
Haec herba acerba esu est. Aegritudo lacerat, exest animum planeque 

17* 



198 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 72. 

conficit. Curculiones frumentum exesse incipiunt. Argentum vivum 
exest ac perrumpit vasa. Majores nostri cavere non potuerunt, ne ve- 
tustas monumenta exesset. Quae unquam moles tarn firma fuit, quam 
non exessent undae ? Vae vobis, qui omnem rem familiarem luxuria 
comestis ! Saturnus ex se natos comesse fingltur solitug, quia consu- 
mit aetas temporum spatia. 

Eat thou and drink moderately. Ye should eat moderately. Age 
consumes all monuments. Where dost thou eat to-day ? I came, that 
(ut) I might eat with thee. I know not, where you ate yesterday. My 
brother had called us in order to eat (sup.). An unripe grape is bitter 
to eat (sup. in u). I feared that the sorrow (aegritudo) would con- 
sume thy mind. Alas to thee, who consumest thy whole estate ! 

§ 72. 3) Fero, tuli, Idtum^ferre^ to bear, bring. 



Present Active. 
Ind. fero, fers,fert, 

ferlmus, fertis, ferunt. 


Present Passive. 
Ind. feror, ferris, fertur, 

ferlmur, ferlmlni, feruntur. 


Infinitive, ferre, to bear. 


Infinitive, ferri, to be borne. 


Im- S. Q.fer,ferto PI. 2.ferte,fert6te S. 2. ferre, fertor PI. 2. ferimini,-nor 
per. 3. ferto. 3. ferunto. 3. fertor. 3. feruntor. 


Imperf Subj. Active, 
ferrem, ferres, ferret, 
ferremus, ferretis, ferrent. 


Imperf. Subj. Passive, 
ferrer, ferreris (e),ferretur, 
ferremur, ferremini, ferrentur. 



Rem. 1. The remaining forms are derived regularly from fero, tuli, 
latum: Subj. Pres. feram, as, ferar, aris (e) ; Ind. Imperf. ferebam, fere- 
bar; Fut. firam, es, ferar, eris (e) ; Subj. Perf tulerim ; Plupf. tuleram, 
tulissem ; Inf. Perf. tulii^e ; Inf. Fut. laturus, a, um esse ; Part. Ad. 
ferens, ntis, laturus, a, um ; Pass, latus, a, um, ferendus, a, utn ; Ger. 
ferendum. 

Rem. 2. In the same manner the compounds, as : offero, obtuli, 
oblatum, oflFerre, to offer. From the stem of the Perf. tuli is derived : 
tollo, sus-tuli, sub-latum, tollere, to raise, take away, carry off. 

The Perf and Sup. are from sufFero (i. e. sursum fero, I carry aloft), 
from which, sufFero (i. e. sub. and fero), sustuli, sufFerre, to bear, endure, 
is to be carefully distinguished. 

CXI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Affero, attuli, al latum 3. to bear away, take tum 3. to bring to- 

3. to bring to, bring. away. gether, compare. 

aufero, abstuli, ablatum confero, contuli, colla- defero, detuli, delatum 



^ 72.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 199 

3. to bring down, praefero, tuli, latum 3. gigas, antis, m. giant. 

offer. to prefer. aeternltas, atis, /. eter- 

efFero, extuli, elatum refero, tuli, latum 3. nity. 

3. to hear forth, bury. to bring back, refer. funditus, adv. from the 

iufero, intuli, illatum, decedere, to go forth, foundation, wholly. 

to bring against ; he\- die. qui (for quo), hoiv, by 

lum infero alicui, / doctor, oris, m. teacher. whom, by what, etc. 

make war upon one. 

Ferte misero atque inopi auxilium. Confer nostram longissimam 
aetatem cum aeternitate, et brevissima videbitur. Quid quaeque nox, 
aut dies ferat, incertum est. Incumbe in earn curam et cogitationem, 
quae tibi summam dignitatem et gloriam afferat. Ferre laborem con- 
suetudo docet. Pecuniam praeferre amicitiae sordidum est. Ut quis- 
que maxime ad suum commodum refert, quaecunque agit ; ita minime 
est vir bonus. Bonum civem reipublicae dignitatem suis omnibus 
commodis praeferre oportet. Hoc doctoris intelligentis est, videre, 
quo ferat natura sua quemque. Is denique honos mihi videtur, qui 
non propter spem futuri beneficii, sed propter magna merita Claris 
viris defertur-et datur. 

Aristides in tanta paupertate decessit, ut, qui efferretur, vix relique- 
rit. Poetae ferunt, gigantes bellum diis intulisse. Socrates eundem 
vultum domum referebat, quern domo extulerat. Quod auri, quod 
argenti, quod ornamentorum in urbibus Siciliae fuit, id Verres abstulit. 
Multi etiam naturae vitium meditatione atque exercitatione sustulerunt. 
Pietate ad versus deum sublata, fides etiam et societas humani generis 
toUitur. Qui, deum esse, negant, nonne omnem religionem funditus 
sustulerunt ? Caritate benevolentiaque sublata, omuis est e vita sub- 
lata jucunditas. 

Bring thou aid to the wretched and the destitute ! If we compare 
our longest age with eternity, it will be necessary that we acknowledge 
(subj.) that it is very short. What can bring to us a fairer joy, than 
virtue. The noble (probus) youth bore (fero) and did all, he sweated 
and shivered {perf in each case). JuUus Caesar took away (perf ) from 
king Ptolemy, almost six thousand talents (gen.). What bringest thou, 
my boy ? I bring a present which my father presents to thee. Dost 
thou not know, that Epicurus has referred all [things] to (ad) plea- 
sure ? Pleasure is preferred by many to virtue. All (plur.) that we 
do, must be referred to virtue. The giants are said (feror) to have 
made war upon the gods. Cicero relates, that immense treasures 
were taken by Verres from the cities of Italy. A fault of nature has 
often been removed (= taken away) by exercise. The enemies were 



200 



PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 



[U3. 



SO cowardly, that they did not even bear an attack of our soldiers. I 
did not doubt, that you would (imperf.) bear the injustice offered 
(affero) you with equanimity. Through cruelty we are borne [on] to 
the foulest crimes. We feared, that war would be preferred by you 
to peace. Thou wilt be borne [away] by avarice to base gain. Soli- 
tude takes away the enjoyment of all pleasures. Thou shouldst not 
be borne [away] by avarice to base gain. When the news was 
brought (subj.) that the enemy approached, Caesar led out (perf ) his 
soldiers from the camp. The wretched [man] asked us, that we 
would bring aid to him (sibi). 



§ 73. 4) Volo, volui, velle, to will, wish. 

nolo (from ne volo), nolui nolle, to be unwilling ; 
mdlo (from magis volo), mdlui, malle, to choose 
(would) rather. 



Indicative. 


Subjunctive. i 




volo 


nolo malo 


velim 


nolim 


mdlim 


. 


vis 


non vis mavis 


veils 


noils 


malls 




vult 


non vult mavult 


velit 


nollt 


main 


1 


wo\umus 


nolUmus maliinms 


vellmus 


nollmus 


mallmvs 


*Ah 


vultis 


non vultis mavultis velitis 


nolltis 


malltis 




volunt 


nolunt mahmt. velint 


nolint 


molint 


"s. 


volebam 


nolebam malebam wllem 


nollem 


mallem 


4' 


volebas,etc. nolebas,etc.malebas,etc.''yeZZe5, etc 


. nolles, etc. malles^etcl 




volam, es. 


etc. nolam, es, etc. 


malam, 


es, etc. 




Imperative {of volo and malo wanting). 




S.2. noli, noHto; 3. nolito; PI. 2. nolite, nolitote; 


3. nolunto. 




Participle. 






volens, utii 


5 ; nolens, ntis ; 


of malo it 


is wanting. 



Remark. The forms derived from the Perf are regular: volui, nolui, 
malui ; voluerim, noluerim, maluerirn ; Inf. voluisse, noluisse, maluisse ; 
Plupf. volueram, nolneram, malueram ; voluissem, noluissem, maluis- 
sem ; Fid. Perf. voluero, noluero, maluero. The remaining forms are 
wanting. 

CXII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Defatigare, to weary, nobilitare, to make publicare, to make pub- 
make weary ; pass, to known, renowned. lie. 
become weary. 



I 



, 



$ 73.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 201 

sectari (c. ace), to fol- make hinding. serius, a, um, serious. 

low after, pursue. necessitas, atis, /. ne- ejusmodi, of this sort^ 

adstringere, fo bind, to ctssity. of this nature. 

Qui virtutem suam publicari vult, non virtuti laborat, sed gloriae. 
Nonne poetae post mortem iiobilitari volunt? Ego non eadem volo 
Benex, quae volui, adolescens. Si vis amari, ama. Bono mentis fru- 
endum est, si beati esse volumus. Docllis est, qui attente vult audire. 
Omnia benefacta in luce se collocari volunt. Si acres ac diligentes 
esse vultis, magna saepe intelligetis ex parvis. Quem docllem velis 
facere, simul attentum facias oj)ortet. Sic cum inferiore vivamus, 
quemadmodum nobiscum superiorem velimus vivere. Praeclare So- 
crates banc viam ad gloriam proximam dicebat esse, si quis id ageret, 
ut, qualis haberi vellet, talis esset. Si quis veram gloriam adipisci 
volet, virtutis officiis fungi debebit. 

Nolumus in conservandis bonis viris defatigari. Homines nolunt, 
eundem pluribus rebus excellere. Si quid per jocum dixi, nolito in 
serium convertere. Libero sum judicio, nulla ejusmodi adstrictus ne- 
cessitate, ut mihi, velim nolim, sit certa tuenda sententia. Socrates 
noluit ex carcere educi, quum facile posset. Ego me Phidiam esse 
mallem, quam vel optimum fabrum lignarium. Utrum corporis, an 
ingenii vires tibi augeri mavis? Multi sibi malunt melius esse, quam 
alteri. Virtute in alia alius rnavult excellere. Quibus id persuasum 
est, ut nihil malint se esse, quam bonos viros ; iis rellqua facilis est 
doctrina. Amicitiae est ea vis, ut, simulatque sibi allquid, quam alteri, 
maluerit, nulla sit. Vae vobis, qui divitias, quam virtutem sectari ma- 
vultis ! Malumus cum virtute paucis contenti esse, quam sine virtute 
multa habere. Aristides, Atheniensis, bonus esse malebat, quam 
videri. 

If Mve w^ish to bear (fero) our virtue before (prae) ourselves, we do 
not labor for virtue but for glory. Men [when] old, do not wish the 
very same which they wished (perf ) [when] young. If you wish to 
be loved by others, you must also love others. If thou wishest to be 
happy, thou must cultivate virtue. Why does not thy brother wish 
to take a walk with us ? Thou askest why he does not wish ; he does 
wish indeed, but he cannot on account of (per) business. If you wish 
to undertake a great undertaking (negotium), you must make (adhib- 
ere) diligent preparation. Wilt thou come to us to-day, or (an) wilt 
thou not? we wish (Sub. pres.) to know. May you (= you will suhj. 
pres. of volo) also [when] absent, love us as you are accustomed to love. 
If it is not allowed to live as we wish, we live as we can. We know 
not, why you did not wish to come to us yesterday. 



202 



PAETICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 



[n4. 



Be thou unwilling to become weary in the preservation (gerund) of 
good men. We are unwilling, that the very same [man] should ex- 
cel in several things. They, who are bound by a certain (certus) sen- 
timent, must defend it, [whether] they will [or] not. Wouldst thou 
live in the country, rather than in the city ? Many would (= choose 
to) acquire riches, rather than virtue. Timoleon chose (perf) to be 
esteemed, rather than to be feared (metuo). The wise choose to 
stand upon (abl.) their own judgment, rather than [upon that] of an- 
other. Who would not rather be virtuous (= partaking of virtue, 
compos), than rich? Would you rather live in the city, than in the 
country ? we would rather live in the country. 



§ 74. 5) Eo^ ivi, ttum, ire, to go. 



Ten- 
ses. 


Indicative. - 


Subjunctive. 


Pres. 

Impf 
Futur. 

Perf 

Plpf 
F.Perf 


eo, is, It, i-mus, itis, eunt 
l-bam, i-bas, i-bat, etc. 
l-bo, i-bis, i-bit, etc. i-bunt 
i-vi, i-visti, i-vit, etc. 
i-veram, i-veras, i-verat, etc. 
i-vero, i-veris, i-verit, etc. 


earn, cos, eat, edmus, edtis, eant 
l-rem, i-res, l-ret, etc. 
I-turus, a, um sim, etc. 
i-verim, i-veris, i-verit, etc. 
i-vissem, i-visses, i-visset, etc. 


Imperative. 
S. 2. i, i-to, 3. i-to 
P. 2. i-te, i-tote, 

3. eunto. 


Supine. 
t-tum, 

i-tU. 


Participle. 
Pres. i-ens, 
Gen. eunlis. 
Fut.i-turus,a,um. 


Gerund, 
eundum 
eundi 
eundo etc. 



Rem. 1. In the same manner the compounds are decHned, as : exeo, 
I go out, go forth, abeo, I go away, redeo, I return. So also: ven-eo, 
ven-Ii, (see Rem. 2.), ven-itum, ven-ire, to be soZc? (Imper. Part, and Ger. 
wanting). Ambire, to go around something, surround, forms an excep- 
tion, it being entirely regular according to the fourth Conj., as: Pres. 
ambio, ambtawi, Impf ambie&am, ambirem. Part, ambiens, G. woahientis, 
Perf ambwi. Sup. ambl^wm, Part, ^mhitus (but the substantive is : am- 
bitus, us, a going around), Ger. ambienrfuw. 

Rem. 2. The compounds generally drop the v in the ending of the 
Perf and the parts derived from it and vi if an s follows it, as : abii, 
abisti, abiit, abierim, abisse, abissem, etc., venii, venieram, veniero. 

Rem. 3. In the simple verb of this class, only the third Pers. Sing, is 
used of the passive forms, as : itur, one goes, ibatur, one went, itum est, 
on^ has gone ; the Infin. Fut. Pass, of all verbs is formed by the Infin. 
in joined to their Supines, as : amatum iri. But the compounds with a 
transitive 'meaning, form a complete Pass, like other transitive verbs, as : 
praeterire, to pass by before, pass over, praetereor, / am passed by, prae- 



^4.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 203 

teriris, — itur, — ^imiir, — imini, — euntur ; praeteribar, etc. ; amhior {am- 
biuntur, ambiebar) also in the Pass, is regular according to the fourth 
Conjugation. 



CXIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 

Adire, to come to. emori, 3. to die. aliquando, adv. some- 

circumire, to go around, casa, ae, /. a hut. time. 

surround. angustiae, arum,/, war- foede, acfo. basely, in a 
interire, to decay. row pass. base way. 

obire, to die. silentium, i, n. silence, intempestlve, adv. un- 

perire, to go to ruin, excessus, us, m. depar- timely. 

perish. ture. ohvlam, adv. against, to 

transire, to pass over, praealtus, a, urn, very meet. 

through, away. high, very deep. sero, adv. late, too late. 

Qui ad nos intempestiveadeunt, molesti saepe sunt. Pleraque, ante 
oculos posita, transimus. Abeunt hirundines hibernis mensibus. Cor- 
pus mortale aliquo tempore interire necesse est. Pereunt aliquando 
innocentes; quis neget? nocentes tamen saepius pereunt. Omnes 
homines summa ope niti decet, ne vitam silentio transeant. Quis du- 
bitet, quin ex casa vir magnus exire possit? Potius sero, quam nun- 
quam, obviam eundum est audaciae temeritatique. Omnes cives mili- 
tibus, qui e bello domum redibant, laeti obviam ibant. Si ita natura 
paratum esset, ut ea dormientes agerent, quae somniarent, alhgandi 
omnes essent, qui cubitum irent. Illud erat insltum priscis, esse in 
morte sensum, neque excessu vitae sic deleri hominem, ut funditus 
interiret. Augustias Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitudine hoslium 
circumiretur. Romulus ad deos transisse creditus est. Augustus obiit 
septuagesimo et sexto aetatis anno. Mihi nunquam persuaderi potuit, 
animos, dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere ; quum exissent 
ex iis, emori. Quicquid transiit temporis, perlit. Quum rure rediero, 
statim te adibo. Pompeius multique alii clari viri foede perierunt. I, 
quo te fata vocant. Abiit ad deos Hercules: nunquam abisset, nisi, 
quum inter homines esset, earn sibi viam munivisset. Muros turresque 
urbis praealtum mare ambiebat. 

Be on thy guard, that thou dost not go to one untimely. Very 
much which is set before our eyes, is passed over by us. Our body 
will decay at some time; but that our soul will decay, we cannot be- 
lieve. Go spiritedly against self-confidence and rashness. Who does 
not know, how often great men come (= go) forth from huts ! As 
the soldiers were returning (subj.) home from the war, all the citizens 
went (perf ) to meet them. In the spring the swallows return to us, 



204 



PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 



[HS. 



in the autumn they go away. As Caesar was coming out (subj.) of 
the woods, he was (perf.) surrounded by the enemies. When the 
soul shall have left the body, it will be happy. We shall go out to 
meet our parents, who are returning from the country to the city. 
Hast thou not heard, that Pompey has perished in a base way ? The 
orators pass over all (plur.) that appears base to speak (sup. in m). 
The men, ivho pass (part, of transire) their lives in silence, die (obire) 
without fame. 



§ 75. 6) Queo, qulvi, qmtum, quire ^ to be able (can) ; and ne- 
qiieo^ nequivi, 7iequitum, nequire, not to be able (cannot). 

Both these verbs are inflected throughout like eo, ivi, Itum, ire, to go. 
Many of their forms, however, occur but rarely and, indeed, in good 
prose, not at all. These forms are omitted in the following table. 



Indicative. 


Subjunctive. 


Pies. 


queo 
queunt 


nequeo 

nequls 

nequit 

nequimus 

nequTtis 

nequeunt 


queam nequeam 
queas nequeas 
queat nequeat 
queamus nequeamus 
queatis nequeatis 
queant nequeant 


Impf. 




nequlbam 


nequTrem 


Perf. 


quivi 


nequlvi 


qulverim nequiverim 


Plpf. 


quiveram nequlveram 


quivissem nequissem 


F. Perf. 


quivero 


nequivero 


wanting. 






Infinitive. 


Participle. 


Perf. 


quivisse 


nequivisse 


nequiens 
nequeuntis, etc. 


Supine : 


quitum, 


quitu {of neqveo it is \ 


vanting). The remaining forms 


are w 


mting, or occur but rarely. 





^ 



^6.] 



PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 



205 



§ 76. 7) Fw, f actus sum, fieri, to become, to happen. 

Preliminary Remark. This verb forms the Pass, of facio. (See 
§65,4.) 



Indicative. 


Subjunctive. 


Infinitive. 


Pr. 

Imp. 
Fut. 

Prf. 

P]pf 

Fut. 
Prf. 


f I-o, f i-s, fi-t, fl-unt 

fi-ebam, fi-ebas, etc. 

fl-am, fl-es, fi-et, 
fi-emus, fi-etis, fi-ent 

factus, a, um sum 

factus, a, um eram 

factus, a, um ero 


fl-am, f i-as, f i-at, 
fl-atnus, fi-atis, flant 

fi-erem, fl-eres, etc. 

Participle. 
Pres. granting. 

Perf factus, a, um 

Fut. faciendus (a, um) 
be (lone. 
futurus (a, um), 7o 
All the remaining foi 
cur but rarely. 


Pres. fieri ; 
Pf. factus, a, um esse ; 
Fut. factum iri, or fu- 
turum esse, or fore. 


ichat should or must 

hat icill come to pass. 
ms are v^^anting or oc- 



Remark. The compounds ofjacio, which are formed from verbs, re- 
tain facio in the Act. and Jio in the Pass., as: calefacio, calefeci, cale- 
factum, calefacere, to make warm (calere), calefio, calefactus sum, cal- 
fieri, to become warm ; but the compounds with prepositions have in the 
Act. — ficlo, — feci, — fectum, — ficere, and in the Pass. — ficior, — fectus 
sum, — fici, as : perflcio, perfeci, perfectum, perflcere, to accomplish, per- 
ficior, perfectus sum, perfici. Only a few compounds with prepositions 
form the Pass, with Jio and these only in particular forms, as: confit 
(for conftcitur), it is accomplished, confieri ; defit, it is wanting, defiet. 

CXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 

Exulcerare, <o iVn'tafe, e\6qu\, to pronounce. crebro, adv. frequently, 

make worse. adversus, a, um, oppo- fatalfter, adv. conforma- 

generai'e, to make. site. hly to fate. [times. 

retlnere, to hold back, cogitato, adv. ivith pre- interdum, adv. some- 
prevent, meditation. polite, adv. elegantly. 

Intueri solem adversum nequimus. Decori vis ea est, ut ab honesto 
non queat separari. Risus interdum ita repente erumpit, ut eum cu- 
pientes tenere nequeamus. Die, utrum queas, an nequeas mecurn ire. 
Quum hostes exercitum nostrum fundere nequirent, in castra munita 
sese receperunt. Quum dux precibus retinere militem nequiret, vim 
adhibendam censuit. Saepe imperiti medici ea, quaesanare nequeunt, 
exulcerant. Quum Demosthenes " rho" dicere nequiret, exercitatione 
fecit, ut planissime diceret. 

Ex inimico coglta posse fieri amicum. Nemo fit casu bonus. Si 
18 



206 DEFECTIVE VERBS. [^ 77. 

fato omnia fiunt ; nihil nos adnionere potest, ut cautiores fiamus. Ne- 
mo ignavia immortalis factus est. Permultnm interest, utrum pertur- 
batione allqua animi, quae plerumque brevis est, an consuko et cogita- 
to fiat injuria. Homo, quod crebro videt, non miratur, eliamsi, cur 
fiat, nesciat. Non ita generali a natura sumus, ut ad ludum et jocum 
facti esse videamur, sed ad severitatem potius et ad quaedam studia 
graviora atque majora. Prudentior fis, accedente senectute. Nego 
esse fortunam, et omnia, quae fiunt, quaeque futura sunt, ex omni ae- 
ternitate definita dico esse fataliter. Qua de caussa dicebas, omnia, 
quae fierent futurave essent, fato contineri ? Fieri potest, ut recte 
quis seutiat, et id, quod sentit, polite eloqui nequeat. 

Men cannot look upon the opposite sun. The virtues are so (ita) 
connected and joined together (inter se), that they cannot be separated 
from each other. Often we cannot prevent a laugh, although (quam- 
vis with Suhj.) w^e Avould. Say, whether you can go with us, or can- 
not. There are many diseases which cannot (subj.) be cured. De- 
mosthenes could not (perf) at first pronounce "rho," but by exercise 
he effected (= made), that he pronounced [it] very plainly. 

If thou wishest to be learned, learn early. From an enemy, [onej 
ofl;en becomes suddenly a friend. Men do not become good by chance. 
If all [things] happen (subj.) by chance, all (omnis) foresight is 
useless. Dost thou believe, that a man may ever become immortal by 
cowardice ^ Men become wiser by age. Some philosophers were 
uncertain, whether all (omniane) might happen by chance ; I am con- 
vinced, that nothing happens by chance. 

§ 77. Defective Verbs ^ i. e. verbs of which only a feiv forms 

are used. 

1) Aio, I say, affirm, say yes, assent. 
Pres. Ind. aio, ais, ait and aiunt. Subj. aias, aiat and aiant. 
Impf. Ind. aiebam, has, bat ; bamus, batis, bant. (Subj. Avholly wanting.) 
Pari, aiens, aientis (as adjective, affirming, affirmative). 

2) Inquam, I say. 
Pres. inquam, inquis, inquit ; inquimus, inquiunt. [Subj. inquiam]. 
Impf. inquiebat or inquibat, inquiebant (Suhj, wanting). 
Fvt. inquies and inquiet. Perf. inquisti and inquit. 

3) f Memini, menmiisse (c. gen. and ace), to remember. 
^ Odi, odisse, to hate. 
»> Coepi, coepisse, to have begun. 
^ [ Norn, novisse (nosse), to be acquainted with, know. 



$77. 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 



207 



All four Perfects and the forms derived from them are entirely reg- 
ular. 



Pcrf. Ind. 


me mini, / re- 
memher 


odi, I hate 


coepi, / have 
begvn 


novi, I know 


Subj. 


meminerim 


oderim 


coeperim 


noverim (no- 
rim) 


Pipf. Ind. 


me mine ram, / 


oderam, I hated 


coeperam, / 


noveram (no- 




remembered 




had begun 


ram), 1 knew 


Subj. 


meminissem 


odissem 


coepissem 


novissem (nos- 
sem) 


Fut. Ind. 


meminero, / 


odero, 1 will 


coepero, J shall 


novero (noro), / 




shall remem- 


hate 


have begun 


shall knoio 




ber 








Frnperfit. 


memento, re- 
member thou 

mementote, re- 
vicmber ye 


wanting. 


wanting. 


wanting. 


Inf. Perf. 


meminisse 


odisse 


coepisse 


novisse (nosse) 


Fut. 


wanting. 


osurus esse 


coepturus esse 


wanting. 


Particip. 


wanting. 


osus, exosus, 
perosus, one 
whu hates, or 
has hated very 
much. 


coepturus, one 

icho will begin 

coeptus, begun. 


wanting. 



Remark. J^ovi is nothing else than the Perf. of nosco (I am ac- 
quainted with). Instead o^ coepi., coeperam,, etc., coeptus sum, coeptus 
eram, etc., must be used, when the accompanying Inf is in the Pass., 
as : urbs aedificari coepta est, the, city has begun to be built. The same 
is the case with desino. 



CXV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation, 

Abomlnari, to execrate, comoedia, ae,/ comedy, credulus, a, um. credu- 
commemorare, fo men- insii tutu m, i, ji. an msfi- 
tution. 
probrum, i. n, reproach. 
haruspex, icis, m. sooth- 
sayer. 
bell us, a, um, beautiful. 
consentaneus, a, um 
suitable. 



lous. 
invldus, a, um, envious. 
dum, conj. (with the 

Subj.) provided that. 
sive (seu), or ; sive 

(seu) — sive (seu), 

whether — or, either 



tion, call to mind. 

evanesco, nui 3. to dis- 
appear. 

hebesco (without Perf. 
and Sup.). I am in- 
operative. 

proferre 3. to produce. 

sapio, ui 3. to be wise. 

Rule of Syntax. When the words of some one are quoted pre- 
cisely as he spoke them, inquam is used, and is introduced among the 
words quoted ; but if only the sense of what one has said is quoted, 
aio is used. 

Contraria ea sunt, quorum alterum ait quid, alterum negat. Cato 
mirari se aiebat, quod non rideret haruspex, harusplcem quum vidisset. 



208 DEFECTIVE VERBS. [^77. 

Ut quimus, aiunt, quando, ut voliiinus, non licet. Sus, ut aiunt, docet 
Minervain. Tu ais, ego nego. Negat Epicurus, quenquam, qui hon- 
este Don vivat, jucunde posse vivere. Quasi ego id curem, quid ille 
aiat, aut neget ; illud quaeio, quid ei, qui in voluptate summum bonum 
putat, consentaneum sit dicere. Sive tu hoc ais, sive negas ; ego tue- 
bor sententiam nieam. Negantia contraria sunt aientibus. Ain' (for 
aisne) tu ? quum res occultissimas aperueris in lucemque protuleris : 
negabis, esse rem ullam, quae cognosci possit ? Aisne ? Aio. Ne= 
gasne? Nego. Agricola serit arbores, quae aheri saeculo prosint, ut 
ait ilJe in Menandri comoedia. Non credimus, inqultis, vera esse, quae 
dicimus. Tu vero, inquisti, mihi molestus nunquam eris. Amicus 
meus, inquies, nonne est homo beHus ? Praeclare Plato : Beatum, in- 
quit, cui etiam in senectute contigerit, ut sapientiam verasque opin- 
iones assequi possit. 

I deny that, which thou assertest. If I say yes, he [also] says yes ; 
if I say, no (deny), he also says no. It is said, that thou wilt leave the 
city. I know not, whether thou affirniist the thing, or deniest [it]. 
Affirmative (= affirming) opinions (sententia), are contrary to negative 
(= denying) [opinions]. They said, that thy father set out for (ad) 
Rome. It is delightful and becoming, says Horace, to die for one's 
country. Thou hast erred, thou wilt say perhaps. Never, says he, is 
a friend troublesome to me. 

Meminerlmus, etiam adversus infimos justitiam esse servandam. 
Animus meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura providet. Be- 
neficia meminisse debet is, in quern collata sunt, non commemorare, 
qui contuiit. Illud semper memento : Qui ipse sibi sapiens prodesse 
nequit, nequicquam sapit. Quod tu mihi dixisti, pulchre meminero. 
Qui patriae beneficia meminerint, semper pro ejus salute arma capes- 
eere parati erunt. Memento mori. 

Omnes oderunt eum, qui immemor est beneficii. Libertatis inimi- 
cos, effici non potest, quin (= ut non) oderim. Invidi virtutem et bo- 
num alienum oderunt. Virtus necesse est res sibi contrarias aspernetur 
atque oderit. Probos amamus, improbos odimus. Non dubito, quin 
mali me oderint. Vox dira et abominanda: Oderint, dum metuant. 
Cicero, penitus oderat Clodium. Judicem neque studere cuiquam de- 
cet, neque odisse, neque irasci. Non ita amare debemus, ut si aliquan- 
do osuri simus. Romani regum nomen perosi sunt. 

Dimidium facti, qui bene coepit, habei. Oracula evanuerunt, post- 
quam homines minus creduli esse coeperunt. Postquam divitiae ho- 
nori esse coeperunt, et eas gloria, imperium, potentia sequebatur : he 



^78.] IMPERSONAL VERBS. 209 

bescere virtus, paupertas probro esse coepit. Turpe est, rem bene 
coeptam male finire. Uudique in murum lapides conjici coepti sunt 
Urbs obsideri coepta est. 

Deum colit, qui novit Nihil mihi stultius videtur, quam existimare 
eum studiosum tui, quem non noris. Qui se ipse norit, aliquid sen- 
tiet se habere divinum, tantoque munere dei semper dignum aliquid et 
faciet et sentiet. Quam quisque norit artem, in hac se exerceat. 

You should forget favors conferred, [but] remember those received. 
We shall remember thee, even when thou art absent. If we remem- 
ber the favors conferred upon us (in nos) by our parents, we shall nev- 
er be ungrateful towards (adversus) them. When we remember youth 
happily passed (agere), we are delighted. As often as (quotiescunque) 
I remembered the good principles of my teachers, a desire after (gen.) 
those excellent men seized (occupare) me. 

We hate the men, who are unmindful of favors received. Who is 
there, who does riot (quin) hate (subj.) the enemies of freedom? We 
did not know, why he hated us. Men love the upright, [and] hate the 
wicked. I doubt not, that the wicked hate me. The (is) friend is not 
agreeable (gratus) to us, who loves us as one about to hate us. It is 
known, that the Romans hated (perf ) the name of kings very much. 
Him, who is unfortunate, all hate. 

Thou hast begun the thing well, but ended badly. Scarcely had 
the soldiers begun to fortify the camp, when the enemies were (perf!) 
discovered. Already had the enemies begun to assault the city, as 
suddenly our soldiers came (perf) for (dat.) aid to the citizens, ^er 
the banishment of the kings, (abl. abs.), two consuls began to be chosen 
yearly. 

I know not, whether (ne attached to the verb) thou art acquainted 
with my friend, but if thou shall become acquainted with him, thou 
wilt love him. Judge not concerning a man, before you know him. 
Do you know the way ? we do not know it. When any one wishes 
to preside over the republic, he should (oportet with Suhj.) be acquaint- 
ed with its laws and institutions. Art thou personally (= from ap- 
pearance, de facie) acquainted with my friend? (= I am not acquaint- 
ed with him), but I desire (opto) to know (== that I may know) him. 

§ 78. Impersonal Verbs (46. Rem.) 

1) Verbs which indicate certain appearances of Nature. 

fulgurat, it lightens, {it fulmtnat, it lightens, gelat, it freezes. 

thunders. grandinat, it hails. 

18* 



210 IMPERSONAL VERBS. [^ 78. 

illucescit, uxit, it he- ningit, xit, it snows. vesperascit, ravit, it he- 
covies light, day. puit, it rains. comes evening. 

Rem. I. These verbs may be inflected through all the modes aud 
tenses, as : 

tonat tonet tonuit tonuerit tonare 

tonabat tonaret tonuerat tonuisset tonuisse. 

The other Impersonal Verbs here introduced of the first Conjugation, 
have avit. 

2) decet, uit (c. ace.) licet, it is allowed. pertaesum est, it dis- 

it is hecoming. miseret, uit it excites gusts. 

dedecet, uit (c. ace.) it (one's) pity. piget, uit, it irks. 

is not becoming. miseretur, ritum est, it poenltet, uit, it repents. 

Ubet or lubet, uit, it excites pity. [fid. pudet, uit, it shames, 

pleases. oportet, uit, it is need- taedet, uit, it disgusts. 

3) There are also many personal verbs used as impersonal 
in a particular meaning, as : 

accedit, essit [ut or contingit, igit, it falls juvat, juvit, it delights, 

quod), it is added to one's lot. liquet, quit, it is clear, 

{that). convenit, enit, it is Jit. patet, uit, it is obvious. 

accidit, it happens. evenit, enit, it happens, placet, uit, it pleases. 

apparet, uit ; it is evi- expedit, it is useful. praestat, itit, it is bet- 
dent, fallit, fefellit(me), if €5- ter. [capes {me). 

attinet, uit, it pertains capes {me). praeterit, iit (me), ites- 

to. fugit, fagir, (me), it es- re fert,retulit,t< concerns 

conducit, xit, it is ser- capes {me), it is un- restat, it remains, 

viceable. known. sufficit, ecit, it is suffir 

constat, stitit, it is interest, fuit, it con- dent. 

known. cerns. superest, it remains. 

Rem. 2. These impersonals, also, can be inflected in all the modes 
and tenses. 

4) Finally there belong here the third Pers. Sing. Pass, of 
■all verbs, especially of intransitive verbs, through all the modes 
and tenses, as : 

Aratur, they plough, aretur, they may plough ; arabatur, they ploughed, 
araretur, they might plough ; aratum est, they have ploughed, aratum sit, 
they may have ploughed; aratum erat, they had ploughed, aratum esset, 
they might have ploughed, aratum erit, they will have ploughed; Inf. in 
dependent discourse: arari, {xhoX) they plough, SiYaXMm esse, (that) </iei/ 
have ploughed, aratum iri, (that) they will plough. — Ridetur, they laugh; 
ludebatur, they played; dormietur, they will sleep ; itur, they go ; ventum 
est, they Imve corm. 



^^9, 80.] PREPOSITION, ETC. FORMATION OF WORDS. 211 

CHAPTER 11. 

§ 79. Preposition. — Conjunction. — Interjection. 

1. In addition to the parts of speech which have already- 
been treated of, there remain the co7ijunction and interjection. 
Of these, the conjunction, as it is employed in connecting sen- 
tences, will be more properly treated of in the Syntax, and 
the interjection needs no special treatment beyond a mere defi- 
nition ; for which see k 6. Rem. 2. 

2. Th-e preposition, in addition to the table of prepositions 
given in § 34, and the remarks upon its use in the Syntax (^ 93.), 
requires some additional illustration here. Most prepositions 
are used also as adverbs, as: ante, post, prope, juxta, infra, su- 
pra, citra, ultra, intra, extra, contra, circa (circum). Nearly all 
prepositions are used in composition, as : interrogo, decedo, com- 
pono (com, con, co = cum in composition), etc. Liseparable 
prepositions are those which occur only in composition, viz : 
amb {am, an) around, as : amb-ire, am-plector, an-fractus ; — dis 
(di), asunder, from each other, as : dis-cedo, di-spergo ; — re (back, 
again), as : re-vertor, re-cludo ; — se (aside, apart), as: se-p6no; 
— sus (su), up, upon, as : sus-cipio, su-spicio ; finally, the nega- 
tive ne, as : ne-scire. 



CHAPTER m. 

§ 80. Formation of Words. 
I. Verbs. 

1. Frequentatives, i. e. verbs which express a repetition of the 
action, are formed from other verbs by adding Uare to the stem 
of the Pres., as : ago, / drive, ag-Ito, / drive hither and thither, 
clara-o, I cry, clam-ito, I cry continually. 

2. Intensives, i. e. verbs which express a permanence or con- 
tiwuance in an action, are formed from the Sup. of other verbs, 
as : verto, verti, versura, vertere, to turn, verso, to turn hither 
and thither ; they follow the first Conjugation. 



212 FORMATION OF WORDS. [^ 80- 

3. Desideratives, i. e. verbs which express a desire or striving 
after the thing indicated by their primitives, have the ending 
U7'io, as: esn-rio, I desire to eat (from edo, edi, essum), coenat- 
urio, I long for supper (from coeno, avi, atum); they follow the 
fourth Conjugation. 

4. Inchoatives, i. e. verbs which express a becoming or begin- 
niiig of that which their primitives express, have the endings 
asco, esco, isco, as ; exhorr-esco, / shudder (from horreo), con- 
cup-isco, I desire (from cupio), repuer-SiSco, I become a, boy again 
(from puer) ; they follow the third Conjugation. 

5. Diminutives, i. e. verbs which express a diminution of 
the idea expressed by their primitives, have the ending, iUo, 
as : (canto) cantillo, 1 chant. 

II. Substantives. 

1. Nouns in tor (fem. trix), are formed from the supines of 
verbs and designate ^er^on^s in active relations (actors), as: vic- 
tor, victrix, a conqueror (from vinco, vici, victum). 

2. Those in io, are formed from the supines of verbs, and 
like English substantives in ing, express the action of the verbs 
from which they are formed as taking place, as : laesio, an iji- 
juring (from laedo, laesi, laesum), emendatio, an emending (from 

emendo, avi, atum). 

3. Those in o, 67iis, are derived either from verbs or nouns, 
and designate persons with an idea of contempt, as : capito 
(from caput), blockhead. 

4. Those in us (gen. us), are derived from supines, and sig- 
nify mostly a completed action, an effect, as : mors us, a bite 
(from mordeo, momordi, morsum). 

5. Those in ulus, via, ulam; olas, ola, olum ; ellus, ella, ellum; 
illus, ilia, Ulam, indicate an object as small [diminutives), as : 
hortuliis, a little garden, vocula, a slight voice (from vox) ; filio- 
lus, a little son, fihola, a little daughter, asseUus, an ass colt. 

Remark. Tlie gender of diminutives follows the gender of their 
primitives. 

6. Those in etum, signify a place abounding in that expressed 
by their primitives, as: quercetum, an oak-grove, dumetum, a 
thorn-thicket (from dumus, a tJwrn bush). 



$ 80.] FORMATION OF WORDS. 213 

7. Those ill la (itia), G. lae; — tds, G. tdtis ; tits, G. tiitis ; tiido, 
G. tudimis ; — edo and ido, G, inis, express an abstract quality, as : 
andacia (from audax,) boldness, sapientia (from sapiens), wis- 
dom; laetitia (from laetus),joy, avaritia (from avdrus), avarice; 
— bonitas (from bonus), goodness, celeritas (from celer), swift- 
ness ; — servitus (from servus), servitude; — fortitiido (i^tomfortis), 
bravery, mdigmiwdo (from magnus), greatness; — dulcedo (from 
dulcis), sweetness, cupido (from cupldus), desire. 

8. Gentile Nouns, i. e. names o^ peoples and countries. Names 
of countries are mostl}^ formed from the names of peoples, with 
the ending ia, as: (Macedo, 6n-is) Macedonia; (Thrax, ac-is) 
Thracia, etc. On the contrary, names of peoples having the 
adjective-endings : lus, anus, inus, enus, ensis (iensis), as ( G. dtis), 
Icus, idcus, alcus, are formed either from names of countries or 
cities, as: (Cyprus) Cyprius; (Roma) Romdnus; (Venusia) 
Venuslnus ; (Pergamus) Pergamenus ; (Athenae) Athenicnsis ; 
(Arpinum) Arplnas; (Colchis) Colchicus; (Aegyptus) Aegijp- 
tide us ; (Thebae) Thebaicus. 

9. Fatronymics, i. e. personal appellations derived from one's 
descent. These have the endings : ides, G. idae. Fern, is (from 
primitives in us and or) ; ides, F. eis (from primitives in eus) ; 
ddes or lades, F. as (ias) (from primitives in as or es of the first 
Dec. or in ius),B.s: (Prianuis) Priamides ; (Agenor) Agenorl' 
des; (Tantalus) F Tantdlis ; — (Peleus) Pelides; (Theseus) F. 
Theseis; — {Aen^dis) Aeneddes ; (Thestius) Thestiddes; F. Thes- 
tias. 

III. Adjectives. 

1. Those in eus, a, um, are adjectives o^ material, as: ferreus, 
iron, ligneus, wooden, marmoreus, of marble. 

2. Those in inus, a, um, and 7ieus, a, um, are principally de- 
rived from the names ofplayits and minerals, as : faglnus, beech- 
en, of beech, querneus, of oak, crystalllnus, of crystal; aburneus, 
of ivory. 

3. Those in nu^, a, um, emus, a, um, and Inus, a, um, relate 
to designations of time and place, as: vernus, belonging to 
spring; exiemus, external ; hodiernus, of to-day, Sieieinus, eter- 
nal; diutrnus, of long duration. 

4. Those in inus, a, um, relate, mostly, to the different kinds 



214 FORMATION OF WORDS. [$ 80. 

of aniiTwls, as : leporinns (lepus, leporis, the hare), of the hare, 
caro ^nsex'mdi, goose-meat. 

5. Those in ilis and bilis, express a capability or fitness, as : 
utilis, useful, docllis, teachable ; araabllis, amiable. 

6. Those in bundus, express the idea of a present participle 
but with more intensity, as : populabundus, ravaging (stronger 
\}ciaxi pcypulans), mirabLindus,/k// of wonder ; those in cundus ex- 
press 2. permanent quality or habit, as : facundus, fluent, iracun- 
diis, passio?iate, verecundns, respectful. 

1. Those in osus, tus, olentus or ulentus, idus express fulness, 
abundance or excess, as : arenosus, sandy (abounding in sand), 
auritus, long-eared, auratus, gilt (furnished with gold), onestus, 
loaded down, vetustus, ancient, violentus, impetuous, turbulen- 
iVi^, full of commotion, herbidus, covered with grass. 



SYNTAX 



OR THE PRINCIPLES OF SENTENCES. 



I 
I 



§ 81. Sentence. — Subject. — Predicate. 

1. A thought expressed in words, is called a sentence^ as : 
the rose blooms^ rosa floret; the rose is beautiful^ rosa pul- 
chra est. 

2. The necessary parts of a sentence are: 

a) The subject^ i. e. that of which something is as- 
serted, as : the rose, rosa ; 

b) The predicate, i. e. that which is asserted of the 
subject, as: blooms, Roret] is beautifid, ipulchra. est. 

3. The subject is a substantive, as : 7'ose, rosa, or some 
other word or clause used substantivehj, e. g. a pronoun, an 
adjective, an Infin., as : I, thou, he, this, the ivise. The sub- 
ject stands in the nominative. 

4. The predicate is a verb, or an adjective or substantive 
in connection with the verb esse, which in this case is call- 
ed the copula (bond). 

Rosa j?oref. — Rosa pulchra est. — Rosa/o5 est 

Remark. In the Latin language each form of the Jlnite verb may 
form a sentence ; for it signifies at the same time, a person of whom 
something is said, and that which is said of him, as : amo, I love. 

§ 82. Limitation of the Subject and Predicate. 

1. The predicate may be limited in the following ways: 

a) By a case of the substantive which is then called 
the object, as : virtutem amo ; 

b) By the preposition with a substantive, as : pro patria 
pagnamus; 

c) By the infinitive, as : scribere cupio ; 

d) By an adverb, as: bene scribis. 



216 AGREEMENT. [^ 83. 

2. The subject^ or object may be limited in the following 
ways: 

a) By an adjective (attributive adjective), as : rosa 
pulchra ; 

b) By the genitive of a substantive (attribidive gen.), 
as : hortus regis ; 

c) By a substantive which stands in the same case 
as the word which it limits, as : Alexander, rex 
Macedonnm, Magnus appellatur. A substantive of 
this kind is said to be in apposition. 

Remark. The attributive adjective agrees with the noun which it 
limits in gender, number and case. This is so even in the adjectives : 
primus, ultimus, extremus, postremus, intimus, summus, medius, inJimuSy 
imus and reliquus, although they designate only particular parts of ob- 
jects and are rendered into English by partitive phrases {Jlrst part, last 
part, etc. of a thing). 

§ 83. Agreement. 

1. The verb agrees with its subject in person and number; 
the adjective in gender, number and case (nominative). 

Ego scribo ; tu scribis ; ille scribit. Rosa floret. Rosae florent. 
Amicus fidus est. Virtus pulchra est. Corpus caducum est. Puer 
magnus. Puella parva. Corpus caducum. Indus omnium flumi- 
num maximus est. 

Rem. 1. Sometimes, however, the predicate does not agree with 
the grammatical form of the subject, but with a noun implied in it 
(Constructio ad intellectum), which is particularly the case in collective 
nouns, as : pars bestiis objedi sunt. — Magna multitudo convenerant. 

2. The substantive, as predicate, agrees with the subject 
only in case ; it agrees with it in gender, number and case^ 
only when it signifies a person, and hence, either has sepa- 
rate forms for the masculine and feminine, or is of the com- 
mon gender. The same is the case with the substantive 
in apposition. 

Rosa flos est. Athenae fuerunt urbs. Romulus fuit rex. Tomyris 
fuit regina. Tomyris, reg'ina Scytharum, Cyrum, regem Persarum, 
devicit. Bactra, regionis caput, sita sunt sub monte Parapamiso. 

Rem. 2. When the neuters of adjectives, pronouns and numerals are 
used as nouns, and signify a number of single things, they do not, as is 



§ 83.] AGREEMENT. 2if 

generally the case in English, stand in the singular, but in the pluraL 
Omnia humana sunt fragiiia (everything human). Futura incerta sunt 
(the future). Haec sunt vera, ilia falsa (this — that). Multa, pauca, etc. 

3, When there are two or more subjects in one sentence,, 
the verb stands in \he plural. If the subjects have the same 
gender^ the adjective as predicate, takes the same gender 
and stands in the plural ; but if they have different genders, 
in designations of persons, the adjective agrees with the 
masculine subject in preference to Xhe feminine, but in names 
oi things the adjective generally stands in the neuter plural, 

Pompeius, Scipio, Afranius foede perierunt. Caesar et Pompeius for- 
tissimifuerunt. Terra et luna sunt glohosae. Pater et mater mihi cart 
sunt. Inter se contraria sunt beneftcium et injuria. 

Rem. 3. When, how^ever, the subjects are connected by ant — aut, et 
— et (as well — as also), nee — nee, or when it is designed lo make one 
subject more prominent than the others, the predicate agrees with the 
nearest subject, which, in the last case, is always the subject to be ren- 
dered prominent. 

4. When subjects of different persons sxe connected, the 
first person predominates over the second and third persons, 
and the second over the third, and the predicate stands in 
the plural. 

Ego et tu scribimus. Ego et frater scribimus. Ego, tu et frater 
scribimus. Tu et frater scribitis. Ego et fratres scribimus. Tu et 
fratres scribitis. Nos et fratres scribimus. Vos et fratres scribitis. 

CXVI. Exercises for translation. (^ 81 — 83.) 
I. Our body is mortal, our soul immortal. The forehead, the eyes, 
the expressions often lie. God is the creator and governor of the 
whole world. History is a good instructress. The Scythians were 
a very warlike people. Alexander, king of the Macedonians, carried 
on (perf ) a war with Darius, king of the Persians. The divine is eter- 
nal, the human frail. We often hold the unknown for (pro) known 
and assent to it inconsiderately. O boy, hear much [but] speak little ! 
Gold, silver, brass, iron, in short (denFque) all metals are produced 
(gignere) for the use of men. The father, the mother and the sister 
of my friend, have all died within a year. Thy son and thy daughter 
are very dear to me. Labor and pleasure, by a (quidam) natural alli- 
ance, are united together (inter se). Arrogance, hatred and envy are 
19 



218 DOUBLE NOMINATIVE. [^ 84. 

foreign to the mind of the wise. I and my brother returned (perf ) 
yesterday from the journey. I and my brother learn, thou and thy 
brother play. We and my parents rejoice at (de) your return. 

II. Life is short, art is long. The lark and the nightingale sing de- 
lightfully. Experience is the best instructress. The Carthaginians 
were a treacherous people. Wisdom is the governess of all things. 
Writers extol Solon, the law-giver of the Athenians, on account of 
his wisdom. Everything earthly is fleeting. The past we cannot 
change. The future is uncertain. Corinth and Charthage were (perf.) 
destroyed by the Romans. Dominion (plur.), posts of honor, riches, 
power (opes) are fortuitous. The walls and gates of the taken city 
were destroyed (perf) by the soldiers. The king and queen are veiy 
dear to all the citizens. The father and mother have set out on a 
journey. Thy brother and sister are very good. I rejoice, that (quod) 
thou and thy brother are well. We and our parents shall set out on a 
journey to-morrow. Thou and thy sister remain in the city. 

§ 84. Double Nominative. 
As there are two nominatives with the copula esse^ the 
nominative of the subject and the nominative of the predi- 
cate, so also the following verbs take two nominatives: 

a) The verbs of becoming : fio^ evddo, existo^ nascor ; 

b) The verb maneo (I remain), and videor (I seem, ap- 
pear) ; 

c) The verbs which mean : / am called, as : appellor^ 
vocor, dicor, etc. ; 

d) The verbs which signify, I am made, chosen, appointed 
something, as : creor, ellgor, etc. ; 

e) The verbs which mean : I am considered, accounted 
something, I am recognized, found as something, and 
the like, as : putor, existimor, judicor, habeor, cognos- 
cor, invenior, etc. 

Brutus Romanorum libertatis vindex exstitit. Nemo docius nasdtur. 
Gloria Romanorum aeterna manet. Cicero consul creatus est. Cicero 
pater pati'iae appellatus est. Virtus summum honum judicanda est. 

CXVII. Exercises for tra7islaiion. (^84.) 

I. No one has become immortal by cowardice. Cicero, in the 
Catiiiuian (Catilinarius) war, appeared (existere) [as] the defender of 



^ 85, 8G.] CLASSES OF VERBS. TENSES. 219 

the state. The rich often become (evadere) beggars. No one is 
born rich. After Romuhis, Numa Pompilius was elected (perf.) 
king by the Romans. Piety is justly considered the foundation of 
all the virtues. The renown of Roman braveiy will remain forever 
(= eternal). Philosophy is called by Cicero, the guide (= leader) of 
life, the investigator (fern ) of virtue and the banisher (fern.) of vice, the 
inventress of laws, the instructress of customs and of discipline. Un- 
expected evils appear greater than [those] expected. Demosthenes is 
justly considered the most distinguished orator of the Greeks. Cicero 
and Anthony were elected consuls. 

II. Quintus Fabius was chosen (perf) general by the Romans. 
Men become wiser by age. The orations of Demosthenes and Cicero 
are considered models of eloquence. A bad poet never becomes 
(evadere) a good [one]. Lycurgus came forward (perf of existere) as 
the law-giver of the Lacedemonians. Virtue is justly considered the 
highest good. Aristides was called the just by the Athenians. The 
renown of some will remain eternal. Cyrus was elected the first king 
of the Persians. The sun appears to us smaller than it is. Thou 
wast born good, but hast become bad. 

§ So. Classes of Verbs. 

1. There are two kinds of verbs, active and passive. 
In an active verb, the subject appears as active, as : ro- 
sa floret; — puer epistolam scribit. Those active verbs 
which take an accusative are called transitive, as: puer 
epistolam scribit ; but the rest are called intransitive, as : ro- 
^di floret; — sapiens meminit mortis: — pater iihi favet; — ami- 
cus iraudet adventu amici; — eo in m-bem. 

2. In the passive the subject appears as suffering (receiv- 
ing the action), as : bonus discipulus laudatur a preceptori- 
bus, malus vituperatur. 

3. Deponent verbs are those which have 3. passive form 
but an active signification, as : dux hortatur milites ; — 
morior. 

§ S6. Tenses of the Verb, 

1. The tenses are divided into two classes : 

a) Principal Tenses : the Pres. Perf. and Future ; 



220 MODES OF THE VERB. § 87.] 

scribo, Iivrite^scripsi, I have ivritten^ scribo, 1 shall 
write ^ scripsero, I shall have loritten; 
b) Historical Tenses : Imperf. Piuperf. and the nar- 
rative Perf. : scribebam, / ivrole, loas luriting^ scrip- 
seram, I had written, scrips!, Iiorote. 

Rem. The narrative Perf. is called the Perf. historical and is trans- 
lated into English by the Imperf. ; the proper Perf is called the Perf. 
present, and is translated into English by the Perf The Latin histori- 
cal Perf always expresses the action as past, and so also does the 
Latin Imperf but yet always as standing in relation to another past ac- 
tion to which it corresponds in time, as : scribeham, quura veniebas (vene- 
ras). Hence the Perf is used in relating principal events, the Imperf. 
in relating accompanying circumstances. Caesar iirbem intravit ; omnes 
cives laetabantur victoriamque de hostibus reportatam ei gratulabantur. 

CXVIIL Exercises for translation. (§ 86.) 
L God has made the whole world. Romulus built Rome. Hannibal 
vanquished the Romans in (abl.) the second Punic war. The enemies 
assaulted the city, which lay upon a hill. The city was captured by 
the enemies, but the citizens had already deserted it. So long as thou 
shall be fortunate, thou wilt number many friends. In a short [time] 
I shall have finished this business. If we shall have fulfilled our duties, 
we shall be happy (beatus). Even as we shall have treated others, 
will they treat us. 

II. The book, which you sent me, I have read through carefully. 
Carthage and Corinth were destroyed by the Romans. The Romans 
carried on many wars with the Germans, who were a very brave peo- 
ple. An immense number of men had come together into {in with 
ace.) the city. The remembrance of renowned men will be obscured 
by no oblivion. After a few days I shall have returned. As thou 
shalt have sown (sementem facere), [so] thou wilt reap (metere). The 
more we shall have exercised our minds by the study of literature, so 
much the more we shall delight in it. If thou shalt have adorned the 
soul with virtues, thou wilt be happy. 

§ 87. Modes of the Verb. 

1. The Indicative is the mode which expresses /<2c^5, re- 
alities. 

Rosa. Jloret. Pater epistolam scripsit. Amhulaho. 
2. The Subjunctive is the mode which is employed in 
expressing what is imagined or barely conceived of. 



§ 87.] MODES OF THE VERB. 2M 

a) The Subjunctive of the principal tenses, especially 
of the Pres., is used in principal sentences to express 
a supposition or presumption, a doubting- question, an 
encourag-ement, exhortation, a wish. We may often 
translate this Subjunctive into English, by the Subj. 
Imperf. or by the auxiliaries, ought, might, could, 
shoidd, loould with the Infin. 

Nemo sanus de virtutis pretio dubitet Quis de animorum immorta- 
litate dubitet'? Eamus! (let us go! or: we would go!) Utlnam ami- 
cus convalescat ! 

b) The Subjunctive of the historical tenses is used in 
principal sentences to express a supposition the opposite 
of ivhat really is, or is not, as : errares, thou ivouldst 
err ; errasses, thou looiddst have erred; si hoc diceres, 
errares, if thou shouldst say this, thou ivoiddst err; 
sic hoc dixisses, errasses, if thou hadst said this, 
thou luouldst have erred; so : non errares, non erras- 
ses', hence crederes, putares, cerneres, videres (one 
might believe, might see) ; besides, the Subj. of these 
tenses is used to express a ivish of which one knoivs 
that it ivill not be realized (imperfect), or has not been 
realized (pluperfect), as : utinam amicus convalesce- 
ret ! utinam amicus convaluisset I finally, the Subj. 
Imperf. is used in a doubting question in reference to 

past time, as: quid facerem? (what should I have 

done?) 

3. The Imperative is used to express commands, as: scri' 

be. The two forms of the second person of the imperative 

are thus distinguished : the shorter forms (ama, amate) have 

a milder, the longer forms (amato, amatote) di stronger mean- 

Iing ; hence these last should be translated by should or must 
and are used especially in directions and injunctions. 
Ferte misero atque iuopi auxilium. Collto virtutem. Leges abser- 
vanlor. Discipulus amato praeceptores. 
Remark. The negative with the Imper. and also with the Subj. of 
encouraging and exhorting, is expressed by we (not by non), as : ne scribe ; 



222 GENITIVE. [^ 88. 

ne eamus. However, instead of ne with the Imper. noli, nolite with the 
lufinitive are often used, as : noli scribere, do not write ; nolite garrire, 
pueri ! 

CXIX. Exercises for translation. (5 87.) 

I. The view of Epicurus concerning the highest good, I could not 
approve. Why should we doubt concerning (de) the immortality of 
the soul (plur.) ? We should love our native country! We would 
bear with equanimity, all which happens to us ! The principles of 
virtue we would not neglect! The beginning (principiumjoZwr.) of all 
things should be taken (ducere) from the immortal gods! What ^as 

Jallen to the lot (obtingere) of each one, this each one should hold fast 
(tenere). O that all would strive after virtue ! Without thy aid, I 
bad been the most unhappy man. O that thou hadst been silent ! 
What should I have answered ? Flatter ye not bad men. Thou 
shouldst obey [thy] parents and teachers. Scholars should respect 
(vereri) their teachers. O boys, you should be present at school not 
only with (abl.) your bodies, but also with your minds. 

II. The betraying of his country no one should praise. Nobody 
should believe a lying man. Who should not admire the beauty of 
the world ! We would not without reason expose (ofFerre) ourselves 
to dangers. We should rejoice at the prosperity of others ! We 
should be affected in the very same way towards friends as (quo) 
towards ourselves. O that all men would honor virtue ! Mayest thou 
always live happily (beate) ! The sedition of the soldiers, a word of 
the general would have quieted. O that thou hadst been present soon- 
er! I should not now be so unhappy. Whither should we have fled ! 
Do not chatter, boys ! We should always contemplate the heavenly 
and despise the human. Evil desires should always be restrained by 
the reason. We should contemj)late the illustrious (illustris, e) ex- 
amples of virtue which are pointed out in history. 



OF THE CASES. 

§88. A. The Genitive, 

The g'enitive stdinds in answer to the question: whose? 
of whom ? of luhat ? and indeed, with the following words 
and expressions : 

1. With misereor, I pit//, and the impersonals me pudet, 



I 



§ 88.] i&ENITIVE. g23 

pig'et, poenitetj taedet and miser et^ I am ashamed of^ disgust" 
ed at, repent of, loathe, pity (something). 

Infelidum hominum misereor. Me miseret tui. Nunquam primi consi' 
Hi deiim poemtet. Me vltae taedet. 

2. With egere and indigere, to need, loant, (which also 
sometimes take the ablative), and the adjectives : cuptdus^ 
avidus, studiosus. 

Aegrdtus medicinae eget. Virtus plurimae exercitationis indiget. Vir 
sapiens veritatis est studiosus. 

3. With the verbs : memini, reminiscor, obliviscor ; — admo' 
neo, commoneo, commonefacio aliquem ; — with the adjectives : 
memor, immemor ; conscius, nescius, inscius ; gnarus, ignd- 
rus ; prudens, imprudens ; peritus, imperltus ; consultus, 
rudis. 

Pueri, meminerint verecundiae. Boni homines praeteriti temporis cum 

voluptate reminiscuntur. Verus aniicus amid nunquam oblivisdtur. 

Veteris te amidtiae commonefado. Cono prudens rei militaris fuit. Be- 
nefidorum memores estote. 

Remark 1. Memini, reminiscor, obliviscor are often, and recordor al- 
most always connected with the accusative. 

4. With many participles in ans and ens, when they have 
the meaning of adjectives, and with many verbal adjectives 
in ax. 

Homo gloriae appetens saepe a virtutis via deflectit. Quis famulus 
amantior domini est, quam canis ? Ciceronis aetas virtutum ferax fuit. 
Vir probus tenax est propositorum bonorum. 

5. With verbs of accusing, criminating, condemning, con- 
victing and acquitting, the charge or crime is put in the gen- 
itive (occasionally in Abl.). 

Rem. 2. The punishment when capital (caput) or when it is a Jine is 
sometimes in the Gen. and sometimes in the Abl. Other punishments 
are generally put in the Ace. after ad. 

Miltiades proditionis est accusatus. Cicero Verrem avaritiae coarguit. 
Themistocles s\iSQns proditionis est damnatus. Judex absolvit reum m- 
minis. Athenienses Socratem capitis condemnarunt. Roscius parriddii 
accusatus est. 

6. With the adjectives : particeps, expers, consors, exsors, 



224 GENITIVE. [$ 88. 

proprius ; similis^ dissimilis^ super stes (which are also found 
with the dative) ; polens, imj;otens^ compos ; plenus, feritlis, 
inops (which are also found with the ablative), 

Bestiae rationis et orationis sunt expertes. Homo rationis est particeps. 
Omnes virtutis compotes beati sunt. Ira impottns sui est. Viri propria 
maxime fortitude est. Terra variarum herbarum plena est. 

7. The genitive with esse signifies : a) the object (person 
or thing) in which something is inherent, or to which some- 
thing belongs (possessive genitive) ; b) the object to which 
something is peculiar, in which case, that which is peculiar 
to the object is commonly expressed by the infinitive ; this 
last genitive may be translated by : It is the part, manner, 
custom, characteristic, duty, sign, mark of some one ; it is in- 
cumbent on one, and the like. 

Hie liber /mfm mei est (belongs to my brother). Petulantia est ado- 
lescentium (is inherent in). Imhecilli animi est superstitio (belongs to). 
Virorum fortium est, toleranter dolorem pati. 

Rem. 3. Instead of: mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri est, we must use 
here, meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum est, as : nostrum est, parentes 
amare. 

8. The genitive or ablative of a substantive joined with 
an adjective stands with esse, in order to express the nature 
or quality of the subject (genitive or ablative of quality) ; 
this Gen. or Abl. may also, without esse, be joined to a noun 
as an attributive. 

The Gen. denotes essential, the Abl. acddenial qualities, hence, the 
the designations of measure by number, time and space are always ex- 
pressed by the genitive (never l^y the ablative), these being essential 
quahties of an object. 

Vir bonus summae pietatis (or summa pietate) erga deum est. Xerxis 
classis mille et ducentarum navium longarum fuit. Tarquinius fratrem 
habuit Aruntem, mitis ingenii (or miti ingenio) hominem. Aristoteles, 
\\x summo ingenio (or summi ingenii,) prudentiam cum eloquentia jimxit. 

9. The Genitive stands as an expression of the value, 
with verbs of valuing and esteeming, of buying and selling, 
as : puto, duco, aestimo, — pendo, facio, habeo, — emo, vendo, 
veneo. Of this kind are the genitives: magm,pluris, pluri- 



I 



$88.] GENITIVE. 225 

m% — -parvi, flocci, minimi, — tanti, quanii, niliili (much, more, 
very much, little, etc.) (Genitive of price). 

Si prata et areas quasdam magni aestimamus, quanti est aestimanda 
virtus ! Divitias minoris aestimare debemus, quani virtutem. Divitiae 
a sapient! viro minimi putantur. Quanti emisti hunc librum ? Discipuli 
praeceptores joZwnmi (or maximi) facere debent. 

10. With the impersonal verb interest (it concerns), the 
person whom something concerns, stands in the genitive. 
Instead of the genitive of the personal pronouns: mei, tui, 
sui, nostri, vestri : med, tud, sua, nostrd, vestrd, are always 
used, and in this case refert can be used instead of interest 
in the same sense. 

HoiD much or hoiv little one is interested in a thing is 
expressed : a) by adoerbs, as : mog-nopere, multum, mag'is, 
maxime, nihil, pariim, minime ; — b) by the adverbial neu- 
ters : multum, plus, plurimum, minus, minimum, tantum^ 
etc. — c) by the genitives : magni, pluris, parvi, tanti, 
quanti. 

The thing which interests or concerns one, is not ex- 
pressed by a substantive, but: a) by an infinitive; b) by 
the accusative ivith an infinitive ; c) by a subsidiary sen- 
tence with ut (that), ne (that not) and the Subjunctive; 
d) by an indirect question (in the Subj.). — The general 
expressions: this, that, what one is interested in, are ex- 
pressed by the accusatives : id, illud, quod, quid. 

Interest omnium, recte facere. Quid nostra refert {interest,) victum esse 
Jlntonium'? Praeceptoris multum interest, disclpulos sum mo studio in lit- 
teras incumbere. Magni mea interest {refert), ut te videam. Omnium 
magni interest feliciter vivere. 

1 1. Finally, the genitive stands with a substantive as a 
nearer definition of it, as : hortus regis (= hortus regius). 
Comp. § 82, 2, b.) 

Rem. 4. Hence the genitive with the substantives: caussd, gratia, 
ergo which we render by on account oJ,fur the sake of, and with instar, 
like. Instead of the genitives : mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri : med tud, 
sud, nostra, vesird, are used with caussd and gratid, as : med, tud, sudj 
nustrd, vestrd caussd or gratid (on my account, thy account, etc.). 



226 GENITIVE. [§ 88. 

12. This attributive genitive signifies ; 

a) the author or cause, as: conjuratio Catilinae ; de- 
siderium patriae (longing after (excited by) one's 
country) ; 

b) X\\e possessor, as: hortus regis; 

c) the lohole, from which a part is taken [partitive 
genitive), as : partes corporis. 

The partitive Gen. stands also with other words besides 
nouns, when they signify a part of a whole, viz : with com- 
paratives and superlatives, pronouns and numerals, and the 
neuters: multum, plus, plurium ; nihil, minus, minimum; 
tantum, quantum, and the like used substantively, with ad- 
verbs of quantity, as : satis parum, and with adverbs of place 
in certain connections. 

Duorum fratrum major natu. Cicero omnium Romanoriim praestan- 
tissimus fuit orator. Romanoriim unus. Multum pecuniae. Satis elo- 
quentiae. Ubi terrarum ? where in all the world ? JVusquam terrarum, 
nowhere in the world. 

Rem. 5. The genitive in these cases must often be rendered into 
English by the prepositions: ofjor, after, about, concerning, before, with, 
as: memoria praeteriti temporis (of), desiderium patriae (for), consuetu- 
do amicorum (with). 

C X X. Exercises for translation. (^88.) 
I. a. We pity those who repent (= whom it repents) of their faults. 
A scholar, who loathes labor, will not make progress in literature. 
Who would not be ashamed of ignorance ? Many are dissatisfied with 
their fortune. I pity thee my boy ! We should pity those, who, by 
fortune not by wickedness, find themselves (esse) in adversity (miser- 
iae, arum). The truth needs not approbation. The rich are often 
greedy after greater riches. A good scholar occupies himself zealously 
(studiosus sum) with literature. The ancient Germans were very 
eager for war. The people (gens) of the Gauls were very greedy for 
gold. 

I. b. Who repent of their sins, may hope [for] pardon (venia). No 
one will repent of a good deed (actio). The indolent [man] will some 
time repent his indolence. Just as God pities thee, so thou shouldst 
pity others. Pity thou the destitute. Bad men are often weaned (tae- 
det) of life. Thou wilt some time be ashamed of thy bad life. The 



$88.] GENITIVE. 227 

powers of the body and the soul need exercise. Caesar and Pompey 
were very eager for fame. The wise [man] earnestly seeks (studiosus 
sum) a quiet life. We hate the men who are greedy of gold. Cati- 
line was eager for a revolution (res novae). 

II. a. Vespasian was unmindful of injuries (offensa, ae). Those 
men live ha[)pily who are conscious of no wickedness. The mind re- 
members the past, perceives (cernere) the present [and] foresees the 
future. The Romans were very skilful in war. Deserters (perfuga, 
ae) very familiar (= acquainted) with the country, had spied out (ex- 
plorare) the march of the enemies. The spirit of man is ignorant of 
(nescius) [its] future fortune (fatum). Cinna forgot (perf.) the favors 
which he had received of Augustus. Remind not the wretched of his 
wretchedness (plur.). The soldiers, mindful of [their] former bravery, 
fought (perf.) spiritedly. We should forget favors conferred (conferre), 
[but] remember [those] received. The people of the Samnites were 
very skilful in war. The Scythians were unskilful in literature and 
the arts. The Romans always longed (appetens sum) after fame and 
were eager for praise. We liate the man despising divine and human 
laws. Camels endure (patiens sum) hunger and thirst. 

II. b. The mind conscious of crimes cannot be quiet. A good man 
easily forgets an injury, [but] always remembers a favor. We hate 
those men who are unmindful of favors received. The ancient Ger- 
mans were rude in the arts and literature. Already the youth should 
be mindful of age. Dionysius, the older, tyrant of Syracuse, was brave 
and acquainted with war. The wise [man] is always mindful of 
human frailty. Caesar and Pompey v/ere two generals very skilful in 
warfare. Foolish men forget their faults, but see (cernere) the faults 
of others. Pursue those things diligently in which thou art skilful, 
but abstain from those in which thou art unskilful. The general re- 
minded (perf.) the soldiers of [their] former bravery. It is not neces- 
sary to remind an upright man of a favor. Cicero was versed (consul- 
tus) in justice and eloquence. The fate (fatum) of many peo])les re- 
minds us of human infirmity (infirmltas). The ancient Germans did 
not love (amans sum) arts and literature, but endured (patiens sum) 
thirst, cold, heat and labors. Man, by (abl.) nature, seeks (appetens 
sum) after propriety of conduct. We esteem a man loving virtue. 
III. a. Many men accuse (insimulare) themselves of a sin, if they 
have spoken anything cheerful (= bright) in grief! Catiline was con- 
victed (perf) by Cicero of a conspiracy against [his] native country. 
Alcibiades, while absent (absens), was condemned to death. Brutus, 



228 GENITIVE. [§ 88. 

the vindicator (vindex) of Roman freedom, condemned even (etiam) his 
sons to death. Phocion was accused of treason, because he had con- 
sulted (consulere) badly for (dat.) his country. The judge Coelius ab- 
solved him from injury, who had expressly (nominatim) injured (lae- 
dere) the poet Lucilius on the stage (scena). The human soul is par- 
taking of reason. Alexander, not master of [his] anger, killed (perf ) 
his friend Clitus. Germany is very fruitful of grain. It is incumbent 
upon an orator, to speak fitly, clearly (distincte) and ornately. Wretch- 
ed is he, who is destitute of friends. Fish are destitute of a voice. 
Greece, at the time of the Trojan war, was very productive of brave 
men. Human life is full of cares and troubles. 

III. b. Pausanias, king of the Lacedemonians, was accused of trea- 
son. The Athenians charged (insimulare) Socrates with impiety (im- 
pietas adversus deos) and condemned him to death. Cicero charged 
(coarguere) Verres v/ith the greatest avarice. Roscius was accused of 
parricide. Miltiades was accused of treachery and condemned to 
death, but afterwards was absolved from capital punishment (caput). 
Man alone of (ex) so many kinds of living beings is partaking of rea- 
son. The drunken [man] is not master of his understanding (mens). 
Alexander, king of the Macedonians, was not master of his anger. 
Beasts are destitute of reason and speech. Bravery is peculiar to man 
in the highest degree (maxime). The earth is full of various herbs, 
flowers and trees. The period of Augustus was productive of good 
poets, [but] destitute of good orators. Sicily is very productive of 
grain. 

IV. a. Inconsiderateness is inherent in youth, providence in old age. 
To the Romans, in (abl.) the time of Augustus, belonged almost the 
whole of the then known circle of the earth. What belongs to me, 
belongs also to my friends. Great bravery was inherent in the Ro- 
man soldiers. It is the duty of the wise to teach the ignorant. It is 
a sign of inconstancy, now to trust and now to distrust the very same 
men. It is our duty to defend our country. It is the duty of the 
scholar, to apply himself with all his powers, to the study of the lib- 
eral arts and letters. It is not always a quality of the very same man, 
to think correctly and to express his thoughts elegantly in (abl.) dis- 
course. A man of elevated soul despises riches. Caesar was not of 
large stature, but of a brave mind and a fierce spirit. The fleet of 
the enemies consisted of 253 ships. Cato possessed (= was of) a re- 
markable (singularis) wisdom in all things. 

IV. b. In boys and youths waywardness is inherent, in men and old 



^ 88.] GENITIVE. 229 

men seriousness. All Syria belonged to the Macedonians. It is the 
duty of the intelligent, to guide the unintelligent by counsel. In the 
people of the Samnites, a great knowledge of war was inherent. It 
is the duty of parents to bring up [their] children well. It is incum- 
bent on you, O boys, to obey the precepts of your teachers ! Every- 
man may (by esse) err, but no one, except (nisi) the unwise, is wont (by 
tsse) to persist in error. It is incumbent on the chiefs (princeps) ia 
(gen.) the state, to look out for the welfare of the humble and poor. 
It is the duty of the wealthy, to relieve the want of the destitute. It 
is incumbent on young men, to honor old age. It is not the part of 
the wise [man], now to trust and now to distrust the very same view. 
It is your duty, O boys, to esteem your parents and teachers. It is in- 
cumbent on the principal men of the state (optimates), to listen to the 
prayers of suppliants with benevolent hearts. Agesilaus was of hum- 
ble stature and small body. Boys of a quick genius and happy mem- 
ory are adapted to (ad) the study of literature. The fleet of Xerxes 
consisted of 1200 ships. The ancient Germans possessed (= were of, 
etc.) an immense size of body, incredible bravery and familiarity 
(= exercise) with war. 

V. a. In eveiy (omnis) service, we should value the will of the giver 
the highest. Alexander valued Hephaestion very high. For how 
much has thy father sold [his] garden? for just so much (tantumdem), 
as (quantum) he gave for (== bought) it. We despise the men who 
esteem virtue [but] little. Pericles valued Anaxagoras, his teacher, 
very much. For how much did you buy this book ? Parents are 
much interested, that [their] children be brought up well. I am much 
interested, that you apply yourselves with all zeal to the study of lit- 
erature. All good men are much interested, to be loved by others. 
We are much interested in this, what good men judge concerning us. 

V. b. We should value that (is) victory much, which is gained 
(pare re) not by arms but by words. We value those (is) men much, 
who love virtue. The wise [man] esteems riches very little. Many 
esteem their own little, [but] desire another's. The traders sell [their] 
wares not so dearly (tantundem), as (quantum) they have bought them. 
How much has thy father bought the horse [for] ? All citizens ara 
much interested, that peace be restored. We are much interested, 
that we be instructed by good teachers. I am much interested, that 
thou mayest soon return from (ex) the journey. The state is much in- 
terested, that literature flourish (= bloom). All good citizens should 
be much interested, carefully to observe the laws. 

20 I 



230 ACCUSATIVE. ^89. 

VI. a. Homer is the oldest (vetus) of all the Greek poets. Socra- 
tes was the wisest of all the Greeks, No one of the Romans surpass- 
ed Cicero in (abl.) eloquence. Tarquinius Supeibus was the last of 
the Roman kings. Virtue has in itself sufficient assistance for a peace- 
ful life. The less honor there is to literature, so much the less studies 
there are. We draw much pleasure from literature. What kind 
(quid) of business are you pursuing? The scholar should be diligent 
in school, not so much (tam) on account of his teachers, as on his own 
account. We do much on account of friends, which we should not 
do on our own account. The Greeks built before Troy, a house like 
a mountain. Many Romans had houses like mountains. Misfortune 
is an occasion for virtue. We should strive to obtain intercourse with 
(gen.) good men. Not the fear of punishment, but the love of virtue 
should keep us fi-om wrong. The memory of renowned men will be 
obscured by no oblivion. The passion for honor is a hard mistress. 

VI. b. The city Syracuse was the greatest and fairest of all the 
Greek cities. Anciently the Spaniards dug up much gold and silver. 
Who lives in prosperity, has sufficient joy. From the reading of a 
good book, we draw very much (plurimum) pleasure. Hannibal was the 
most renowned general of the Carthaginians. Crassus had sufficient 
money, but too little (parum) prudence. More disadvantage lies (est) 
in the wrong itself, than advantage in the (is) things acquired by the 
wrong. Those were called sophists by the Athenians, who pursued 
philosophy on account of gain or ostentation. The Egyptians built 
pyramids like mountains. Plato in the estimation of Cicero (= was to 
Cicero) equal to (instar) all philosophers. He is beneficent who acts 
(facere) kindly (benigne), not on his own, but on our account. True 
virtue desires (desiderare) no recompense for labors and dangers. In- 
tercourse with true friends is agreeable. The remembrance of time 
happily spent (exigere) is agreeable. Hannibal burned (ardere) with 
(abl.) great hatred against the Romans. 

§ 89. B. Accusative. 

1. The accusative stands in answer to the question, 
whom ? or what? It signifies ^passive object, as: rex civi- 
tatem regit, or that luhich is produced by an action (effect), 
as : scribo epistulam. Hence it stands with all transitive 
verbs. 

2. The following verbs take the accusative, although they 
might seem from their meaning to require a different case, 



§89.] ACCUSATIVE. 231 

and some of them are in fact occasionally constructed with 
prepositions in English : juvo and adjuvo ; deficio and fugio ; 
aequo and aequiparo ; decet and dedecet ; sequor^ sector^ ae- 
mulor and imitor. 

Attlcus adolescenfem Marium juvit opibus suis. Fortes fortuna adjuvat. 
Tempus me deficit. Mulusfugit honum (flees before the good = flees 
the good.) So also : defagio, effugio, suhterfugio. Pedites equitem Gur- 
su aequabant (kept up with). So also adaequo. Verecundia decet put- 
rum. Gloria virtutem tanquam umbra sequitur. So also : consequor, 
subsequor. Equites regem sectabantur. So ateo consector. Quis Sullam 
hnitetur') Virtutes majorum aemulemur! 

Rem. 1. Many strictly intransitive verbs, also, govern the Ace. in Latin, 
when compounded with prepositions which govern the Ace. ; or un- 
compounded when used transitively, or when the noun is from the 
same stem as the verb, as : vivere vitam. 

3. The accusative stands in answer to the questions : 
how long? how far? hoio ivide (broad)? hoio high? hoio 
deep ? how thick ? hoio many (much) ? how great ? etc. ; as 
to ivhat 1 (Greek, Ace), 

Quaedam bestiolae unum diem vivunt. Cato annos quinque et octoginta 
natus (old) excessit e vita. Zama quinque dierum iter ab Carthagine 
abest. Turris pedes ducerdos alta est Vite caput tegitur. 

4. The accusative stands in an exclamation either with or 
without an interjection. 

Me miserum ! Ofallacem hominum spem! 

5. A double accusative stands in the following cases : 

a) With verbs which signify to call (name) ; to make, 
choose, appoint one something ; to account, consider as 
something; to show one's self as something ; to give, 
take, have as something. 

Julius Caesar dictaiorem se fecit. Homines caecos reddit cupiditas et 
avaritia. Romulus urbem ex nomine suo Romam vocavit. Ciceronem 
universus populus consulem declaravit. Sapientem beatum habemus. An- 
tistius se praestitit acerrimum propugnatorem communis libertatis. Athe- 
menses Miltiddem sibi imperaiorem sumpserunt. Epaminondas praecep- 
torem habuit Lysim. Romani Ciceronem patrem patriae appellaverunt. 

Rem. 2. The passive of these verbs has a double nominative (§ 84), 
as : pavo superbus dicitur. 



232 ACCUSATIVE. [§ 89. 

b) With the verbs : celo, doceo, interrogo ; — oro^rogo^fla- 
gito; finsiWj, posco, postulo. i\ 

Ciceronem Minerva omnes artes edocuit. Ne quid turpe amicum roga ! 
Ego te sententiam tuam rogo. JVullam rem te celo. 

Rem. 3. But peto (properly : / strive after), I request, entreat, is con- 
structed with ah, and quaero (properly : / seek), I ask, with ab or ex, as : 
peto a te hbrum, quaero a (ex) te sententiam. 

Rem. 4. With most of the above verbs, in the passive construction, 
the personal object becomes the nominative and the accusative of the thing 
remains. Cicero a Minerva omnes artes edoctus est. Cato rogatus est sen- 
tentiam.. Still with verbs of demanding, the accusative of the thing be- 
comes the nominative, and the accusative of the person remains and is 
governed by a preposition, as : pecunia a me poscitur, flagitatur. 



CXXI. Exercises for translation. (^89.) 

I. a. It is the duty of intelligent men to assist others with counsel. 
It is honorable (honestus) to emulate the good, [but] base to imitate the 
i)ad. No people of antiquity equalled (aequiparare) the Romans in 
(abl.) bravery. It becomes us to follow the example of good men. 
Time often fails the orator sooner (citius) than words (= the discourse). 
Fortune assists the bold. The soul escapes the view of the eyes. 
The women and children were accustomed to follow the army of the 
Germans. The temple of the Ephesian Diana was 400 feet long and 
200 broad. No one of the Grecian orators equalled Demosthenes in 
power of discourse. Want and contempt follow indolence. Mithri- 
dates reigned 60 years, lived 72, [and] carried on (perf!) war 40 years 
with the Romans. Alcibiades died (perf) about 40 years old (natus). 
Much becomes a boy, which does not become a man. Saguntum, the 
most powerful city of Spain, which Hannibal destroyed, was removed 
something like 1000 paces from the sea. 

I. b. We assist him with delight who has assisted us. No one of 
the Thebans could equal Alcibiades in bodily powers. The enemies, 
whom the Romans followed swiftly, could not escape their hands. 
We should imitate those who love virtue. What becomes boys, often 
does not become men. It is our duty to assist the wretched. Flee 
the bad and emulate the good. The soldiers made (= drew) a 
trench 600 feet long, 8 feet broad, 10 feet deep. Death no one can 
escape. Not courage, but strength (plur.) failed our soldiers. Troy 
was besieged (perf) 10 years by the Greeks. A long time the Lace- 
demonians held (perf.) the supremacy of Greece. Theophrastus died 



§89.] ACCUSATIVE. 233 

(perf.) 84 years old (natus). In hatred against the Romans, no one 
equalled Hannibal. 

II. a. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, by his will, made the Roman 
people his heir. The Romans called the supreme (summus) council 
(= counsel) senate. The people chose Ancus Martins king. Duty 
demands, that {ut with Subj.) we behave (praestai*e) ourselves religious- 
ly and uprightly not only in great but also in small matters. We 
should acknowledge virtue as the greatest good to men. Children 
should conceal nothing from [their] parents. Jugurtha, by ambassa- 
dors, entreated Metellus for peace. The ambassadors of Darius re- 
quested (petere) help of the Carthaginians against Greece. Give me 
the book, which I Zong 5ince (jam pridem) requested (perf.) of thee. I 
ask of thee thy opinion. Grain was demanded by the citizens. Rea- 
son makes man lord of the earth. Recompense for labor we con- 
sider honorable. The Parian marble the Greeks considered precious. 
[They] are ridiculous, who teach others what they have not them- 
selves learned (=ascertained). Eumenes concealed from all, the jour- 
ney, which he ivns designing to make {Suhj. periphrast.). The greatest 
affairs were concealed from me by thee. Cicero, informed (= instruct- 
ed) by the ambassadors of all [things], commanded (imperare) the 
pre tors, that they should take (deprehendere) the Allobroges by am- 
buscade. The ambassadors demanded back of the enemies, all which 
had been taken from the citizens during (per) the truce. Socrates de- 
manded of those, ivho enjoyed his instruction (ejus consuetudine ute- 
bantur), no money for his instruction. Caesar demanded of the Edui,, 
the grain which they had promised (polliceri). Cicero was asked his 
opinion in the senate. 

II. b. Friendship makes prosperity more splendid, and adversity 
lighter (levis). The resounding echo, Horace calls the image of the 
voice. Prosperity is not merely itself blind, but also generally makes 
(efficere) [those] blind, whom it has embraced. The soldiers demand- 
ed all the arms of the citizens of the captured city. All arms were de- 
manded of the citizens. I ask thy opinion of this object. The am- 
bassadors of the Gauls requested peace of Caesar. The Romans elect- 
ed Camillas dictator. Eloquence effects, that(wf with Suhj.) we maybe 
able to teach others what we know. The Tarentines demanded of 
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, aid against the Romans. The future has 
rightly been concealed from men, by the divine Providence. I have 
given thy brother the book which he had requested of me. The 
Athenians requested (petere) a general of the Lacedemonians. He is a 
20* 



234 DATIVE. [^ 90. 

true friend, who conceals notliing from us. Many youths were taught 
wisdom by Socrates. My friend, asked by me [as to] his opinion, con- 
cealed nothing from me. We esteem those (is) men much, who con- 
sider virtue the highest good. Cicero showed himself the most spirit- 
ed defender (propugnator) of the common freedom. Catiline instructed 
(edocere) the youth, whom he had led away (iUicere), in all bad deeds. 
The Tarentines, involved in (abl.) a war with the Romans, requested 
aid of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. 



§ 90. C. Dative. 

1. The dative stands in answer to the questions: t(P 
lohom ? to luhat 1 for luhom ? for ivhat ? for whose advan 
tage ? for luhose disadvantage 1 for lohat end ? It general- 
ly stands with verbs and adjectives where, in English, the 
prepositions to oy for are used to govern the case, or where 
the relation involved is similar to that expressed by these 
prepositions, as : do^ placeo, prosum^ noceo etc., utilis^ inutilisj 
aptus, idoneiis, gratus, similis, par, aequdlis, communis, etc. 

Rem. 1. Hence all transitive verbs may take together with the Ace, 
the Dat. of the person (or thing) who shares in the action (Dat. of the 
remote object). 

Do tibi donum. Epistolam tihi scribo. Non scholae, sed vitae dis- 
cimus. Litterarum studium hominibus utillissimum est. Canis lupo 
similis est. Ratio omnibus hominibus communis est. 

Rem. 2, Similis and dissimilis are often also connected with the gen- 
itive. 

2. The following verbs take the dative in Latin, while in 
English they take the accusative : nubo, parco, benedico, — > 
maledlco, supplico, — obtrecto, studeo, — arrldeo, invideo per- 
suadeo, — medeor and patrocmor. 

Venus nupsit Vulcano. Farce mihi. Ne infantibus quidem parceba- 
tur (not even children were spared). Benedicimus (praise) bonis, male- 
dicimus (censure) malis. Donum tuum valde mihi airisit. Probus in- 
vldet nemini. Mihi invidetur (I am envied). Omnibus amicis pro te 
libentissime supplicabo (entreat). Mali bonis obtredare (disparage) solent. 
Nunquam tibi persuadebo. Mihi persuadttur (I am persuaded). Pueri 
litteris studere debent (study). Omnes homines liberlati student (strive 
after). Philosophia medetur animis. Bonus bono pairocinatur (protects). 



1 



§ 90.] DATIVE. 235 

Rem. 3. Also, many verbs by composition with prepositions, espe- 
cially with the following : ah, ad, ante,cum {con), de, ex, in, inter, oh, post, 
prae, pro, suh and super, acquire a meaning which makes them take the 
dative. 

3. The dative stands with est and sunt to express the per- 
son or thing who has or possesses something. The thing 
possessed stands in the nominative as subject. 

Suns mique mos e*^ Semper in civitate [ii], quihus opes nuUae 
sunt, bonis invldent. Multi mihi sunt libri. 

Rem. 4. In nomen mihi est (I have the name, am called), the name 
stands either in the dative or nominative, as : nomen mihi est Carolo 

[Carolus). 

4. The dative of the end (in answer to the question : 
for 10 hat end 1), to which besides, a dative oi the person 
is commonly added, stands : 

a) With sum, which, in this case, is to be rendered con- 
duce to, serve for ; 

b) With do, accipio, relinquo, deligo, mitto, venio, habeo, 
etc; also with do, duco, tribuo, verto in the meaning: 
to impute to. 

Bonum non potest esse cuiquam malo. Virtutes hominibus decori 
gloriaeque sunt. Virtus sola neque datur dono, neque accipitur. Pau- 
sanias venit Atticis auxilio. Vitio mihi dant, quod mortem hominis 
necessarii graviter fero. 

CXXII. Exercises for translation. {} 90.) 

I. a. Nobody errs for himself alone, but spreads (spargere) folly (de- 
mentia) [also] among (in) those next [to him]. Pleasure flatters our 
senses. A good man labors for virtue, not for fame. Sleep is very 
much like death. Socrates, conscious of no wickedness to himself, 
did not supplicate the judges. Julia, daughter of Augustus Caesar, 
first married Marcellus, then Marcus Agrippa, finally (postremum) Ti- 
berius. Time cures grief best. The more fortune smiles upon one 
(quis), so many the more friends he has. It is base, to disparage (ob- 
trectare) the fame of a great man. The Germans /rom childhood (ab 
parvulis) earnestly pursued labor and hardness (duritia). No physi- 
cian can cure all diseases. The sister of Atticus married (perf ) Cicero. 
Death spares no mortal. Bad men reproach the good. Neither of 
the two should we praise (benedicere), neither the impious nor the 



236 DATIVE, [§ 90. 

flatterer. The orator convinced the citizens of the advantage of his 
counsel. The vrise [man] envies no one. 

I. b. We live not merely for ourselves, but also for our country and 
other men. The dog is like the wolf A good citizen obeys the laws 
with delight. Whoever reviles others, reviles himself [also]. It is 
easy to convince a good man of the value of virtue. It is base to dis- 
parage others (alter). It is a mark of an ill-disposed man, never to 
praise a good man. They have many friends, upon whom fortune 
smiles. Philosophy cures sick (aeger, gra, grum) souls. We are attach- 
ed (studere) to those, who preserve (conservai-e) [their] fidelity. The 
upright [man] envies nobody, [but] is envied by many. Save time, O 
boys! Scarcely any one (ullus) of mortals, does fortune always 
smile upon. It is better (praestat), by the capital punishment of one 
wicked man, to restrain the wickedness of many, than on account 
of (propter) many wicked [men] to spare one. To the priestesses 
(sacerdos, otis) of Vesta, it was not permitted to marry a man. 

n. a. Cicero possessed a remarkable eloquence. Man has many 
faculties of body and soul. In Sicily there is a volcanic mountain, 
called Aetna. Riches conduce to the destruction of (= are for de- 
stiiiction to, etc.) many men. Bad customs conduce to the destruction 
of a state. Just laws serve for safety to a state. Attains, a king of 
Asia, gave his kingdom to the Romans for a present. Caesar left be- 
hind 500 soldiers for protection to the camp. Bravery is imputed to 
the Romans for praise. Caesar came to the city, besieged by the 
enemies, for aid. Poverty should be imputed to no man for a reproach. 
From whom hast thou received this book as a present? The father 
has given me the book for a present. Xerxes, king of the Persians, 
gave to Themistocles Myus (Myus, untis), a city of Asia, for a pres- 
ent. Industry is imputed for praise to the scholar. 

n. b. Where caprice reigns (dominari), innocence has [but] little 
(levis) protection (praesidium). Man has a mortal body, [but] an im- 
mortal soul. My friend is called Charles. The struggle (= effort) 
after truth sei-ves all men for ornament. God is not accustomed to 
aid (auxilio esse) those who thrust (immittere) themselves inconsiderate- 
ly into danger. A victoiy won (parere) by treachery, does not con- 
duce to the praise of the conqueror, but to [his] reproach. It is our 
duty to come for aid to the wretched. Caesar chose a fit place for the 
camp. Two thousand footmen and a thousand horsemen were left 
behind for protection to the city. The desire after dominion is im- 
puted to Caesar for a fault. Modesty is imputed to a boy for praise, 



§ 91.] ABLATIVE. 237" 

immodesty for censure. Contempt of money is imputed to men for 
praise. Caesar sent 3000 soldiers as aid to the besieged city. 



§ 91. D. Ablative. 

The ablative expresses : 

1. Th.Q place in ivliich something takes place (ivhere?), 
as : terra marique, hoc loco, also in connection with totus 
and omnis, as : totis campis, totd urbe, and so in many other 
similar expressions ; but otherwise in generally stands with 
ablatives of this kind. 

2. The time in or ivitJiin ivliich something happens (ivhen ? 
and at or ivithin what time ?) 

Qiia node natus Alexander est, eddem Dianae Ephesiae templum de- 
flagravit. Agamemno cum miiversa Giaecia vix decern annis unam 
cepit urbem. Epaminondas die uno Graeciam liberavit. 

3. The ground or cause (ivhereby? on lohat account? 
whence ?) ; hence it stands with : g-aucleo, laetor, glorior^ — 
laboro, valeo^floreo^ — excello^praesto, supero, — -fldo, confldo, 
nitor ; — laetus,fi'etus, contentus, natus, ortus, genitus-, etc. 

In culpa sunt, qui officia deserunt mollitid animi (from). Guberna- 
toris ars utilitate, non arte laudatur (on account of). Concordia res par- 
vae crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur. Delicto dolere, corredione 
gaudere oportet. Salus hominum non veritate solum, sed etiam fama 
nititur. Nemo potest aut corporis ^rmttofe, aut fortunae stahilitate con- 
fjdere. [Fido and confido are quite as often, and diffido almost always 
joined with the Dat) Contenti estote sorte vestra. 

4. The means and instrument, also the material (ivhere- 
with? wherefrom? ivhence?). 

OcuLis videmus, auribus audhnus. Britanni lacte et came vivunt. 

Rem. 1. When a person is employed as a means or instrument, the ac- 
cusative is generally used with per, as : per tuum patrem miseria libera- 
tus sum. With passive or intransitive verbs, the agent or doer is ex- 
pressed by the ablative with the preposition o, as : mundus a deo crea- 
tus est. The accompanying person is expressed by the ablative with cum, 
as: cumfralre ambuiavi. 

o. Hence the ablative of the instrument or material stands 
more particularly : 



238 ABLATIVE. [$ 91. 

a) With verbs oi furnishing ^ formings instructing-^ be- 
ing accustomed, 

Natura oculos tenuissimis memhrdnis vestivit et sepsit So also with 
officio, I affect (fill). Litterae tuae summo gaudio me qfecerunt. Pater 
filium litteris erudivit (or instituit, imbuit, instruxit). Milites continuo 
labore assueti [assuefadi) erant. 

b) With expressions of fulness^ plenty and ivant^ as : 
ah undo ^ affluo^ and scaieo, — compleo, satio, and ca- 
reo, — egeo and indigeo ; refertus^ inops, praeditus. 

Germania ahundat Jiuminibus. Quid afferre consilii potest [is], qui 
ipse eget consUio ? Miserum est carere consuetudine amicorum. Insula 
Delos referta erat divitiis. 

Rem. 2. Egere and indigere are oflener found with the genitive. See 
§ 88, 2. 

c) With the impersonal opus est (there is need of), the 
thing stands in the ablative, the person in the dative. 
But when opus est is used personally, the thing 
stands as subject in the nominative. 

Multis non duce tantum opus est, sed adjutore et coadore. Dux nobis 
opus est. Duces nobis opu^ sunt. 

Rem. 3. Wlien the thing which is needed is a verb, it is generally the 
infinitive or the ace. with the infinitive. Nihil opus est, rem pluribus ver- 
bis commemorare. Si quid erit, quod te scire opus sit, scribam. 

d) With, utor, fruor, fungor, potior and vescor. 

Multi beneficio dei pei-verse utuntur. Augustus Alexandria brevi poti- 
tus est. Vescimur bestiis. Cicero consulatu bene fundus est. 

Rem. 4. Potirirerum means, to appropriate to one'' s self [obtain] supreme 
power. 

6. The ablative expresses that according to luhich some- 
thing is measured or judged of {according to loliat?) 

Magnos homines virtute metimur, non fortwnd. Quod rectum est, nee 
magnitudine aestimdtur, nee numero, nee tempore. 

7. Hence with the co7nparative, the object with which 
another is compared is put in the ablative instead of quam 
with the Nom. or Ace. 

Ysiterfilio doctior est, than the son, or pater doctior est, quam filius 
Patrem^^to modestiorem cognovi. 



§ 91.] ABLATIVE. /235 

8. Especially is the ablative used to express a respect or 
nearer definition (ivherein 1 in what respect ?). 

Epaminondae nemo Thebanus par fuit eloquentid. Multi sunt corpo- 
re valrdi, mente infirmi. Magnus, major, maximus natu. JVaiione Me- 
dus fuit. 

9. The ablative expresses the measure, and indeed : 

a) In answer to the question: hy lioiu much (7nany)1 
particularly with comparatives and superlatives. 

Sol multis partibus major atque amplior est, quam terra. Here belong 
the ablatives : multo, by much, much, parvo, paullo, by little, little, quo 
and quanta, the, eo and tanto, so much the. 

b) In answer to the question: hoiv long- before or 
after ? before the prepositions ante and post. 

Numa Pompilius annis permultis ante fuit, quam Pythagoras. Lae- 
lius sermonem de amicitia habuit paucis diebus post mortem Afi-icani. 

Rem. 5. But in the question : how long before or after the present time ? 
the accusative is used with either ante, abhinc or post, as : ante tres an- 
nos te vidi. Post paucos dies te videbo. Tres abhinc dies amicum vidi. 

c) With expressions of buying and selling; costing", 
hiring, exchanging, the price, and with dignius and 
indignus, the thing of ivhich something is ivorthy or 
unworthy, worth or not ivorth stands in the ablative. 

Hunc librum parvo pretio emi. Multorum sanguine et vulneribus ea 
Poenis stetit victoria. Excellentium hominum virtus imitatione, non 
invidia digna est. Veritas auro digna est. 

Rem. 6. Here belong also the ablatives: magna (for much, dear), 
parvo (for little, cheap), plurimo, minima, tanto, quanta and the like, with 
verbs of buying and selling. Instead of the Abl. the Gen. is also used, 
as : magni, parvi, etc. (§ 88, 9). 

10. The ablative signifies the luay and manner in which 
something takes place. 

Vir sapiens aequo animo injuriara fert. 

11. Finally, the ablative stands with expressions of remov- 
ing and separating, oi freeing and depriving. 

Caesar castra loco movit. Hospitem arcere tecto nefas est. Cognitio 
naturae nos levat suptrstitione, liberal mortis metu. Robustus animus et 
excelsus omni est liber cura et angore. 



240 



ABLATIVE. 



[^91. 



C XXIII. Exercises for translation, {k 91.) 
I. a. Xerxes brought (perf.) war upon Greece by land and by sea 
(mare). The enemies were discovered upon all the plains. In the 
second Punic war Hannibal wasted (perf) the power (opes) of Italy. 
Socrates, on the last (supremus) day of his life, spoke (disserere, perf.) 
much concerning the immortality of the soul (plur.). Xerxes was con- 
quered (perf) more by the wisdom of Themistocles than by the arms 
of Greece. The minds of men are often tormented by distressing 
(acerbus, a, um) cares. We ought to grieve at faults, to rejoice at 
[their] correction (correctio). It is the part of a bad man to glory in 
his faults. Greece formerly flourished (= bloomed) in power (opes), 
dominion [and] glory. Crassus suffered from an immoderate desire 
for riches. Caesar, by his arrival, humbled (frangere, perf.) the Gauls 
trusting to (fretus) their bravery. The wise [man] does not trust to the 
stability of fortune. Upon the goods of the soul alone (solus, a, um) 
can we depend (niti). Nature is satisfied with little attention. 

I. b. The Romans by sea (mare) and by land have carried on many 
wars. The colonies of the Syrians were spread (diffundere) over al- 
most the whole circle of the world. The Romans awaited in a suita- 
ble place the attack of the enemies. In the spring the swallows re- 
tui'n to us, in the autumn they go away. In the months October and 
November the fruits are collected from (ex) the trees. Not from fear 
but from choice the upright man avoids (= flees) wicked deeds. 
Navigation is praised on account of the advantage. Who would glory 
in his ignorance ? Parents rejoice at the welfare of [their] children 
and grieve at their adversity. At nothing are we accustomed to re- 
joice so much (tam) as at the consciousness of our duties. The Roman 
state suffered from two vices, avarice and luxury. Aristides was dis- 
tinguished (floreo) by the fame of [his] justice. Happy is he who 
trusts to virtue, unhappy [he] who rests upon riches or any other 
goods of fortune. The enemies, trusting to (fretus) the number of 
their troops, desired to fight. If we are contented with our lot, we 
shall be happy (beatus). 

II. a. The sun illuminates the whole earth with its light. The ox 
defends himself with the horns, the horse with the feet, the boar with 
the teeth. Cicero, by his eloquence, had acquired for himself immor- 
tal fame. Cicero was expelled from Rome by Clodius. Parents, who 
have imbued the mind^ of their children with the principles of virtue, 
and instructed them in literature, deserve well (= deserve) not only 
of their children but also of the state. The earth, in the spring, is 



j 91.] ABLATIVE. 241 

clothed with herbs and flowers. Crassus, king of Syria, abounded in 
gold and silver. Spain anciently abounded in lead, iron, silver [and] 
gold. God has filled the world with all good [things]. The sea is 
full of {scatere) fishes. It is a misfortune (miserum), to be deprived of 
(carere) the intercourse of friends. We all need (egere) the aid of 
others. The earth abounds in all things which men need (egere). 
Man is endowed with reason and speech. There is need of a wise 
general to even the bravest army. There is need of repose after 
labors, to the body and the soul. There was need of ready aid to the 
captured city. The Carthaginians were accustomed (perf ) formerly 
to use elephants in war. Pronounce (= extol) him happy who en- 
joys good health. Use the powers which God has given thee. Who- 
ever (= who) wishes to obtain true renown, must perform the duties 
of virtue. The Numidians generally ^ec? upon ( vesci) milk and venison. 
Cimon, the son of Miltiades, had (uti) a vejy hard beginning of youth 
(adolescentia, ae). Alexander, king of the Macedonians, possessed 
himself of the whole Persian kingdom. 

II. b. We see with the eyes, hear with the ears, smell with the nose 
(nares, ium), taste with the palate, feel with the nerves. Very high 
mountains are covered with perpetual (perennis) snow and ice. We 
often attain more by goodness than by force. The Roman state was 
delivered fi-om destruction by Cicero. God has enclosed (sepire) and 
covered (vestire) the eyes with very delicate membranes. We ought 
to aid those most, who need (indigere) our aid most. They are all 
rich who are endowed with virtue. The fortunate abound with friends, 
the unfortunate are destitute (carere) of friends. The sun fills all 
[things] with its light. The Roman consul, AemiHus, enriched (di- 
tare) his soldiers with great booty. Our mind is filled (afficere) with 
joy when we have done something good. Greece abounded in great 
poets. The body has need of food and drink (potio). When we act 
rightly, we have need of neither dissimulation (simulatio) nor de- 
ception (fallacia). Any one you please of the sailors can govern 
the ship in (abl.) a quiet sea, [but] when (ubi) a violent (saevus) 
storm has arisen, then they have need of a pilot. The Helots 
(Helota, ae) with the Lacedemonians, performed the oflSce of slaves. 
That (is) ship performs (conficere) the course best, which has (uti) 
the most skilful pilot. Many men abuse reason. Discharge scrupu- 
lously the office committed to thee. The covetous [man] does not en- 
joy the riches which he has. The Greeks anciently ate acorns. Alex- 
ander possessed himself of the kingdom of Darius. 

III. a. Scholars in school, are judged of and estimated not accord- 

21 



242 ABLATIVE. P 91. 

ing to rank (== genus), but good manners, a teachable spirit and ac- 
tive (acer) industry. The wise man measures men not according to 
fortune but according to character. There is nothing more amiable 
than virtue. Ireland is smaller by a half than Britain. Carthage w^as 
founded eighty-two years before Rome. Cimon, five years after he had 
been expelled, was recalled to [his] native country. In the sixtj^-sec- 
ond year after the founding of the city Rome (post urbem condltam), the 
third w^ar against the Carthaginians was undertaken. The fi*iend, 
whose aiTival I had expected three days before, has come to day, and 
will depart again after ten days. Chrysogonus bought (perf.) a Corin- 
thian vase for an immense price. For how much has thy father sold 
his horse? he has sold it for so much (tantum), as (quantum) he 
bought it for. The wai' has cost (stare) us much blood. An un- 
grateftil mind is unworthy of favors. Vu'tue and wisdom are worthy 
of man. Receive those into friendship whom thou shalt consider 
worthy of thy love. The wise man endures the hardships of life with 
equanimity. Cicero, deprived of public offices, found satisfaction in 
the study of philosophy. The winds purify the air from noxious vapors. 
Timoleon, with incredible success (fortuna), expelled Dionysius from 
all Sicily. 

ni. b. Not according to greatness of stature, but from a brave and 
fierce mind we judge of a soldier. According to character, not accord- 
ing to property (facultates) we should estimate men. Notliing is 
more excellent than truth. No (nemo) Theban was equal to Epami- 
nondas in eloquence. Pompy was only two years (biennium) older 
than Cicero. Carthage was founded eighty-two years after Rome and 
destroyed in the 700dth year afterwards. Agi'icola died in the fifty- 
sixth year of his age, the tenth day hefore the Calends of September (ante 
Kalendas Septembres). My brother, who departed six days ago, will 
return after two years. The trader sells the wares for a greater price 
than he has bought them for from others. Thou canst buy neither 
virtue nor wisdom for gold. They are unworthy of favors who are un- 
mindful of them. The victoiy over the Romans cost Pyrrhus, king of 
Epirus, much. The deeds of Caesar are worthy of eternal renown. 
They deserve praise who honor virtue. Folly is unworthy of man. 
Pausanias, king of the Lacedemonians, lived, after the custom of the 
Persians, more luxuriously than was proper (par). Jugurtha expelled 
(perf.) Adherbal, an ally and fi-iend of the Roman people, from his 
kingdom and all [his] possessions (fortunae). Them istocles, a general 
of the Athenians, delivered Greece from servitude. 



§ 92.] CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES OF CITIES. 243 

§ 92. Construction of the Names of Cities. 

1. The names of cities (toivns, villages and small islands) 
of the first and second Dec. Sing, stand, in answer to the 
question where? in the genitive; but the names of cities of 
the third Dec. and of the Plur. of ih^ first and second Dec, 
in the ablative, without in. In answer to the question, 
ivhither ? they all stand in the accusative, and in answer to 
the question, whence ? in the ablative, in each case without 
a preposition. 

Ut Romae consules, sic Carthagine quotannis bini reges creabantur. 
Talis Romae Fabricius, qualis Aristides Aihenis fuit. Pompeius hie- 
mare Dyrrhachii et Apolloniae constituerat. Delphis Apollinis oraculum 
fuit. Cono plurimum Cypri vixit, Iphicrates in Thracia, Timotheus 
Leshi. Curius primus Romam elephantos quattuor duxit. Pompeius 
Lucerid proficiscitur Canusium atque inde Brundisium. Lycurgus Cre- 
tam profectus est ibique perpetuum exsilium egit. Aeschines cessit 
Athenis et se Rhodum contulit. Consul Roma Athenas profectus est. 

Rem. Domus and rus have the same construction as the names of 
cities: rfomi (at home), domi meae, tuue, suae, nostrae, vestrae, alienae, 
(at my house, etc.), domum (to the house), dom.o (from the house, 
home); — ruri (not rwre), in the coimtry, rus (into, to, the country), 
rure (from the country). Besides, humi (on the ground), domi militi- 
aeque or domi hellique (at home and abroad, in peace and in war). 

2. The words in apposition with the names of cities, as : 
urbs, oppidum, caput (chief city), in answer to the question, 
lohere ? stand in the ablative generally without m; in an- 
swer to the question, ivhither 7 in the accusative without in ; 
in answer to the question, whence ? in the ablative without 
ab. 

Archias poeta Antiochlae natus est, celebri quondam urhe et copiosa. 
Cicero profectus est Athenas, urhem celeheirimam. Demaratus Conntho, 
urhe amplissima, Tai-quimos fugit. 

CXXIV. Exercises for translation. (§ 92.) 
I. As long as Cicero was at Athens, he earnestly pursued philoso- 
phy. At Ephesus, a city of Asia, was a very renowned (celeber) tem- 
ple of Diana. At Sparta was the most honorable (honestus) abode of 



244 CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES OF CITIES. [^ 92. 

old age. The arts and literature flourished (= bloomed) at Athens. 
Demaratus fled from Corinth, a city of Greece, to Tarquinii, a city 
of Etruria. Timotheus, compelled by the hatred of the ungrateful 
state, betook (perf) himself to Chalcis. Marius was born^and brought 
up (perf.) at Arpinum, a city of Latium. At Alexandria, a city of 
Egypt, was a renowned (eximius) library. Brutus proceeded to Ar- 
dea to the camp. Hannibal proceeded fi'om Carthage to Spain. Dio- 
nysius, the tyrant, sent for (arcessere, perf) Plato from Athens. Au- 
gustus died at Nola, a city of lower Italy (Italia inferior). I have 
lived three years at Rome, one year at Corinth, two years at Athens, 
two at Philippi, three at Sparta. My father will return home to- 
morrow from the countiy, and, after three days, will go again from 
home into the country and will pass the whole summer in the country. 
When I am in my house, I do not trouble myself (curare) about (ace.) 
what is without (alienus, pZwr.). When a friend is in the house of a 
friend, he is (versari) as it were, in his own house, not in anothers. 
The Egyptians embalmed (condire) the dead and laid them away (con- 
dere) at home. The Athenians were very renowned in peace (domus) 
and in war (militia). Many men would rather (malo) live in the 
country than in the city. By good counsels, the welfare of the state 
will be secured (constituere) at home and abroad. I shall remain at 
home, [but] my brother will go into the country. 

n. In Spai'ta, the boys were scourged (caedere) with thongs (lorum) 
at the altar of Diana. Cicero, in Rhodes, attached himself (se applica- 
re) to Molon. Artemisia, the wife of a king of Caria, built at Halicar- 
nassus a famous (nobilis) sepulchre. In the times of Pericles, many 
renowned men lived at Athens. Hannibal was born at Carthage. 
Themistocles, presented witli great presents by Artaxerxes, returned 
(perf) to Asia and established (constituere) his abode at Magnesia. 
The corpse of Alexander was removed (transferre, perf.) from Baby- 
lon, the chief city of Assyria, to Alexandria, a city of Egypt. Dionysius, 
the tyrant, fled (perf) from Syracuse, the most powerful city of Sicily, 
to Corinth, a very renowned (celeber) city of Greece. Cato took away 
(perf.) his life at Utica, a city of Africa. Hannibal was recalled from 
Italy to Carthage. Scipio often hurried away (evolare) from the city 
into the country, [and] then returned to business from the country into 
the city. Alexander died (perf.) at Babylon, the chief city of Assyria. 
The soldiers returned (perf.) home joyful at the victory. The soul in 
the body is, as it were, in a foreign house. In the time of Pyrrhus, 
the first elephants came to Rome. Nowhere does one live (vivitur) so 
conveniently (commode) as at home. Archimedes was killed (perf.) 



§ 93.] REMARKS ON THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 245 

at Syracuse, a city of Sicily, by a Roman soldier. Marius died at his 
house an old man. Laelius hastened forth (evolare) into the country 
from the city, as if (tanquam) from ehains. The superiority (virtus) 
of Caesar had been acknowledged at home and abroad. Socrates 
brought back to the house the veiy same expression which he had 
carried forth from it. Cicero often lived in the country. The poet 
Ovid lived a long time (aliquamdiu) at Tomi, a city of Moesia, in exile. 

§ 93. Remarks on the use of the Prepositions. 

1. Ab and de (from, by, of) differ thus : a) of place, ah 
means, away from a place, de, down from, or away from, — 
b) ah is used with an active object, and hence stands with 
the agent or doer after passive verbs, de on the contrary, is 
used with a passive object, 

Milites ab urhe profecti sunt. Lucretius de muro se dejecit. Deforo 
cives discesserunt (away from the forum). Multae fabulae de Hercvle a 
poetis fictae sunt (many fables have been invented concerning Hercu- 
les by the poets). Multa de te a fratre tuo audivi (I have heard much 
of thee from thy brother). 

2. Circum is used only of place (not of time), as : terra 
se circum axem convertit. 

3. The verbs : pono, loco, colloco, constituo, deflgo and 
some others take in with the ablative, where the accusative 
seems to be required, since they express motion. — &uper 
and subter are very rarely used with the ablative. 

CXXV. Exercises for translation. (§ 93.) 

I. The Gauls were conquered (perf ) by Caesar. Caesar has related 
much of the Gauls. Cornelius Nepos wrote (perf) a book concerning 
the Hfe and customs of Cato. The life and customs of Cato were 
written by Cornelius Nepos. The citizens, besieged by the enemies, 
placed all hope in the wisdom and firmness of the general. From 
whom hast thou heard this news concerning the arrival of my father ? 
from thy brother. We would place the highest good in virtue ! The 
wise man fixes (defigere) his thoughts not upon pleasure, but upon virtue. 

II. Cicero wrote (perf) three books concerning duties. Three books 
concerning duties were written by Cicero. Excellent precepts have 
been left (tradere) us by Plutarch concerning the instruction of children 

21* 



246 OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS. [^ 94. 

(puer). Plato placed the reason in the head, anger in the breast. 
Cicero, in the first book of the Tusculan Disputations, speaks (dispiita- 
re) of the immortalitj' of the soul. Much has been related to us by 
our teacher of the braveiy of the Romans. Cicero fixed (defigere) all 
his cares and thoughts upon the welfai'e of his countrj^ Let us place 
a peaceful life in vu-tue ! 



§ 94. Of the use of the Pronouns. 

1. The personal pronouns in the Nom. : ego^ tu, nos, vos 
are expressed with the verb, only when a particular stress 
rest upon them, hence, especially in contrasts. The pos- 
sessive pronouns also : meus, tuus, etc. are used only in this 
case, or for the sake of perspicuity. 

Ego fleo, tu rides. Mens fi*ater diligens est, tuus piger. But : Fra- 
ter me amat (not : frater mens me amat). 

2. The genitives nostri and vestri, like met, tui, sui are 
objective (not possessive), but nostrum and ve strum are used 
partitively. 

Memoria Twstri (of us). Memor sum vtstri. Memini vestri. Quis 
nostrum haec dixit? Nemo vestrum, sua officia explevit. Besides, we 
should distinguish : pars nostri, vestri (a part of us, you, = of our, your 
being), e. g. animus est pars jwstri, from : pars nostrum^ vestrum, a part 
or some of us. 

3. The pronouns : sui, sibi, se ; suus, «, um, are used when 
an object (person or thing), is opposed to itself. 

Omnia animalia se diligunt. Haec oratio sihi repugnat. Alexander, 
quum interemisset Clitum, familiarem suum, vix a se manus abstinuit. 
Hannibalem sui cives e civitate ejecerunt. Dux cum militibus suis 
fugit. Oravi amicum, ut sihi consuleret. 

4. When these reflexive pronouns stand as the subject of 
an Infin., or with a Part., or in dependent clauses and refer 
to the subject of the leading clause, they may generally be 
translated into English by, he, she, it, to him, to her, to it, 
him, her, it, they, them, to them. 

Animus sentit, se sua vi moveri(the soul is conscious, that it is moved 
by its own power). Caesar exercitu per se comparato rempublicam 



§ 94.] OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS. 24*7 

liberavit (with an army collected by him). Caesar milites adhortatus 
est, ut se sequerentur (that they should follow Mm). 

5. The oblique cases of is, ea, id, on the contrary, are 
used, when an object is not opposed to itself, but to another 
object ; ejus, eorum, and earum in this case, are translated 
into English by his, her, their. 

Pater ei ignovit {him, e. g. his son, or her, e. g. his daughter ; but : 
pater sibi ignovit, himself). Pater semper ejus memor erit {his, e. g. 
friends). Pater eum valde diligit. Mater earn valde amat. Dux et 
milites ejus fugerunt (and his soldiers ; but : dux cum militibus suis 
fugit). Caesar fortissimus fuit : ejus facta admiramur {his deeds). Hos- 
tes multas urbes exciderunt, earumque mcolas in servitutem abduxe- 
runt (and their inhabitants). 

6. The pronoun ipse, a, um often stands with the person- 
al pronouns, either in the same case with the subject, when 
the subject is contrasted loith other subjects, or in the same 
as the object, when the object is contrasted ivith other objects. 

Ego me ipse vitupero (/ and not another). Ego me ipsum vitupero 
{myself QA-iA not another). Saepe ii homuies, qui sihi ipsis maxime pla- 
cent, aliis maxime displicent. De me ipse loquor. De me ipso loquor, 

7. The genitives : ipsius, ipsorum and ipsarum, which 
often stand in connection with the possessive pronouns, are 
to be translated into English by, oivn. 

Meus ipsius pater (my own father). Mea ipsius mater {my oivn moth- 
er). Meum ipsius consihum (my own counsel). Tuus ipsius frater. 
Dux sua ipsius culpa victus est. JVoster ipsorum pater. Vestra ipso- 
rum mater. Duces sua ipsorum culpa victi sunt. Sorores mea siui 
ipsarum voluntate domi manent. 

8. Besides what was said of the difference in usage be- 
tween the interrogatives quis ? quid ? and qui ? quae 1 
quod ? in Rem. 3. § 30 ; it should be here stated, that, when 
quis has a noun with it, the noun is to be regarded as in 
apposition with it ; that quis inquires barely after the name of 
the person or thing (what), qui after its nature (what sort of), 
as: quis philosophus ? (what philosopher?), ^^wz philoso- 
phus ? (what sort of a philosopher ?). 



248 OP THE USE OF THE PRONOUN. [^ 94, 

Rem. 1. For the distinction between the double forms of the inde- 
finite pronouns quis, qua, quid, qui, quae quod, etc. See § 31. 

9. The indefinite pronoun quis (qzd), qua (quae), quid 
(quod), some one, one, is less emphatic than aliquis, etc., and 
stands most commonly after si, nisi, ne, num, quum, qui, 
quae, quod, quo or quanto {the, with the comparative). 

Si quis de immortahtate animorum dubitat, insanus est. Vide, ne 
quern laedas. JVum quis dubitat hac de re ? Quo [quanto) quis sapien- 
tior est, eo (tanto) modestior est. 

10. When quisque is connected with the pronouns sui, 
sibi, se, suus, it stands immediately after them. 

Trahit sua quemque voluptas. Minime sihi quisqae notus est. 

11. When quisque stands after superlatives, it may be 
translated by precisely the, the very, and when it stands after 
ordinal numbers by each, every. 

Sapientissimus quisque virtutem maxime amat (precisely the wisest). 
Quarto quoque anno (every fourth year). 

12. Uterque (each of two, both) in connection with a 
noun takes the same gender, number and case as the noun ; 
but when uterque is connected with a pronoun, this pro- 
noun stands in the genitive. In both cases the predicate is 
in the singular. 

Uterque dux clarus fuit (both leaders were renowned). Uterque 
eorum clarus fuit (both these were renowned). Uterque nostrum, ves- 
trum (we both, you both). Quorum uterque (both of whom). 

Rem. 2. The plural of uterque is used when two parties are spoken 
of, to hoih or at least, one of which, several belong, or when it stands in 
connection with nouns used only in the plural, as : utrique duces (the 
generals, of which there are several on both sides). Utrique, Caesar et 
hostes. Utrdque castra (both camps). 

13. liter, alter, neuter are used when the discourse is of 
only two ; quis, alius, nullus, on the contrary, when the dis- 
course is of several. 

Uter fratrum ad te venit (which of the two brothers) ? Uter vestrum 
hoc dixit (which of you two) ? Duo sunt fratres : alter (the one) litteris 
operam dat ; alter (the other) miles est. JVeuter nostrum (neither of 



§ 94.] OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS. 249 

US two). When a compai'ison occurs Avith uter, alter, neuter, the com- 
parative is used where we sometimes use the superlative, as : uter 
fortior est ? which of the two is the bravest ? 

14. The phrases, alius aliud, alius aliter, etc., are trans- 
lated : the one this, the other that; the one in this way, the 
other in that. 

Alii aliud probant. Mii aliter vivuiit. 

Rem. 3. The indefiuite pronouns, one, they, we are expressed in 
Latin : 

a) By the third Pers. Plur. Act. as: dicunt, ferunt, tradunt ; 

b) By the third Pers. Sing. Pass., as: narratur ; bene vivitur ; 

c) By the personal Pass., as : amor, one loves me, amai'is, one loves 
thee, sapientes beati existimantur, we account the wise happy ; 

d) By the first Pers. Phu\ Act. (in this case the speaker must be in- 
cluded under the 07ie), as: viro sapienti libenter paremws ; 

e) By the second Pers. Sing. Act., particularly of the Subj., as: cre- 
dos (one may believe). 

CXXVI. Exercises for translation. (^94.) 
I. a. Parents love their children. Manlius punished (multare) the 
bravei-y of his son with death. The remembrance of you will always 
be agi-eeable to us. To each of us the love of life is inborn. The 
soul is the governor of us. The hand is a part of us. A pai't of us, 
to-morrow, will betake ourselves into the country. Pity thou me, 
wretched. Few of us have fulfilled their duties. A good king cares 
less for himself than for the welfai*e of the citizens. The wise man 
zealously coiTects the faults inborn in him. So long as Hannibal was 
in Italy, nobody resisted him in battle (acies). After the general had 
fallen (perf ) in batde, the soldiers fled. My friend and his son have 
set out for Rome. The Allobroges entreated (orare) Umbrenus, that 
[ut with Subj.) he would pity them. Cicero had effected by Fulvia, 
that [ut with Subj.) Curius might disclose (aperire) to him the plans of 
Catiline, The Germans occupied themselves (studere) with agriculture, 
and the greatest part of their food (victus, us) consisted of [consistere 
with abl.) milk, cheese and flesh. I have often reflected (cogitare) 
with myself concerning the immortality of the soul (plur.). We see 
(cernere) faults (delictum) in others more than in ourselves. The 
soul itself moves itself Our soldiers have conquered the enemies, not 
by the wisdom (consilium) of their general, but by their own bravery. 
We ought to care (inservire, c. dat.) not only for our own advantage, 
but also for [that] of others. 



250 OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS. [§ 94. 

I. b. Children love their parents. It is the duty of the king to look 
out for the welfare of his subjects. Lysander, king of the Lacede- 
monians, left behind (peif ) a great report of himself With delight 
we pity thee. Each of us will always recollect thee and thine. I 
shall always preserve a recollection of you. The best part of us is 
immortal. A part of us had remained at home. Many of us have de- 
served [well] of (de) our country. The general and his soldiers have 
distinguished themselves in battle by bravery. Men use beasts for 
their advantage. [His] friends exhorted Darius, that (ut with Suhj.) 
he should subject Greece to himself The king Em-ystheus command- 
ed (imperare) Hercules, that {ut with Suhj.) he should bring (afferre) 
to him the arms of the queen of the Amazons. Cleopatra admitted 
(admittere) a viper (aspis, idis) to herself and was killed (extinguere, 
per/.) by its poison. After the encounter at Issus, the mother of Da- 
rius, his wife and his daughter, were taken captives. We ourselves 
ought to govern (imperare) ourselves. Virtue itself protects itself. 
Many are wise for themselves indeed, but not for others. The (is) 
general cannot restrain (continere) [his] army, who does not restrain 
himself (se ipsum). The companions of Ulysses perished (perf ) by 
their own folly. Many evils happen to us by our own fault (culpa). 

n. a. Each one is the architect (faber) of his fortune. Assign to 
each his own. With the gi-eatest difficulty (= most difficulty) does 
each one judge correctly of himself Each one ought to protect his 
own. Precisely the best [man] undertakes most easily dangers and 
labors for his country. Money has always been despised by the very 
best [men]. Every fifth year, all Sicily was rated (perf) Demosthe- 
nes and Cicero were the most renowned orators of antiquity ; to 
which dost thou give the preeminence (palma) ? Virgil, Ovid and 
Horace were very distinguished poets of Rome ; which dost thou con- 
sider the best? Each is a fault, both to believe each and [to believe] 
neither. I believe neither, neither thee nor thy brother. Both, Ho- 
mer and Virgil, were distinguished poets ; the one of them was a 
Greek and the other a Roman. Both, the Romans and the enemies, 
fought bravely. One excels in this, another in that. One occupies 
himself with this, another with that. 

II. b. Each virtue deserves (deberi) its particular (proprhis) praise. 
Each has (by esse) his way. Each is accustomed to measure dangers 
according to his fear. Fortune will form each one by his character. 
The veiy best, we ought always to place before (proponere) others 
for imitation. The olive (olea) does not bear eveiy year, but general- 



§ 95.] OF THE NUMERALS. 251 

ly every two (alter) years. Who of you has heard this news ? Who 
is the greatest orator of antiquity ? Scipio and Hannibal were very 
renowned generals, the one was the general of the Romans, the other 
of the Carthaginians ; which dost thou prefer ? The very most learn- 
ed men are the most modest. Both, Caesar and Pompey were great 
jnen ; which dost thou consider the greatest ? Both the Romans and 
the Germans were very brave ; which considerest thou the bravest ? 
Neither of us all is free from faults. Neither, neither the wicked 
[man] nor the flatterer, ought we to praise. Dangers threaten one 
from here (= hence), another /ro77i </iere (= thence). This pleases 
one, that another. 

III. a. Jusdy one censures those who act righdy from (prae) fear. 
All is uncertain, when one departs (discedere) from right. One 
laughs. They praise me. One has praised me. The earth is sur- 
rounded (circumfundi) by that sea which we (= one) call ocean. 
We prepare the mind for (ad) all. He who fears what one can avoid, 
can in no manner live with a quiet mind. In prosperity, let us flee 
pride and arrogance. Without virtue we cannot be happy. What is 
sweeter, than to have [a friend] with whom one may dare to speak 
as with himself? It is becoming, to do religiously what one does. 

III. b. They called those philosophers sophists, who pursued philo- 
sophy for gain or ostentation. They run. Honorable conduct (= the 
honorable) excites (movere) the approbation of those with whom one 
lives. They will censure me. We deride fools. The perversities 
(pravitas) of the soul, one properly (= correctly) calls faults. Tlie 
means of living (victus) and care of the body, we refer to health and 
strength, not to property. How short is the longest life of man, 
when one compares (subj.) it to eternity! What one has promised, 
he must make good. By entreaties, one often effects (perficere) more 
than by force. It is becoming, not to censure that which one does not 
understand (intelligere, Suhj.). 

§ 95. Of the Numerals. 

1. Concerning mille and milia, see § 33. Rem. 4. 

2. The distributives, which answer the question, hoiu 

771 any each 1 or how many at a time? are used when one 

wishes to express, that a number is divided equally a7nong 

several objects, or a certain number of tunes. 

Pater filiis senos libros dat (six books a piece, i. e. the father gives 
each of his sons six books ; hence, if we suppose three sons, the father 



252 OF THE NUMERALS. [§ 95. 

divides eighteen books into three equal parts). Sex fossae, quinos pe- 
des ahae, ducebantur (each six feet deep). 

3. Besides, the distributives are used for the cardinal 
numbers with nouns which have only the plural, as : bina 
castra, tiuo camps. For singulis ae, a, in this case, uni, ae, a 
is used, as : una castra, one camp, unae nuptiae, one lued- 
dingy unae litterae, one letter, trina castra, three camps (but : 
terna castra, three camps a-piece). 

CXXVII. Exercises for translation. (^95.) 

I. A thousand soldiers have defended the city spiritedly against 
3000 enemies which assaulted it. All (omnis) Gaul which is em- 
braced (continere) by the Pyrenees mountains, the Alps and the Se- 
venns (mons Gehenna) is 3,200,000 paces. The leader of our army 
has pursued the enemy with 1000 soldiers. As at Rome two consuls, 
so at Carthage tw^o kings, were annually elected. The Roman legions 
consisted (esse) at certain times of 5000 footmen and 300 horsemen. 
The army of the enemies had pitched 2 camps, ours 3. The father 
wrote a letter to each of his 4 sons. Veiy often by a truce, have the 
already enfeebled powers of an army been restored (reparare). Two 
acres of land a-piece were divided (perf ) to the people. The mother 
gave to each child 1 apple, 6 pears, 7 plums, 8 cherries. The enemies 
pitched (perf) 3 camps, each of which 3 trenches surrounded. 

II. The army of the enemies consisted (esse) of 28,000 footmen 
and 13,500 horsemen. According to (ex) the opinion of Posidonius, 
there are 20,000,000 stadia from the earth to the moon [andj 5,000,000 
stadia thence to the sun. The citizens with 1000 soldiers have de- 
fended the city against the enemy. The mother gave (perf) to each 
boy 2 apples, 3 pears, 4 plums and 12 cherries. Caesar divided (perf) 
among (dat.) the people, man for man, 10 bushels of grain and just 
so many pounds of oil and 300 sesterces (nummus). The enemies 
drew (perf) around the camp 3 trenches, 11 feet deep and 6 feet 
broad. Two walls surround the city, 18 feet high and 8 feet broad. 
The towers upon the walls of Babylon, were about 10 feet higher than 
the walls. In each camp of the enemies, there were 7000 footmen and 
4000 horsemen. Cicero received (perf) in one day, 3 letters from (ex) 
each of tliree different places. How many scholars are in a class in 
(gen.) your school? about 30. The fingers of men have 3 joints, the 
thumb 2. A father divided (perf) equally among (dat.) his 4 sons 



^ 96, 97.] INFINITIVE. SUPINE. 253 

4444 dollars, how many dollars did each receive (perf.) ? 1111. My 
brother has 3 writing-tablets. Yesterday I received (perf.) 2 letters. 
The city has 6 towers, each of which is 268 feet high. After a long 
time, at length (tandem) a letter came, and this whole letter consisted 
(esse) of these 22 letters : Si vales, bene est ; ego valeo. 

§ 96. Infinitive. 
The Infinitive is used : 

a) As subject, as : dulce et decorum est pro patria mori; 

b) As object ; this is especially the case with verbs sig- 
nifying to loill, to be able, ought, should, as: volo (cupio, 
studeo, possum, debeo) discere. 

Rem. 1. In animated description, the Latins often used the Infin. 
Pres. for the finite verb (historical injinitive) , as : multum ipse pugnare, 
saepe hostem/enVe. 

Rem. 2. For the Ace. with the Infin., see § 105. 

§97. Supine. 

1. The Supine in U7n stands with verbs of going-, com- 
ing, sending, calling, in order to express the end of these 
verbs. It takes the same case as its verb. 

In urbem migravi habitatum. Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem 
convenit ludos publicos spedatum. 

2. The Supine in u stands : a) with many adjectives as 
a nearer definition of them, as : dulcis, jucundus, molcstus, 
dignus, indignus, facilis, difficilis ; b) s^iXh. fas est (it is law- 
ful), nefas est (it is not lawful) and opus est. 

Pira dulcia sunt gustatu. Fas est didu. Nefas est didu. Deliher^ 
cdu opus est. 

CXXVIII Exercises for translation. (^^96,97.) 
I. To a cultivated and learned man, to think is to live. They, whose 
fathers or ancestors have distinguished (praestare) themselves by 
some renown, seek to excel in the veiy same kind of praise. Practice 
teaches to bear (ferre) labor. Without virtue nobody can be happy. 
The army hastens, in order to deliver the city from the siege. The 
Romans sent (perf) ambassadors to Delphi, in order to consult the 
oracle. What is so pleasant (jucundus) to perceive and to hear, as a 
22 



254 GERUND. [^ 98. 

discourse adorned with wise thoughts and weighty (gravis) words ? 
An unripe grape is bitter to taste. The fish is easy to catch in disturb- 
ed water. 

n. To prefer money to fi-iendship is base. Poets wish both to de- 
light and to profit. The soul cannot decay. It is easier to see errors 
than to correct [them]. All that comes to pass by our fault (culpa), 
we ought to bear patiently. A great multitude of men assembled 
(perf ) in [in with ace.) the city, in order to see (spectare) the public 
games. The shorter a narrative is, the plainer (dilucidus) and easier 
it is to understand (cognoscere). The orators pass over all which is 
base to speak. 

§ 98. Gerund. 

1. The gerund in the Nom. in connection with est, as : 
scribendum est, is translated into English : it is to he (writ- 
ten) or: one must, one should (write), llhe person which 
must or should do something is put in the dative. Hence 
we may translate it into English by : /, thou, he, she, it must, 
should (write), we must, should (write), etc. 

2. The gerund, like the infinitive, takes the same case as 
its verb. But instead of the gerund with an object in the 
accusative, the gerundive is used. See § 99. 1. 

Obtemperandum est virtutis pratceptis. Suo cmquejudido utendum 
est (each one must use his own judgment). 

3. The remaining cases of the gerund supply the cases 
of the Infin. Still the Ace. of the gerund is used only in 
connection with a preposition. The use of the cases of the 
gerund is the same as the use of the cases of substantives. 

Nom. JVatare est utile (swimming is useful). 

Gen. JVatandi ars utilis est (the art of swimming is useful). JVatandi 
sum peritus (I am skilled in swimming). 

Dat. Katando homo aptus est (man is fitted for swimming). 

Ace. JVatare disco (I learn to swim, or swimming) ; but : ad natandum 
homo aptus est (is fitted for swimming, or: to swim). 
Inter natandum [vfhWQ swimming); oh natandum (on ac- 
count of swimming). 

Abl. JVatando corj)oris vires exercentur (by swimming). In natando 
(in swimming), a natando (by swimming), ex natando, de 
natando. 



§ 99.] GERUNDIVE. 255 

Remark. The Gerund being of the nature of a noun, is governed 
in its different cases in the same manner as a noun. 

4. The gerund in the oblique cases also, like the Infin., 
takes the same case as its verb. Still, instead of the ge- 
rund in the Dat. and Ace. with an object in the accusative^ 
the gerundive is used. See § 99. 1. 

Ars pueros bene educandi difficilis est. Pauci idoni sunt ad aliis im- 
perandum. 

CXXIX. Exercises fo?- translation. {§ 98.) 

L Man should always think that life is short. The laws of Lycur- 
gus formed (erudire) the youth by labors, by hunting, running, hun- 
gering, thirsting, freezing, sweating. The effort to relieve the misery 
of others, is very agreeable to good men. Avoid thou all enticements 
to (gen.) sinning (peccare). Not for (dat.) the school, but for life we 
should learn. A good scholar is desirous of learning much. During 
(inter) the deliberation (cousultare) one ought not to contend (decertare) 
with arms. Oue must not spare an enemy. Boys and youths should 
use exercise of body and mind. Who has not learned to obey, is not 
fit (idoneus) to command. Caesar and Pompey were inclined (propen- 
sus ad) to spare the enemies. By nothing do men approach (accedere) 
nearer to God, than by giving safety to men. By teaching we learn. 

II. It is sufficiently known, that good men must contend with the 
bad. Socrates was accustomed, by inquii-y (percontari) and question- 
ing (= asking) to elicit the sentiments (opinio) of those with whom he 
discoursed (disserere). One must come for aid, not merely to the 
body, but much (multo) more to the understanding and the mind. 
We should forget injuries. Wlio does not know, that the hope of im- 
punity is a very great enticement to (gen.) sin (peccare). All the citi- 
zens burned (exardescere, per/.) with desire to fight for the safety of 
their countiy. One must use the occasion. Learn, O boys, early the 
art of using time wisely ! Few men are fitted {idoneus with dat.) to 
speak. Man is born to act. The Persians were very skilful in (gen.) 
riding. The character (mos, plur.) is discovered (= uncovered) in 
(inter) playing freely. From delaying (cunctari) Fabius w^as called the 
delayer. One must abstain from ignoble pleasures. 

§ 99. Gerundive. 
1. When the gerund would take an object in the accusative^ 



256 GERUNDIVE. [^ 99. 

the gerundive is commonly used instead of the gerund in the 
Gen. and Ab\. and always instead of the gerund in the 
Nom., Dat. and Ace. The agent or doer^ as with the ge- 
rund, stands in the dative. 

2. The change of the construction of the gerund into 
that of the gerundive takes place in the following manner : 

a) The noun standing in the Ace. with the gerund, is 
put in the same case in tvhich the gerund stands ; 

b) The gerund is changed into the gerundive. 

c) But the gerundive is put in the sa7ne case, number and 
gender as the noun. 

E. g. If in the phrase : ars pueros educandi one would use the ge- 
rundive instead of the gerund, he must: a) put the Ace. pueros in the 
case of the gerund educandi, hence in the Gen. : puerorum (ars puer- 
orum) ; b) he must then change the gerund educandi into the gerundive 
educandus, a, urn ; c) finally, must put this gerundive in the same gen- 
der, number and case as puerorum, hence educandorum. 



JVbm 
Gen. 



Dat. 
Ace. 
AU. 



Pueri nobis bene educandi sunt. 



Ars civitatis guhernandae est dif- 
ficillima. 

A sinus idoneus est oneribus por- 

tandis. 
Puer aptus est ad litteras trac- 

tandas. 
Litteris tractandis ingenium acul- 

tur. 



Nobis bene educandum est pue- 
ros, must be changed into : 

Ars civitatem gubernandi est dif- 
ficillima ; for v^hich common- 

Asinus idoneus est oneraportan- 

do, must be changed into : 
Puer aptus est ad litteras trac- 

tandum,m\}st\}Q changed into : 
Litteras tractando ingenium acur- 

tur, for which commonly : 

Remark. But the gerund in the Gen., Dat. and Abl. is not changed 
into the Gerundive when the object in the Ace. is the neuter of an ad- 
jective or pronoun, as : studium vera cognoscendi (not verorum cognoscen- 
dorum), cupidus sum hoc audiendi (not hujus audiendi). 

3. The gerundive stands also with verbs signifying to 
take, to give, care, attend to, give up, cause and the like, in 
order to express an intention or end. 

Urbs a duce niilitibus diripienda data est (for plundering). Urbem 
dux militibus diripiendam dedit. Perfugam Fabricius reducendum cura' 
vit (caused to be led back). 



§ 99.] GERUNDIVE. 257 

CXXX. Exercises for translation. ('J 99.) 

I. When wrath moves thee very much (maxime), thou must curb 
thy tongue very carefully. The art of governing (gubernare) a state 
v/ell and wisely, is very difficult. Many are more desirous of increas- 
ing [their] riches than of exercising [their] virtue. One must account 
wisdom the art of living well and peacefully. The camel is fitted 
(aptus, a, um, with dot.) for bearing great loads. Water is very useful 
for preserving our health. Gymnastic exercises avail very much (plu- 
rimum) for (ad) confirming the health. The Phenicians were very 
skilful in the art of governing ships. No possession is to be esteemed 
higher than virtue. The soldiers tried (experiri)all [things] in order to 
(ad) capture the city. The first book of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations 
treats (est) of the contempt of death ; the second of the enduring of 
pain ; the third of the relieving of sorrow. Socrates passed (perf ) 
[his] whole life in improving the morals of others. To be drawn 
(abdaci) from active duties (res gerere) by the eflfort to investigate truth, 
is inconsistent with duty (contra officium). The life of the wise man 
consists in the exercise of virtue. Good parents bestow [collocare in 
with abl.) all care upon the proper (= good) bringing up of their chil- 
dren. Some (nonnulli) sports are not unprofitable for (dat.) sharpening 
(acuere) the wits (ingenium) of boys. The contempt of death avails 
very much in delivering the soul from fear. Nature has given (tradere) 
to woman, the attending to (procurare) and managing (administrare) the 
domestic aflfairs (res). Caesar gave up (concedere) the taken city to 
the soldiers, for plundering (diripere). Good parents take care (curare) 
to instruct then" children well. 

II, He (is) is to be accounted (existimare) free, who sei-ves no vice 
(turpitudo). The desire (cura) to preserve itself, is inborn by nature 
in every living being. In joking (jocari), we must preserve (adhibere) 
temperance. The faculty of curbing the tongue is very useful. Many, 
on account of a desire for fame, are desirous to carry on war. We 
should pronounce nobody happy before death. Virtue has the greatest 
power of freeing minds from the passions. Soldiers should know 
how (= be acquainted with) to endure hunger and thirst. Innumera- 
ble things have been created by God in order (dat.) to delight men. 
Many plants are useful for (dat.) healing wounds. How many things 
are necessaiy for the preservation of life ! Thou must try all [things] 
in order to obtain the praise of the good. The winds are very useful 
for (ad) dispersing the injurious dust. By the pursuit (tractare) of 
literature, we should become (evadere) not merely more learned, but 

22* 



258 PARTICIPLE. [$ 100. 

better also. The book of Plutarch concerning the bringing up of 
children (puer) contains many useful precepts. In the performance 
(persequi) of all duties, one must bestow an effort (contentio) of the 
soul. Be unwilling to receive an office to the management (adminis- 
trare) of which thou art not competent (= hast not grown). In the se- 
lection (eligere) of friends, we should bestow the greatest foresight. 
Conon caused (curare) the walls of Athens, destroyed by Lysander, 
to be repaired (reficere). We give the boys good books to read. 
Mithridates took means (curare) to kill all Roman citizens in (abl.) the 
whole of Asia in one day. 

§ 100. Participle. 

1. The participle, like the Infin., governs the same case as 
its verb, as : epistolam scribens, hosiihus parcens, and like an 
adjective, agrees in gender, number and case with its noun, 
as : puer laudatus, puella laudata. 

2. The participle is used as follows : 

a) Wholly as an adjective, as : rosa florens pulchra est 
(the blooming rose). Rosa est florens (the rose is 
blooming) ; 

b) Instead of the relative ivho, luhich with some form of 
the finite verb, as: cives acriter cum hostibus dimica- 
bant urbem oppugnantibus (who were assaulting the 
city) ; 

c) Instead of the conjunctions, loliile, as, after, ivlien, if, 
because, since, although with the finite verb, as : cog- 
itmites coelestia, haec nostra ut exigua et minima con- 
temnimus (when we think upon heavenly things). 
Hostes, amnem transgressi, castra muniverunt (after 
they had passed over the river). 

3. The Part. Fut. Act. is often used in order to express a 
design or purpose, and in this case is to be rendered by that, 
in order that with the finite verb, or by in order to with the 
Infin. 

Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem convenit ludos publicos speda- 
tura. 

4. There are two kinds of participial construction in 



§ 100.] PARTICIPLE. 259 

Latin : the one is called the conjunctive participial construe- 
tion, the other the ablative absolute. Since we generally 
translate the participle into English by a subordinate clause, 
the difference between these two constructions may be ex- 
plained as follows : 

a) The conjunctive participial construction is used, when 
the subordinate clause has no subject of its own, but 
has for its subject either the subject or object of the 
principal clause. In this case, the participle agrees in 
gender, number and case with this subject or object. 

Sol oriens pellit noctem (when the sun rises, it (i. e. the sun) chases 
away the night). Aristides, patria pulsus, Lacedaemonem fugit (as Aris- 
tides had been expelled from his countiy, he (Aristides) fled to Lace- 
demon). Hostes, victoriam adepti, in castra se receperunt (after the 
enemy had obtained the victory, they (the enemy) returned to the 
camp). Caesar hostes fiigatos persecutus est, after the enemy had been 
put to flight, Caesar pursued them (the enemy). 

b) The ablative absolute is used, when the subordinate 
clause has its own subject, which is neither the subject 
nor the object of the principal clause. In this case 
the subject of the subordinate clause stands in the 
ablative and the participle is added in the same case. 

Sole oriente, nox fugit (when the sun rises, the night flees). Recupera- 
td pace, artes efllorescunt (as soon as peace is regained, the arts 
flourish). 

Rem. Very often both the conjunctive participle and the ablative 
absolute may be translated by a substantive with or without a pre- 
position, as : the rising of the sun dispels the night ; after obtaining 
the victory, the enemy returned to the camp ; with the setting of the 
sun night flees. 

Rem. 2. Substantives and adjectives also, are often used in the same 
way as participles, as : helium Gallicum, Caesare imperatore, gestum 
est (under the conduct of Caesar). JVaturd duce, errare nullo pacto 
potest (under the guidance of nature). Natus est Augustus, Cicerone 
et Antonio consulibus (in the consulship of Cicero and Anthony). 

CXXXL Exercises for translation. (§ 100.) 
I. a. What is so inhuman, as to convert (convertere) eloquence, 
which is given by nature for the safety and preservation of men, to the 



260 PARTICIPLE. [§ 100. 

destruction of the good? Change of country does not always change 
the morals. The enemies pitched a camp in a place which was sur- 
rounded by mai'shes (palus) and woods. When we wish to begin 
(exordior) a work, we must (gerundive) bestow a careful preparation. 
Tarquinius Superbus was deprived of [his] dominion, as he was besieg- 
ing Ardea. Since the Romans feared the snares of the Germans, they 
returned over the Rhine. After Dionysius the tyrant had been expell- 
ed from Syracuse, he instructed (docere) boys at Corinth. A laugh 
sometimes breaks forth so violently, that we cannot, even when we 
desire, restrain (tenere) [it]. Hephaestion, of all the friends of Alexan- 
der, was the most dear, because he had been brought up in like man- 
ner with himself. When the storks wish to migrate (abire) they as- 
semble at [in with ace.) one place. In the third Punic war, Scipio 
passed over to Africa in order to destroy Chathage. 

I. b. What do eighty years, which are spent (exigere) in (per) in- 
activity (inertia), profit (juvare) a man ? Two friends are like one soul 
which dwells in two bodies, When Alexander had possessed himself 
of Egypt, he built Alexandria. Hipparchus, a son of Pisistratus, fell 
in the battle of Marathon (Marathonius, a, um), while he was bearing 
arms against his country. Sulla was sent to Asia, in order to carry 
on war with the king Mithridates. After the enemies had possessed 
themselves of the city, they plundered it. By day (interdiu) we do not 
see the stars, because they are obscm'ed by the light of the sun. We 
have confidence in upright men, even if they are not sworn. The ene- 
mies dispersed (dilabi, per/.) into the city, in order to protect them- 
selves, by (abl.) the walls (moenia). We cannot live happily (beate), 
if we fear death. 

II. a. When we strive against nature, the labor is vain. Men have 
invented innumerable arts, while nature taught [them]. What solici- 
tude would torment the wicked, if the fear of capital punishment were 
taken away? Since God guides human affairs, we should be destitute 
of all fear. When humanity is extirpated from the soul, the man 
ceases to be man. When Cato had read through (passive) the Phedo 
of Plato, he took his life. Under the reign of Augustus, the Roman 
empire was rated (perf ). After the troops were drawn together, the 
general determined (perf) to attack the canip of the enemies. After 
taking away piety and religion, disturbance of life and a great confu- 
sion follow. At the instigation (by audor) of the magians, Xerxes was 
to have burned (inflamare) the temples of Greece. The wise man re- 
mains rich even after the loss (amittere) of all the goods of fortune. 
We hope, that our army, which has distinguished itself under the con- 



§ 101.] COOEDINATE SENTENCES. 261 

duct (regere) of a bad general, will acquire for itself still (etiam) great- 
er glory under the conduct of a good general. 

11. b. When pleasure (voluptas) reigns (dominari), all great virtues 
are m a low condition. The wise man will not be unhappy, after the 
loss of all his goods. After the rising of the sun, the mists were 
scattered (discuti, j^er/!). After a knowledge (cognoscere) of the nature 
of all things, we are freed (levare) from (abl.) superstition. Caesar, 
after the line-of-battle of the enemies was broken through and scatter- 
ed, led back his soldiers into the camp. The sedition of the soldiers, 
which had been quieted by the wisdom (consilium) of the general, 
hroke out again (recrudescere, perf.^ in his absence. After the expul- 
sion of the kings, Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus were made 
consuls. Under the reign of Augustus, Christ was born ; under the 
reign of Tiberius, he died. The Greeks took possession of Thermo- 
pylae as the Persians approached. Caesar, although he had conquered 
(passive) the Gauls, did not dismiss the army. The Greeks, under 
the conduct of Cimon, fought against the Persians at Marathon. Be- 
cause the night came on (ingruere), Caesar led back his soldiers into 
the camp. 



COMPOUND SENTENCES. 
§ 101. A. Coordinate Sentences. 

1. Coordinate sentences are those which have a common 
reference to each other, but otherwise are independent of 
each other, as : Demosthenes was a great orator, Cicero also 
was a great orator. 

2. The relation of coordinate sentences is : 

1) Copulative^ which is expressed : a) by : et, atque, 
ac (never before a vowel or /i), que, and; b) by: 
etiam, quoque, also; c) neque or nee (and not, 
also not) ; d) et — et, both — and^ as loell — as also ; 
e) non modo (solum, tantum) — sed etiam, not only 
(inerely) — hut also; f) quum — tum, so loell — as 
especially; g) modo — modo, or nunc — nunc, or 
tum — tum, now — now^ then — then; h) neque (nee) 
— .neque (nee), neither — nor ; 

2) Adversative^ which is expressed by : sed, but^ hut 



262 SUBORDINATE SENTENCES. [$ 102. 

rather; autem, at, vero, verum, hut; tamen, yet; 
attamen, veruntamen, but yet ; 

3) Disjunctive^ which is expressed by : a) aut, vel, ve, 
sive (seu), or; b) aut — aut, vel — vel, either — or; 
sive — sive, ivhether — or^ either — or ; 

4) Causal^ which is expressed by na77i and enim (for) ; 

5) Deductive^ which is expressed by: igitur, itaque, 
ergo, hence^ therefore ; ideo, on this account^ and 

the like. 

• 

Rem. 1. Que and ve always stand attached to the word to which they 
belong, as : pater mater^we, pater mater?;e ; autem, vero, enim, quoque, 
igitur do not stand at the beginning of the sentence, but after the first 
word. 

Rem. 2. Sive — sive are used with the indicative, as : sive id verum est, 
sive falsura (whether it be true or false). Aut — aut and vel — vel differ 
from each other in this, that in aut — aut the one clause really and ne- 
cessarily excludes the other, so that one can be conceived of as hold- 
ing good only when the idea of the other is excluded; but in vel — vel 
the exclusion is only ollowahle or optional. 



§ 102. B. Subordinate Sentences. 

1. Subordinate sentences are those which complete or de- 
fine other sentences and hence are dependent. 

2. The sentence to which another belongs as a dependent 
part, is called the principal sentence^ the dependent sentences 
or clause, on the contrary, is called the sudordinate sentence. 
E. g. in the compound sentence : " when the spring comes, 
the trees bloom," the last clause : " the trees bloom," is the 
principal sentence, and the first " when the spring comes," 
the subordinate sentence. 

3. Subordinate sentences are: 

a) Substantive sentences^ i. e. such as are but the ex- 
panded idea of some case of a substantive^ as : I re- 
joice, that thou art in health (= I rejoice at thy 
health) ; 

b) Adjective sentences^ i. e. such as are but the ex- 
panded idea of an adjective (or participle), as: the 



§ 103.] USE OF MODES IN SUBORDINATE SENTENCES. 263 

rose, ivhich blooms, is beautiful (== the blooming- 
rose) ; 
c) Adverbial sentence Sy\. e. such as are only an expan- 
sion of an adverb or an expression of the nature of 
an adverb, as : after the enemy luas conquered, 
, our soldiers returned (= after the conquering of 
the enemy). 

§ 103. Of the use of the Modes in Subordinate Sentences. 

1. In the subordinate sentences which are introduced by 
the indefinite relative pronouns : quisquis, quicunque, qualis- 
cunque, quotcunque, ubicunqne, quocuqnue, quotiescnnque, 
utcunque, quotquot, etc. the indicative is used in Latin, while 
we, in English, generally use the pronoun whoever, etc. with 
the subjunctive. 

Sapiens, uhicunque est, beatus est (wherever he may be). Quoquo 
modo res sese hahet, in sententia mea permanebo (however the thing 
may be). Quicquid est, ego te non deseram (whatever it may be). 

2. The use of the Subj. in subordinate sentences will be 
more fully explained in treating of particular subordinate 
sentences. For the present the following may suffice : 

a) Ut, that, in order that, ne, in order that not, that 
not, quin (after the phrases : it is not doubtfid, I do 
not doubt), that, always take the Subj. ; 

b) In questions depending upon another sentence [in- 
direct questions) the Subj. is always used, as : die 
mihi, cur rideas (tell me, why you laugh). Nes- 
cio, ubi fueris (I do not know, where you have 
been). 

§ 104. Succession of the Tf^.nses in Subjunctive Subordinate 

Senleu 6,y. 

The following rules may be given for the succession of 
the tenses in subjunctive subordinate sentences : 

a) Upon a principal tense : Pres. Perfect-present and 



264 SUCCESSION OF THE TENSES. [§ 104. 

Fut., there follows again a principal Tense : Pres. Perfect- 
present and the Future Periphrastic Present, according as 
the discourse in the subordinate sentence is of a like timed, 
completed or future action; 

b) Upon an historical tense : Imperf. Perfect-historical 
and Plupf., there follows again an historical tense: Imperf. 
Plupf and Future Periphrastic Imperf, according as the 
discourse in the subordinate sentence is of a like timed, 
completed or future action. 



Scio, quid agas. 

Scio, quid egeris. 

Sdo, quid adurus sis. 

Cognovi (I have learned), quid agas. 

Cognovi, quid egeris. 

Cognovi, quid audurus sis, 

Audiam, quid agas. 

Audiam, quid egeris. 

Audiam, quid adurus sis. 



Scieham, quid ageres. 
Scieham, quid egisses. 
Sciebam, quid adurus esses. 
Cognovi (I learned), quid ageres. 
Cognovi, quid egisses. 
Cognovi, quid adurus esses. 
Cognoveram, quid ageres. 
Cognoveram, quid egisses. 
Cognoveram, quid adurus esses. 



1 



Opto, ut ad me venias. Optabam, ut ad me venires. Te rogo, ne 
mihi succenseas. Te rogaham, ne mihi succenseres. Non duhito, quin 
rem tuam bene geras. Non duhitavi (I have not doubted), quin rem 
tuam bene geras. Non dubitabo, quin rem tuam bene gesturus sis. 
Non dubitabam [dubitavi, I doubted, dubitaveram), quin rem tuam bene 
gereres (gessisses, gesturus esses). 

CXXXII Exercises for translation. (§ 103, 104.) 

I. In whatever way the thing has itself, it is not permitted to thee 
to desert (deserere) the post committed to thee. Whoever that wretch- 
ed [man] may be, we would lend aid to him ! The goods of the body 
and of fortune, however great they may be, are uncertain and frail. 
Wherever thou mayest be, thou shouldst live uprightly. Who is so 
powerful, that he can dispense with (carere) the aid of others. Tell me, 
what thou doest now, did yesterday, and wilt do to-morrow. The 
friend related to me, where he had been, where he was, and where he 
would be. Who doubts, that Hannibal fought very bravely against 
the Romans? Nobody doubted, that Hannibal fought very bravely 
against the Romans. I do not doubt, that our soldiers will bear off 
the victory over the enemy. Nobody doubted, that we should bear off 
the victory over the enemy. 

II. Whatever the opinion of the philosophers may be concerning 



§ 105.] ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 265 

the highest good, virtue has in itself sufficient protection for a peace- 
ful life. Whatever we may do, we should do it deliberately. I do not 
doubt, that you have benefited your country. However great thy 
wisdom may be, thou shouldst still always be modest. Whithersoever 
thou mayest turn thy eyes, thou seest the traces of the divine wisdom. 
What man is so wise, that he can never be deceived ? I do not doubt 
that thou art now contented with thy lot. I did not doubt, that thou 
wast contented with thy lot. Tell me where thou hast journied and 
whither thou art about to [journey]. It is not doubtful, that, when (ubi) 
[their] country may be in danger, the citizens will fight bravely. It 
was not doubtful, that, when [their] country was in danger, the citi- 
zens would fight bravely. 



I. SUBSTANTIVE SENTENCES. 

Preliminary Remark. In the English language, substantive sentences 
are introduced by the conjunctions: that, that not, in order that, in order 
that not. In Latin they are expressed by : a) the accusative with the 
Infin. ; b) by substantive sentences with ut, ne, quo, quomtnus, quin, 
quod. 

§ 105. A, Accusative tvith Infinitive. 

1. When a sentence, as : rosa floret, is the object of one 
of the verbs mentioned below (No. 2.), in Latin, the subject 
(rosa) is changed into the Ace. (rosam) and the finite verb 
into the Infin., as: video rosam florere (I see, that the rose 
blooms). "When the predicate is expressed by an adjective 
or substantive with the verb 5wm, fio^ etc. (§§84.), the adjec- 
tive or substantive is also put in the Ace, as: aqua/ng"fc^ 
est; sentio aquam frigidam esse (I perceive, that the water 
is cold). Audimus, Cyrum regem Persarum fuisse (we 
hear, that Cyrus was king of the Persians). This construc- 
tion is called the Ace. with the Infinitive. 

Rem. 1. In English, this construction is generally expressed by that 
with a finite verb and a noun, adjective or participle in the nominative. 

2. The Ace. with the Infin. is used in the following cases : 
a) After verbs of believing', thinking, feeling and per- 
ceiving; of saying and relating; 

23 



266 ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. [§ 105. 

b) After verbs of ivilUng, desiring-^ leUing-, bidding' and 
forbidding; volo, nolo, nialo, cupio, studeo ; sino 
and patior ; jubeo and veto ; 

c) After the expressions : apparet, (it is evident), co?2- 
statj (it is known), and the like ; opus est, (it is 
necessary), licet, jusium est, aequum est, mos est, and 
the like. 

Sentimus calere ignem, nivem esse albam, duke mel. Historia narrat, 
Romam a Romiilo condUam esse. Folo te ex ilinere mox redire. Virtus 
non patitur nos luxuria indulgere. Caesar milites castra munire jussit. 
Caesar milites pontem resdndere vetuit. Constat inter omnes, Romanos 
fuisse fortissimos. 

Rem. 2. When no agent is expressed after jubere, vetare, sinere and 
pati in the Infin., the Infin. Pass, is used in Latin. Caesar castra 
muniri jussit. Caesar pontem rescindi vetuit. Caesar urbem diripi pas- 
sus est. 

Rem. 3. With licet (it is permitted) there is commonly found the 
Dat. (of the person) with the Infin., instead of the Ace. with the Infin. 
as : quieto esse tibi licet. 

Rem. 4. Oportet and necesse est are connected either with the Ace. 
ivith the Infin. or with the Subjunctive without uty as : oportet nos virtuti 
studere, or, virtuti studeamus oportet. JVecesse est sapientem semper bea- 
tum esse, or : sapiens semper beatus sit necesse est. 

3. The Nom. with the Infin. stands with the passives : 
dicor, trador, feror (they say that I, or I am said) ; putor, 
credor, existimor (they believe that I), videor (it seems that 
T),jubeor, vetor (they bid me, forbid me). 

(Ego) bonus esse dicor (they say, that I am good, or; I am said, etc.) 
(Tu) bonus esse diceris (they say, that thou art good, or : thou art 

said, etc.) 
Romulus fortissimus fuisse dicitur (traditur, fertur) . 
(JVos) boni esse putamur (they beheve, that we are good). 
(Vos) boni esse putamini (credimini, existimamini, judicamini) . 
Romani fortissimi fuisse dicuntur (traduntur, putantur). 
Romulus ad deos transisse creditus est. 
(Ego) rem intelligere videor (I seem to understand the thing, or: it 

seems that I understan(J). (Tu) laetus esse videris. Ille laetus 

esse videtur. (JVbs) laeti esse videmur. (Vos) laeti esse videmini. 

Illi laeti esse videntur. (Ego) laetus esse videbar, etc. 



§ 105.] ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 267 

(Ego) juheor scribere (they bid me write). (Tu) vetaris sciibere 
(they forbid thee to write). Milites pontem facerc jussi sunt (they 
commanded the soldiers to build a bridge). 



CXXXIII Exercises/or translation, {k 105.) 
I. I know that my body is mortal, [but] that my soul is immortal. 
Aristotle shows, that the poet Orpheus never existed. It is known, that 
the Romans destroyed Carthage. Some philosophers believed, that 
tiie world came into existence (nasci) by chance. Titus was unwilling, 
that any one (quisquam) should go away from him sad. We hope, 
that thou wilt soon return from (ex) the journey. Who can deny, that 
God governs the whole world ? It is known, that Hannibal fought 
very bravely against the Romans. History relates, that, in the Persian 
wars (bella Perslca), innumerable troops of the Persians were routed 
by the Greeks. Darius promised, that he would give 1000 talents to 
the murderer of Alexander. It is not permitted to many men, to be 
idle. The Germans suffered no (non) wine to be imported (importaj-e, 
see Rem. 2.) to them. We should be willing (velle) to live with an 
inferior (inferior), as we wish a superior (superior) to live with us. 
There is no one, who should not wish, that his children should be 
happy. Demosthenes did not permit, that the Athenians should make 
peace with PhiUp, king of Macedon. It is related (tradi) that Aristides, 
was the most just of all the Athenians. They relate that the Milesian 
Thales first (primus) predicted an eclipse of the sun (defeciio solis). 
Who reigns well, must (necesse est) sometime (aliquando) have obey- 
ed. We should (oportet) serve philosophy, in order that true freedom 
may fall to our lot. A good citizen should (oportet) prefer the digni- 
ty of the state to all his own advantages. Caesar bade (perf ) his 
soldiers to assault the city. Caesar caused (jubere) the city to be as- 
saulted. The general forbade his soldiers, to plunder the taken city. 
The general forbade, to plunder the taken city. They say, that Ceres 
first (prima) taught the use of grain to men. Alexander allowed the 
grave of Cyrus to be opened. It seems, as though the sun were small- 
er than the earth. It is said, that the war is finished. 

II. Wlio does not know, that the wise man is peaceful in every (om- 
nis) condition of life ? Who can deny, that he has ever done wrong ? 
It is known of all, that Athens was the inventress of most arts and 
literature. It is better (satius) that we benefit even the bad on ac- 
count of the good, than that we he wanting (deesse) to the good on 
account of the bad. The wise man frankly (ingenue) acknowledges, 



268 UT, NE, UT NE, UT NON. [$ l06. 

that he does not know much. Thales said, that water is the beginning 
of all things. We know, that the course of life is short, [but] that [the 
course] of fame will be eternal. It is known, that the conspiracy of 
Catiline was detected by Cicero. Who does not know, that the health 
is strengthened by the exercise of the body ? The laws do not permit, 
that an injury should be done to the citizens. I would rather, that the 
enemies should hate me, than that I them. Hadrian wished, that the 
Euphi-ates (Euphrates, is) might be the border of his kingdom. I 
hope, that by length of time, thy sorrow will be abated. Alcibiades 
could not endure (pati), that Athens should serve the Lacedemonians. 
Men are not willing, that the very same [man] should be distinguished 
in very many things. It was not permitted to the Romans, to depait 
uninjured from the country of the enemy. It is related (tradi), that 
Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, were brought up by 
Faustulus, a royal shepherd. They relate (ferri), that the giants made 
war upon the gods. It is believed, that letters were invented by the 
Phenicians. It is necessary (necesse est), that the world be ruled by 
God. It is needful (oportet), both that thou shouldst learn, and that 
thou shouldst establish (confirmare) what thou hast learned by deed 
(agere, gerund). Whom you (second pers. subj.) would make learned, 
you must (oportet) at the same time make attentive. It is necessary 
(oportet), that virtue should despise (aspernari) and hate what is op- 
posed (= opposite) to it. Marcellus first bade (perf ) the footmen, 
then the horsemen to break forth against the enemies. Reason forbids 
us, to obey (obtemperare) the passions. The general caused (jubere) 
three camps to be fortified. Caesar forbade the soldiers, to desert the 
camp. It appears, as if thou hast not understood the thing. It ap- 
pears, that you have read this book carefully. It is said, that the enemy 
have broken into oui* camp. 

§ 106. B. Ut^ ne^ ut ne^ nd non with the Subjunctive. 

1. Ut, that (ne, ut ne, that not^ neve (neu), and that not, 
nor), in the first place, is used to express the end or object 
(ut final), and stands after expressions o( making and effect- 
ing ; caring and striving; asking, demanding, exhorting, 
persuading, aduising, exciting, urging, commanding (impe- 
ro), ordering; of wishing, alloiuivg oy permitting (concedo, 
permitto); finally, after every sentence, in order to express 
an end or object (ut = in order that, ne = in order that not). 



j 106,] UT, NE, UT NE, UT NON. 269 

Sol efficit, ut omuia Jloreant. Ante senectutem curavi, ut bene vive- 
rem; in senectute, ut bene moriar. Oro te, ut raihi succurras. Te 
rogo, ne defatigere, neu diffidas. Caesar milites hortatus est, ut acriter 
dimicarent. Dux imperavit, ut milites stationes suas servarent. Edimus, 
ut vivamus ; non vivimus, ut edamus. 

Rem. The verbs : volo, nolo, malo, cupio are more frequently used 
with the Ace. with the Infin., than with ut and the Subj. Comp. §§ 105, 
2. b). Impero is used with the Ace. with the Infin. only when the 
Infin. is in the passive, as : dux imperavit urbem difipi. Concerning 
juheo and veto see § 105, 2. b.) and Rem. 2. 

2. In the second place, ut (that), ut non, that not, is used 
in order to express a result (ut consecutive)^ and stands es- 
pecially after: est^fit^ accidit^ everiit, conting-it ; reliquum est^ 
restat and the like ; after ita, sic, adeo, tarn, tantus, talis, etc.: 
finally, after any sentence, in order to express a result {ut 
= so that). 

Persaepe evenit, ut utilitas cum honestate certet. Restat, ut de litter- 
arum utilitate loquar. Ita vivere debemus, ut in omni re recti conscien- 
tiam servemus. 

3. After expressions of fear and solicitude, ne is to be 
translated by that and ut and ne non by that not. 

Omnes cives metuehant, ne urbs ab hostibus expugnaretur. Timeo, 
ut hos labores sustineas. Vereor, ne non perjidam, quod suscepi. 

CXXXIV. Exercises for translation. (§ 106.) 

I.Cicero, informed (edocere) of all [things] by the ambassadors, 
commanded the pretors, that they should seize the Allobroges at the 
bridge. The laws of the Lacedemonians looked (spectare) to this (id), 
that the youth should be formed by labors. Virtue alone eflfects, that 
we may please God and man. It often happens, that advantage contends 
with uprightness. The teacher exhorted the scholars, that they should 
not devote themselves to indolence. Reason demands, that we should 
restrain the desires. The citizens of the captured city entreated 
Caesar, that he would spare their children. Love virtue, in order that 
thou mayest live happily (beate). Themistocles sought a narrow pass, 
in order that he might not be surrounded by the multitude of the ene- 
mies. At Athens it was accustomed to happen to the very best, that 
he was banished (in exilium pelli). The wise man is excited (movere) 
to act rightly by virtue itself, not by advantage. The power of upright- 
23* 



270 QUO, QUOMINUS AND QUIM. [^ 107. 

ness is so great, that we esteem it, whether (vel) in those whom we 
have never seen, or (vel) even in an enemy. Aristides died in so 
great poverty, that he scarcely left behind wherewith (qui) he might 
be buried (efferre). It is possible, that one (quis) may think (sentire) 
correctly, and [yet] that which he thinks may not be expressed (eloqui) 
elegantly (polite). I fear (vereor), that I may have renewed (refricare) 
thy pain by my letter. A great (ingens) fear had seized the Roman 
senate, that a tribune of the people w^ould be chosen from the plebeians 
(plebs). We feared, that our measures had displeased you. The ene- 
mies apprehended, that their allies could not bear the attack of the 
Romans. 

n. Before old age, we should look out, that we live well, in old age, 
that we die well. If all [things] happen (fieri) by fate, nothing can 
admonish us, that we should be more cautious. Natm-e incites us, to 
strive to obtain the agreeable, to flee the disagreeable. The sun effects, 
that all trees, plants and herbs bloom and reach maturity. It comes to 
pass by (abl.) nature, that children are loved by [their] parents. Pa- 
rents look out, that [their] children are not surrounded by bad men. 
Themistocles advised, that the Athenians should desert the walls and 
defend themselves with ships. The soldiers demanded, that the citi- 
zens should deliver up tlieir arms. Many praise others, in order that 
they may be praised [in turn] by them. The Gauls, after they had 
received the gold of the Romans (abl. abs.), returned, in order to 
besiege the capitol. Caesar commanded the soldiers, not to go out 
from the camp. He is happy (beatus), to whom it happens, to obtain 
(assequi) wisdom. The composing of the book concerning old age, 
was so delightful to Cicero, that it took from (abstergere) him all the 
burdens (onus) of age. In a short time, the minds coalesced into 
(abl.) so great friendship, that every distinction of rank (ordo et locus) 
was forgotten. So great is the multitude of stars, that they cannot be 
counted. It happened, that the very same night in which Alexander 
the great was born, the temple of the Ephesian Diana was burned 
(conflagrare) . There was very gi-eat fear at Rome, that the Gauls 
would return the second time (iterum) to Rome. The Romans fear- 
ed, that the victory would cost them much blood. All the citizens 
feared, that the peace would not be of longer continuance. 

§ 107. C. QuO) quommus and quin with the Subjunctive. 
1. Quo is used for ut eo, and indeed : a) in the meaning, 
in order that thereby ; b) in the meaning, that [in order that^ 
so that) so much the, when a comparative follows. 



^ 107.] QUO, QUOMINUS AND QUIN. 271 

Haec lex data est, quo malefici deterrerentur. Caesai* milites cohor- 
tatus est, quo ammo fortioi'e essent. 

2. QuojJimus stands after expressions of hindering', pre- 
venting-, resisting, refusing and is to be translated into En- 
glish by that. 

Aetas non iynpedit, quominus litteras trademus. Quid sapienti potest 
ohstare, quominus beatus^iY? Non repugnaho, quominus hunc librum 
legas. 

3. Quin is used : 

a) In the meaning that not, instead of ut non after a 
negative principal clause. 

Facere non possum, quin quotidie ad te mittam litteras (I cannot for- 
bear to write to you daily). Fieri non potuit, quin urbs ab hostibus 
caperetur. jYihil abest, quin sim miserrimus. Aon multum ahfuit, quin 
hostes vincereniur. Homines barbari sibi non temperahant, quin in 
Italiam contenderent 

b) In the meaning tliat, after non diihito, nemo dubitat, 
quis dubitat? duhium non est. 

vYoji dubito, quin verum dixeris. %i{s dubitat, quin in virtute divi- 
tiae sint positae ? Dubium non erat, quin victoriam de hostibus reporta- 
turi essemus. 

Rem. Besides, quin is used after a principal negative clause instead 
of qui non, quae non, quod non, as : nemo est, quin optet, ut liberi sui 
virtutem ament. 

CXXXV. Exercises for translation. {§ 107.) 

I. Good scholars bestow all toU and care, that they may make the 
better progi-ess in literature. Pride did not stand in the way to our 
ancestors, to imitate foreign institutions. Indolence prevents, that 
scholars should make progress in literature. Not even faults of nature 
could deter Demosthenes from studying eloquence. By the swiftness 
of our horsemen it was prevented, that the enemies should attack our 
troops. Caesar could not forbear, to reprove the seditious soldiers. 
It is not possible, that we should not consider (judicare) him foolish, 
who is (subj.) not master of himself Nothing is so sacred, that rash- 
ness may not violate it. It cannot be doubted, that already before 
Homer, poets lived (esse). Who can doubt, that the whole world is 
ruled by God ? It is not doubtful, that all which is considered evil, 



272 QUOD WITH THE INDICATIVE. [f 108. 

seems severer (gravior, us) [when] unforeseen. There is nobody 
who may not wish, that his children may love virtue. Nothing is 
found in nature, w^hich is not very wisely constituted by God. 

II. Good parents do not cease (intermittunt) to exhort [their] 
children to virtue, in order that they may grow better daily (in dies). 
All the soldiers believed, that nothing w^ould stand in the way of 
their gaining (adipisci) the victory. Superstition prevents attaining 
(== reaching) much true knowledge of things. No hindrance deterred 
AlexEinder from penetrating (penetrare) to the Ocean. Nothing keeps 
a wise man from pursuing (studere) virtue. Avarice prevents men 
from enjoying the good [things] which they possess. Who [ever] 
contemplates (fut.) the heavens, the earth and the order of the whole 
world, will not doubt, that there is a God. We do not doubt, that our 
souls are immortal. The soldiers did not doubt, that they should bear 
off a victory over the enemies. It is not possible, that they who are 
contented with their lot do not live happy. We cannot forbear des- 
pising those who prefer money to virtue. Nothing was so sacred to 
the enemies who had captured the city, that they might not violate it. 
There was then no one in the city, who did not desire peace. There 
is almost nothing so difficult, that man, by the exertion of his powers, 
cannot do it. 

§ 108. D. Qiiod (that) with the Indicative. 

1. Quod (that) introduces a substantive sentence, which 
gives the explanation or ground of the predicate or some 
other word of the principal clause. The subjunctive stands 
with quod^ only when the sentence is expressed as the sen- 
timent of another. The cases in which quod is used are 
the following : 

a) After certain expressions, as : hene^ male, prudenter 
facio ; bene, male evenit, accidit and the like ; 

b) In order to introduce the explanation of a substan- 
tive or pronoun in the principal sentence ; 

c) After verbs signifying an affection of the mind, as : 
laetor, g-audeo, doleo, indignor, aegre fero, moleste 

fero, queror, miror,glorior ; also after verbs oi prais- 
ing, censuring, accusing, thanking. 
Bene fads, quod me adjuvas. Magnum beneficium est naturae, quod 



§ 109.] ADJECTIVE SENTENCES. 273 

necesse est mori. Gaudeo, quod vales. Laudo te, quod rem tuam bene 
gessisti. Laudat Africanum Panaetius, quodfuerit abstinens. 

Remark. Verbs signifying an affection of the mind are more fre- 
quently connected with an Ace. with the Infin., as : te vdere, gaudeo. 

CXXXVI Exercises for translation. (^ 108.) 

I. Thou hast done me a great favor, that thou hast sent me (ad me) 
this book. The generals of the king of Persia sent ambassadors to 
Athens, in order (sup.) to complain (queri), that Chabrias was carrying 
on war against the king of Egypt. The Lacedemonians sent ambas- 
sadors to Athens, who should accuse Alcibiades, that he had made a 
league with the king of the Persians, for subjecting (opprimere) Greece. 
I rejoice, that thou and thy brother are well. We wonder, that Greece, 
which excelled in fame, glorj^, learning (doctrina), the greatest number 
of arts, in dominion and warlike (bellicus) praise (laus), occupied (tene- 
re) so small a place in Europe. Nobody will censure thee, that thou 
hast aided thy friend. 

n. It is very agreeable to me, that thou hast already returned from 
(ex) the journey. Thou doest vrell, that thou wishest to live in the 
country for the strengthening (gerundive) of thy health. We rejoice, 
that thou and thy brother are returned safe. It is a great kindness to 
boys, that they are instructed in literature in school. We grieve very 
much, that you are not able to come. Unjustly was Socrates accused 
by the Athenians, that he corrupted (corrumpere) the youth. Caesar 
praised the soldiers, that they had fought so spiritedly against the ene- 
mies. All citizens rejoiced, that the city was delivered from the siege. 
That Caesar was killed by Brutus, we complain (= censure). How 
great is the goodness of nature, that she produces so many, so various 
and so agreeable [things] ! 

§ 109. 11. Adjective Sentences. 

1. The relative qui^ quae^ quod agrees in gender ^nd num- 
ber with the word to which it refers ; the case of the rela- 
tive, on the contrary, depends upon the construction of the 
clause to which it belongs. 

Beati sunt ii homines, quorum vita virtutis praeceptis regltur. Deus 
est, qui omnem hunc mundum regit. 

2. The person of the verb in adjective sentences, is deter- 



274 ADJECTIVE SENTENCES. [$ 109. 

mined by the person of the substantive or pronoun, to which 
the relative refers. 

Ego, qui scribo ; tu, qui scrihis ; pater, qui scrihit ; nos, qui scribimus ; 
vos, qui scribitis ; fratres, qui scribunt. 

3. The subjunctive stands in adjective sentences in the 
following cases : 

a) When the adjective sentence expresses an aim or 
result, and qui seems to stand for ut ego, ut tu, ut 
is ; especially after dignus, indignus, aptus, idoneus ; 
after is (such), talis, ejusmodi, tam, tantus; 

b) With the indefinite expres^3ions : est, sunt, qui ; re- 
periuntur, inveniuntur, qui; nemo est, nullus est, 
qui; nemo est, nullus est, qui; nihil est, quod; 

c) With the expressions, est, quod; non est, quod; 
nihil est {quid est?), quod; habeo, non habeo, nihil 
habeo, quod, there is reason (no reason), I have 
reason {no reason), that (with the finite verb) or to 
(with the Infin.), etc. 

d) When the adjective sentence gives a reason, where 
qui can be translated by since I, since you, since 
he, 

Hostes ad Caesarem legates miserunt, qui pacem ab eo peterent (who 
were to ask), Vir probus dignus est, cui fidem habeamus (deserves, 
that we give him our confidence). Sunt, qui censeant, una animiim et 
corpus occidere. JVullum est animal praeter hominem, quod habeat no- 
titiam aliquam dei. Non is eram, qui aliorum miseriam ad me non 
pertinere censerem. O fortunate adolescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum 
praeconem inveneris ! 

CXXXVII Exercises for translation. {§ 109.) 
I. Thou art worthy (dignus es) on account of thy uprightness, that 
we should have confidence in thee {= to whom). Who does not love 
his parents, is unworthy, that he should be loved by any one (uUus). 
God has given us reason, in order that by it we may govern the ap- 
petites (appetitus, us) of the soul. There is no duty so sacred, that 
avarice is not accustomed to infringe (comminuere) and violate it 
There are men, who think (censere), that the soul is mortal. There is 



§ 109.] ADJECTIVE SENTENCES. 275 

nothing so difficult, that it cannot be traced out (investigare) by search- 
ing (=seeking). Who does not honor virtue, is not fit, that we should 
receive him into our friendship. The Romans sent ambassadors to 
Antiochus, w^ho might remind him of the Roman alUance. Many 
have been found, who were ready to devote (profundere) not only 
money but life even to their country. What is sweeter, than to have 
[a friend] with whom thou canst share every thing {= all) as with thy- 
self? There is no living being, except man, which has any knowl- 
edge (notitia) of God. There is no reason, that one should envy those, 
whom the people (populus) call great and good. Innocence is such a 
state of the soul, as injures nobody. You have always been such, that 
you considered life without the pursuits of literature disagreeable (in- 
suavis). You are worthy, that we should obey your will in all things. 
O fortunate (fortunatus) youth, since you are eminent among all by so 
many noble deeds ! 

II. Who obeys modestly, seems worthy sometime (aliquando) to 
command. Every upright man is undeserving (non dignus est), that 
the ungrateful citizens should deride him. Fabricius was such, that 
he could not be corrupted by the money of Pyrrhus. The husband- 
men cultivate the earth, in order that it may bear fruit. Caesar sent 
horsemen, who might pursue the fleeing enemy. History is of that 
nature (idoneus), that by it the mind of the boy may be cultivated. 
There are and have been philosophers, who think (censere), that God 
has no concern (procuratio) at all (omnino) about human affairs. Thou 
art worthy, that we should have confidence in thee in all things. 
There is no grief of the soul, which may not be abated by length of 
time. There were philosophers, who said, that property is the high- 
est good. Nero was not worthy, to reign over the Romans. What 
(quis) so great advantange was there in prosperity, when thou hadst 
not a friend who would rejoice at it in like manner (aeque) as (ac) thy- 
self? There was nothing so sacred, that it was not violated by the 
insolence of the enemy. You are not such (ii), that we should obey 
you. There is nothing by which a boy can please others more, than 
by modesty. I pronounce myself happy, that I have [a friend], who 
rejoices at my prosperity even as (aeque atque) I myself There is no 
reason, that we should fear death. 



276 ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. [§ llO. 

m. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. 
§ 110. a. Adverbial Sentences of Time. 
1 . Adverbial sentences of time are introduced by the con- 
junctions : quum,postquam,tit,ubi, simulatque^ ex quo (since), 
priusquam and antequam, dum, quoad, donee. These con- 
junctions generally take the Indie, but sometimes the Subj. 

1) Quum is used either of time or cattse. The temporal 
quum (when, while, as) is used with the indicative of all the 
tenses, yet almost invariably with the subjunctive of the 
imperfect and pluperfect, when a perfect stands in the prin- 
pal clause. The causal quwn (since), is always connected 
with the subjunctive. 

a) Quum coelum contemplamur, dei magnitudinem ad- 
miramur [luhen). Ager, quum multos annos quievit, 
uberiores fructus efferre solet (ivhen, after). Sapiens 
non ejulabit, quum doloribus torquebitur (when). 
Quum ad me litteras dederis, ad te proficiscar [when), 

b) Quum milites de h ostium adventu edocerentur, con- 
tinuo summo pugnandi ardoYe jtag-raverunt (as). Al- 
exander, quum interemisset Clitum, familiarexn suum, 
vix a se manus abstinuit (as). 

c) Quum philosophia animis medeatur, totos nos peni- 
tusque ei trad ere debemus (since). Quum milites pe- 
ricula vererentur, non audebant cum hostibus confli- 
gexQ (since). 

2) Postquam (after that), ut (just as == as soon as), ubi 
(as), simulatque (simulac never before a vowel or h), as soon 
as, are connected with the indicative, and indeed, most fre- 
quently with the perfect which we commonly translate into 
English by the Plupf. 

Postquam Caesar aciem instruxit, omnes hostes in unum locum con- 
volaverunt. Ut dies illuxit, profectus sum. Hostes, uhi nostros equi- 
tes conspexenint, fugerunt Simulatque aliquid audiero, ad te scribam. 

3) Priusquam and antequam (before that, ere, before), are 
connected : 



§ 110.] ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF TIME. 277 

a) With the Subj. Pres., more rarely with the Indie. 
Pres. ; 

b) With the Indicative Perfect ; 

c) With the Indicative Fut. Perf. ; 

d) With the Subj. Imperf. and Pluperf. 

a) Tempestas minatur, antequam surgat. 

b) Antequam bellum urbis nostrae opes ahsumpsit, potentissima fuit. 

c) Non dives eris, priusquam divitias contempseris. 

d) Hostes propulsati sunt, antequam urbem obsidione dngerent. Dies 
obrepsit hostibus, priusquam aggerem exstruxissent 

4) Dum in the meaning ivhile^ at the same time, as long 
as, and quoad in the meaning as long' as are connected with 
the indicative. 

Dum haec geruntur, hostium copiae conveniuut. Lacedaemoniorum 
gens fortis fuit, dum Lyciirgi leges vigehant Cato, quoad vixit, virtu- 
turn laude crevit. 

Remark. Dum in the meaning at the same time that is commonly 
used with the Indie. Pres., whatever tense stands in the principal sen- 
tence, as : dum dux aciem instruit, hostis totam urbem cinxerat. 

5) Dum, quoad and donee in the meaning till, until, till 
that are generally connected with the subjunctive of the 
Pres., Imperf. and Pluperf., or with the indicative of the 
Perf. and Fut. Perf. 

Milites exspectant, dum dux se e castris contra hostes ediicat. Mili- 
tes exspectabant, dum dux se e castris contra hostes educeret. Cicero 
omni quiete abstinuit, donee Catilinae conjnrationem detexisset. Milites 
tamdiu restiterunt, quoadhosies fiigam cupessiverunt. Tamdiu manebo, 
dum omnem rem cognovero. 

C XXXVIII. Exercises for translation. (HlO.) 
I. a. When we contemplate the lives of abandoned men (maleficus) 
we are deterred from vices. When a wise man is derided (fut.) by 
the foolish people, he will not be indignant. As Caesar entered (in- 
gredi) the captured city, the inhabitants extended- [their] hands to (ad) 
him, and intreated (orare) him, that he would spare them. Health we 
are then at length (tum demum) accustomed to estimate high (multum), 
when we have recovered from a severe sickness. As Tullus Hostilius 
had reigned 32 years, he was struck (icere, perf.) by lightning. As 
24 



278 ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF TIME. [HlO. 

(ubi) Caesar had ascertained (perf.) by spies, that the enemies ap- 
proached, he led (perf.) forth his soldiers out of the camp. As 
(quum) the enemies could not rout the army of the Romans, they 
betook (perf.) themselves back to the fortified camp. As soon as the 
enemies were discovered (perf), the soldiers seized (capessere, ^er/".) 
their arms. Why should we fear death, since our souls will not de- 
cay at the same time with our bodies ? After Caesar had seen (perf) 
that the troops of the enemies approached, he hastened (maturare, 
perf.) to conduct (transducere) his army over (ace.) the river. 

I. b. We shall be happy, when we shall be free from passion (plur.). 
He, who does not prevent (defendere) injustice nor repel (propulsare) 
it when he can, acts (facere) unjustly. A virtuous man will be happy 
(beatus), even when he shall have lost all the gifts of fortune. Since 
the weather is clear, we will take a walk. As Caesar came out of the 
wood, he was surrounded (perf) by the enemies. As Alexander had 
taken Thebes, he spared (perf.) the family of the poet Pindar. As 
■ soon as Verres had reached (perf) the province, he gave (tradere) 
himself wholly (totus) to avarice. After the general had fallen, the 
soldiers fled (perf). As (ubi) the Romans heard, that the enemies 
approached, they went (perf) spiritedly against them. 

II. a. The enemies did not cease (desistere) to flee, before they 
came (perf) to the Rhine. When Epaminondas went to a [social] 
circle, in which a conversation was (subj.) held (habere) either con- 
cerning the state or concerning philosophy, he never went away from 
there before the conversation had been brought to an end. Before 
thou reapest, thou must (oportet) sow. Mithridates thrust through 
(transfigere) Datamas with a sword, and before any one (quisquam) 
could come to his aassistance (succurrere), killed [him]. As long as 
(quoad) the city was guarded by the citizens, the enemies did not dare 
(perf) to assault it. I shall wait until thou returnest. Epaminondas 
held back the iron in [his] body, until (quoad) it was announced (re- 
nuntiare, perf.) that the Boeotians had conquered. The Romans 
waited, until the enemies had approached the camp. The soldiers re- 
mained in the camp, until the day dawned (illucescere). 

II. b. The storm threatens before it arises ; buildings creak before 
they fall (corruere). In all business (plur.), before thou enterest upon 
[it], thou shouldst make (adhibere) careful preparation. The Gauls 
came into (transcendere) Italy 200 years before they took (imperf ) 
Rome. Ere Ariovistus had arranged the line of battle, Caesar at- 
tacked (perf) the Germans. The Romans pursued the enemies until 
it was evening (advesperascere). Wait thou, till I come. As long as 



§H11, 112.] ABVERBIAL SENTENCES. 279 

Hannibal lived, he burned (flagrare) with anger against the Romans. 
As long as (quoad) Epaminondas and Pelopidas presided (perf.) over the 
Thebans, their power increased (perf.) in a wonderful (unicus) manner. 
I remained at home yesterday, till my brother had returned. Until the 
citadel was surrendered (dedere joer/.), slaughters took place (caedes fit) 
every where (passim) through (abl.) the whole city. We should (ge- 
rundive) remove (subtrahere) from the enraged, those whom they are 
offended at, till [their] anger burns out (defervescere). 

§ 111. b. Causal Adverbial Sentences. 
Adverbial sentences expressing the cause ox ground^ are 
introduced by the conjunctions : qiiod^ quia, quoniam. 
These conjunctions are properly used with the indicative ; 
the subjunctive is used with them, only when the cause is 
given as the sentiment or from the vieic of another. (Con- 
cerning the causal quum see § 110, 1). 

Cicero pater patriae appellatus est, quod ejus consilio et vigilantia 
Catilinae conjuratio deteda est. Quia natura mutari non potest, idcirco 
verae amicitiae sempiternae sunt. Quoniam jam nox est, in vestra tec- 
ta discedrte. 

§ 112. c. Conditional Adverbial Sentences. 

1. Conditional adverbial sentences are introduced by : si 
(if), nisi and si non (if not, unless). 

2. The indicative is used in sentences of this kind, when 
the condition is expressed as real and certain. In this case 
the Indie, is generally used in the principal sentence also. 

Si hoc dicis, erras. Si hoc dicehas, errabas. 

3. The subjunctive is used, when the condition is spoken 
of as something barely imagined; and in the principal sen- 
tence, in this case, the subjunctive is used also. 

a) The Subj. Pres. and Perf. is used, when the condition 
is represented as a mere supposition ; 

b) The Subj. Imperf. and Pluperf., when the condition 
is represented as a supposition the contrary of luhat 
actually is or is not. 



280 CONCESSIVE ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. [Hl3. 

Si hoc dicas, erres (if thou shouldst say this, thou wouldst err.) Si 
hoc diceres, errares (if thou saidst this, thou erredst ; but I know thou 
didst not say it ; hence thou didst not err). Si hoc dixisses, errasses (if 
thou hadst said this, thou wouldst have erred ; but I know thou hast 
not said it; hence thou hast not erred). 

Remark. JVisi makes a supposition negatively but leaves the thing 
supposed affirmative : " if it be not supposed, that something is ;" but 
si non makes a supposition affirmatively while the thing supposed is 
negative : " if it be supposed, that something is notJ^ Non potes ju- 
cunde vivere, nisi cum virtute vivis. Homo beatus est, si cupidatibus 
non succumbit. 

4. Dum, dummodo, modo \n the mesming provided that, if 
only ; dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne (provided that not, if 
only not) always take the subjunctive. 

Multi omnia recta et honesta negligunt, dummodo potentiam conse- 
quantur. 

§ 113. d. Concessive Adverbial Sentences. 
Concessive sentences are introduced by : 

a) etsi, tametsi (even if, although), quamquam (although), 
commonly with the indicative ; 

b) etiamsi (even if, although), more frequently with the 
subjunctive than with the Indie. ; 

c) quamvis (although, however), and licet (although) are 
always connected with the subjunctive of one of the 
principal tenses. 

Virj boni recte agunt, etsi nullum consecuturum emolumentum vi- 
dent. Etiamsi secundissimis rebus utdre, tamen beatus non eris, si vir- 
tute cares. Sapiens dolorem patienter tolerat, quamvis acerbus sit. 

CXXXIX. Exercises for translation. {§§ HI, 112, 113.) 
I. Themistocles said, that he walked (ambulare) by night, because 
he could not sleep (somnum capere). If we shall always follow the 
way of virtue, the entrance to heaven will sometime stand open to us. 
If our friend had obeyed (obsequi) the prescriptions (praeceptum) of 
the physician, he surely would not have died. If we shall not have 
removed (resecare) the passions, we shall strive in vain to be happy. 
Men desirous of fame endure all hardships, if they may only obtain 
what they wish (subj.). Although (etsi) the place was unfavorable, 



§ 114.] ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF COMPARISON. 281 

nevertheless Caesar determined to attack the enemy. However thou 
mayest have suffered under misfortune (incommodum, plur.), thou 
shouldst not be offended at fortune. Even if the body is bound, yet 
no chains are placed (injicere) upon the soul. Who is not offended 
(offendere) by a foul deed itself, even if it does not hurt him ? 

n. The laws we obey, not from (propter) fear, but we follow them, 
because we judge, that this is most salutary. As Xenocrates was ask- 
ed, why he was almost always silent (silere), he answered : Because it 
has often (aliquando) repented me to have spoken (dicere), but never to 
have been silent (tacere). If you hate those whom you should love, 
you act wickedly. If we discharge our office religiously, we shall en- 
joy the good opinion (bona existimatio) of men. If we do not follow 
virtue, we cannot live peacefully (beate). If all [things] happened by 
fate, all (omnis) foresight would be useless. Fire becomes extinct, if 
it is not nourished. We are ready to endure toils and burdens, if we 
may only obtain (adipisci) the victory. Folly thinks (credere), that 
it has never obtained (consequi) enough, although (etsi) it has ob- 
tained (adipisci) what it desires (concupiscere). Nobody, however 
wealthy he may be, can be without the aid of others. We should cul- 
tivate virtue (honestas), even if no advantage may follow it The 
good [man] does not avenge himself on his enemies, even if he has 
obtained (nancisci) an opportunity. It is a terrible (dnus) and abom- 
inable (abominandus) saying (= word): They may hate, if only they 
fear. 

§ 114. e. Adverbial Sentences of Comparison. 
1. The comparing of the subject of the principal sen- 
tence in respect to manner, or greatness and degree is ex- 
pressed : 

a) By : ut (uti, sicut, quemadmodum) with the indicative 
— ita (sic), as, even as — so ; tarn (tantopere, tantum) 
— quam (quantopiere, quantum), so great — as; non tarn 
— quam, not so much — as. 

Rem. 1. In a barely imag^'nan/ comparison, the subordinate sentence 
is introduced by : quasi, tanquam and the like, with the subjunctive. 
The succession of the tenses in this case is according to the principles 
already stated (§ 104.). 

b) By the comparative with quam (than). 
Melior tutiorque est certa pax, quam sperata victoria. 

24* 



282 ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF COMPARISON. [§ 114. 

Rem. 2. Instead of quam with the Nom. or Ace, the ablative without 
quam may be used with the comparative of the first member. See 
101, 7. The Enghsh even, still with the comparative, is expressed by 
etiam, as: etiam major or major etiam. 

2. When two qualities or actions of one object are com- 
pared with each other, both adjectives or adverbs are put in 
The comparative and the last is connected to the other by 
quam. 

PestOentia minacior quam perniciosior, cogitationes hominiim a cer- 
taminibus publicis avertit (a more threatening than destructive pesti- 
lence). Belhim a rivibus nostris fortius, quam felicius gestum est (with 
more bravery than success). 

Rem. 3. The comparative is very often used without the second 
member of the comparison, and may then be translated by too, too 
much, very, somewhat with the positive, as : senectus est loquacior (some- 
what loquacious ; properly : mnre loquacious i. e. more loquacious than 
is proper). 

Rem. 4. When the comparison is limited definitely to two objects, 
in Latin, the comparative and not the superlative is used, as : uter ves- 
trum est mMJor natu ? (which of you two is the older ?) 

3. Quo — eo, or quanto — tanto (the — so much the) in con- 
nection with two comparatives, express a unifonn proportion 
between two qualities or actions. 

Quo plura habent homines, eo ampliora expetere solent. 

4. When the discourse is of an indefinite subject, instead 
of the last mentioned mode of expressions we commonly 
iind : ut quisque — ita with two superlatives. 

Ut quisque est sapientissimus ita est m^destissimus (the wiser a man 
is, the more modest he is). 

CXL. Exercises for translation. (H14.) 

I. Many men, forgetting (perf. part.) the precepts of virtue, com- 
plain of their lot, as if it had not been permitted (perf) them to en- 
ter (mgredi) the way of virtue. Many men live, as though they had 
been born to pleasures. One should so think, as if (tanquam) some 
one (aliquis) could look into his inmost breast. A more thi'eat- 
ening than destructive disease turned the minds of men from public 
duties (munus,eris). Alexander pursued the enemies more cautiously 
(prudenter) than eagerly. When pleasure is too great and too long, 



^ 115.] INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. 283 

it extinguishes all (omnis) the light of the soul. Old men are too lo- 
quacious. The air (aer) is so much the thicker, the nearer it is to the 
eai'th (plur.). The better any thing is, so much the rarer it is. We 
are all influenced (trahere) by the struggle (= effort) after praise; 
and the better one is, so much the more is he governed by fame. The 
more prudent one is, the more cautious he is. The more one refers 
whatever (quaecunque) he does (agere) to (ad) his own advantage, 
so much the less is he a good man. 

n. Most men strive eagerly to obtain riches and power, [and] neg- 
lect virtue, as if true prosperity rested not upon virtue, but upon rich- 
es. Always act thus (sic), as though thou wast seen and heard by 
others. The w^ords of the orator were more acute than true. It did 
not escape Hannibal (fallo, ^er/".), that the enemies would dispatch 
(gerere) affairs, ivith more spirit (ferociter) than deliberation (consulto). 
The wise man abstains from too violent emotions of the soul. This 
book is somewhat difficult to understand. The greater and more di- 
vine the excellence in minds, so much the greater care they need (in- 
digere). The more eminent (= higher) men are, so much the more 
condescending they should be to the more humble. The better one is, 
so much the more he serves his descendants. The better one is, so 
much the more his mind strives to obtain immortal fame. The better 
one is, with so much the more difficulty (difficile) he considers others 
bad. 

§ 115. Of Interrogative Sentences. 

1. Questions are either independent (direct), as : Wast 
thou at school yesterday ? or dependent upon another sen- 
tence going before (indirect questions), as : I do not know, 
ivhether thou loast at school yesterday. 

2. In the direct question the indicative is used, when it is 
asked positively, the subjunctive when it is asked doubtingly. 
In the indirect question the subjunctive is always used. 

Quid agis"} Quid agamus ? (what can we do?). Die, quid agas. 

3. Both direct and indirect questions are introduced : 

a. By interrogative and relative pronouns, as : quis, 
uter, qualis, quantus, ubi, unde, quo, quando, quomo- 
clo, cur, etc. 
Qmw hunc librum legit? Uter vestrum major natu est? Cwr ad 



284 INTEHROGATIVE SENTENCES. [$ 115. 

me non venisti ? Die, quis hunc librum legtrit. Nescio, inter vestrum 
major iiatu sit. Narra, cur ad me non veneris. 

b. By the interrogative words ne^ nonne^ num, utrum. 

a) iVe, which is always attached to the accented 
word, leaves it undecided whether the interroga- 
tor expects an affirmative or negative answer ; 

b) Nonne (not ?) always implies that the interroga- 
tor expects an affi;rmative answer ; 

c) Num (is it possible that?) always implies that 
the interrogator expects a negative answer ; 

d) Utrum is used only in double questions. 

Rem. 1. JVe and utrum, in direct questions, can be translated into 
English by no particular word. In indirect questions, ne, utrum, num, 
may be translated by whether, and nonne by whether not. 

Fuistlne heri in schola? Dio,, futrisne heri in schola ? J^onne sapi- 
ens beatus est ? Quaeris ex me, nonne putem sapientem beatum esse ? 
J^um vita beata in divitiis posita est ? Dubito, num vita beata in divitiis 
posita sit. 

4. In disjunctive questions, in which one member ex- 
cludes the other, the first member is introduced by utrum or 
the enclitic ne, and the second by an (or), both in direct and 
indirect questions. 

Utrum unus, an plures sunt mundi? Quaeritur, utrum unus, an 
plures sint mundi. Mortalisne, an immortalis est animus humanus ? 
Quaeritur, mortalisne, an immortalis sit animus humanus. 

Rem. 2. Or not is expressed in Latin, by annon in direct, by n^cne 
in indirect questions. 

5. The answer yes or no is expressed : 

a) Yes : by a repetition of the word upon which the 
stress of the question lies ; and no in the same way, 
but with non placed before it ; 

b) Yes : by, ita, ita est, sane, vero and the like ; no : 
by, non, non ita, minime and the like ; Yes (no) 
rather, by, immo with the addition of a word ex- 
pressing the opposite of what is implied in the 
question. 



^ 115.] INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. 285 

Fuistine heri in schola ? Fui. Fuistine heri domi ? Vero. Estne 
frater domi ? JVbn est. Venitne pater tuus ? Minime. Egebat ami- 
cus tuus ? Immo locupks erat. 

CXLI. Exercises for translation. (^ 115.) 

I. What each night and each day may bring [with itself], is uncer- 
tain. On account of fear, I know not who I am. Who has said this? 
I know not, who has said this. When (quum) we behold (cernere) the 
whole earth, we cannot doubt, that a governor presides over it. Is the 
sun greater, or smaller, than the earth ? Is it possible that thou be- 
lievest, that our souls decay after death ? I doubt, whether the news 
is true. Ere thou beginnest a thing, deliberate, whether it be good or 
bad. Has not God filled the earth with all good things ? Was the 
world made (efiicere) by chance, or by a divine power ? Is thy brother 
at home ? Yes. Is it possil)le that the three-headed Cerberus in the 
lower regions frightens thee ? Wast thou yesterday at my house, or 
not? Tell me, whether thou hast been at my house or not? I know 
not, whether I can come to thee to-morrow. Wilt thou go to walk to- 
day, or not ? Tell me, whether thou wilt go to walk to-day, or not ? 
Who knows, whether fortune will always smile upon him. There 
were philosophers, who doubted, whether the world was made by 
chance, or by the divine reason. Hast thou read the book, which I 
lately sent thee ? No. It is a question, whether wisdom makes men 
happy, or not. Will thy father return to-morrow from (ex) [his] 
journey ? Yes. Is the wise man alone to be accounted happy ? Yes. 
Wast thou at home yesterday ? no rather I was far from home. 

II. What will be to-morrow, we know not. Is lead, or gold the 
heavier ? Did (perf ) Philip, or his son accomplish (efficere) the great- 
est deeds ? Is not virtue to be preferred to the greatest riches ? Is it 
possible that thou doubtest concerning the immortality of the soul? 
Who wrote (perf) this letter ? Tell me, who wrote this letter. Is it 
possible that thou believest, that I do not know where thou wast yes- 
terday ? We would first see, whether the world is governed by the 
providence of God ; then, whether he [also] cares (consulere) for hu- 
man affairs. Among the generals of the Athenians there was a great 
strife, whether they should defend themselves by (abl.) the walls, or 
should go against the enemies. Hast thou read Cicero's book concern- 
ing friendship ? Yes. It is a question, whether wisdom alone makes 
us happy (beatus), or not. Hast thou read this book, or not ? I do 
not know, whether I shall approve thy view or reject it. Dost thou 
approve my view, or not ? I do not know, whether I shall approve 



-886 DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCOURSE. [Hl6. 

thy view, or not. It was uncertain, whether the Romans had con- 
quered, or been conquered. Anciently many doubted, whether the 
earth was round. Wast thou in school yesterday ? Yes. Canst thou 
tell me, what the soul is? No. Hast thou received joyful news con- 
cerning the health of thy brother ? No rather, very sad [news]. 

§ 116. Of the Form of direct and Indirect Discourse. 

1. Oratio recta {direct discourse), is that kind of discourse, 
in which the words of a person are repeated precisely as 
they were pronounced by him, as : The messenger an- 
nounced : peace is concluded. 

2. Oratio obliqua (indirect discom*se), is that kind of dis- 

com-se, in which the words of a person are made dependent 

upon some verb of perceiving- or communicating^ as : The 

messenger announced : that peace was concluded. 

Remark. Of the two verbs: inquam and mo, the first is used in 
direct and the second in indirect discourse. Inquam is never placed 
before the words quoted, but is introduced among them. 

3. Principal sentences in indirect discourse, are express- 
ed: 

a) By the Ace. with Infin., when they express a sim- 
ple statement, as : nuntius allatus est, pacem esse 
compositam (direct discourse : pax est composita) ; 

b) By the subjunctive, when they express a command 
or wish, as: dux dixit, omnia esse perdita; milites 
suae saluti considerent {direct discourse: omnia 
sunt perdita; consuUte, milites, vestrae saluti). 

4. Subordinate sentences in indirect discourse are express- 
ed by the subjunctive. 

Caesar dixit, se, postquam hostes fusi essent, castra muniturum esse. 
Apud Hypanim fluvium Aristoljeles ait bestiolas quasdam nasci, quae 
unum diem vivant. 

CXLII Exercises for translation. (^ 116.) 
We should be sufficiently convinced, that, [even] if we could con- 
ceal [it] from God and men, still nothing should be done unjustly (in- 
jusie). I can never be persuaded, that the soul (plur.), while it is in 



§ 117.] PROSODY. 287 

the mortal body, lives, [but] when it has departed from it, dies. The 
Lacedemonians wrote to Pausanias, that, if he did not retm-n home, 
they would condemn him to death. Tanaquil said, The king still lives ; 
let the Romans be quiet and obey Servius TuUius. 

11. Nobly Socrates said, that the nearest way to renown is, when 
one exerts himself {id agere) that he may be such as (qualis) he wishes 
to be considered. When ambassadors had come from king Mithrida- 
tes requesting peace, Sulla answered, that he would not give it unless 
(nisi) he, after deserting the fields which he had taken, should return 
into his own kingdom (regnum). The ambassadors announced to the 
senate. That the Aeduans had pitched their tent in their territory and 
were laying waste the country ; that the Romans should come and 
bring aid to them. 



FIRST APPENDIX. 



OF PROSODY. 

§ 117. Quantity of Syllables. 

Preliminary Remark. The general rules of quantity have already 
been given {§ 3.) and should be reviewed before proceeding to the fol- 
lowing special rules. 

1. The derived word generally follows the quantity of its 
primitive^ as : amor, amabilis, amicus, amator, redamo. 

Rem. 1. In declension are excepted; Idr, par, sal. Gen. laris, paris, 
salis ; — In the verb it is a general principal, that, the forms of the dif- 
ferent tenses, have the same quantity as the tense-forms from which 
they are derived, i. e. either as the Pres. Perf Sup. ol' Infin. accord- 
ing as they are derived from the one or the other; e. g. (divido), divi- 
dam ; (divisi), diviseram ; (divisum), divisurus ; (dividere), dividerem. 

Rem. 2. Concerning the quantity of the Perf and Sup. the following 
should be observed : 

1) All dissyllabic perfects and supines lengthen the short syllable of 
the stem, as : video, vidi visum ; moveo, movi motum, etc. (but, /mi, rui, 
sHi according to ^ 3, 3). 

Ten dissyllabic supines have the stem-syllable short : datum, statum, 
ratum, satum, itum, quitum, citum, litum, situm, rutum, from : do, sisto, 



288 PROSODY. [§ 117. 

reor, sero, eo, queo, cieo, lino, sine, nio. The compounds of sto have 
together with stdtum, stitum also ; two compounds of nosco, notum also: 
cognosco and agnosco, have in the supine : cogmtum, agnltum. 

2) Reduplicated perfects, besides the short syllable of reduplication, 
have also the stem-syllable following its short, as : cado, cecidi, disco, 
dldlci^ etc. (but momordi, cucurri from : mordeo, curro are long accord- 
ing to § 3, 4). 

To reduplicated perfects belong also : dedi, steti, stiti ; tuli is con- 
tracted from tetuli; bihi comes, apparently, from an obsolete stem 
bo ; fmaWy,fidi and sddi have rejected their syllable of reduplication. 

Rem. 3. In derivation and composition also, there are some departures 
from the general rule (rule 1), as : sopor and sopire, ditc (in dux ducis) 
and diico, reg (in rex, regis) and rego, etc. 

2. For the quantity of the penult we have the following 
alphabetical list. (The quantity of the penult in declension 
and conjugation is best learned from the paradigms). 

-dciis, -ucus, -uca, as : meracus, caducus, lactuca ; Exc. : -acus in : 

Aegyptiacus, Corinthiacus and others of the kind ; 
-ddes, and -ides in Patronymics, as : Priamides, Atlantiades ; but Ides 

in Patronymics from primitives in eus and cles, as : Pelides, Atrides, 

Heraclides, and in Belides, Lycurgides, Amphiarides, Coronides ; 
-ago, -ego, -Igo, -iigo in nouns, as : vorago, vertigo, lanugo (but the 

Greek harpago has a short) ; 
-dis, -eis, -itis, -otis, -ois, -ine, -one in Patronymics, as : Ptolemais, Chry- 

seis, Memphitis, Icariotis, Minois, Nerine, Acrisione ; Exc. : Danais, 

Thebais, Phocais, Nereis ; 
'dlis, -elis, -ela, -iilis, -ivra, as : canalis, conjugalis, fidelis, querela, edu- 

lis, pictura ; 
-amen, as : examen, flamen ; 
-anus, -ana, -enus, -ena, -Inus, -ina, -onus, -ono, -iinus, -una, as: monta- 

nus, membrana, egenus, habena, peregrinus, caninus, Gabinus, sagi- 

na, piscina (except pagma), patronus, annona, tribunus, lacuna ; 

but mws is short in adjectives which express time or material, as: 

crastlnus, diutlnus, cedrinus, elephantlnus, except in : vespertinus, 

matutinus, repentinus ; 
-drus, -dris, -orus, -osus, as ; avarus, singularis, canorus, pilosus ; Exc. : 

barbarus, opiparus, hilaris ; 
-dtim, -itim, -iitim, as : privatim, viritim, tributim (in affdtim, stdtim the 

a belongs to the stem); 
-dvu^, -ivus, -Iva, as : octavos, aestivus, saliva ; 
-edo, -ulo, -iido in substantives, as: albedo, ciipido, consuetudo ; 
-ego, see ago; 
-eis, see ais ; 
-elis, -ela, see alis ; 
-emus, as : extremus ; 



§ 117.] QUANTITY. 289 

-eni and -ini in distributive adjectives, as : bini, viceni ; 

-enus, -ena, see anus ; 

-ero, -ICO {Icor), -igo, -ino [inor, cinor), -ilo, -{do {ulor), -itoy verbal endings, 
as: vitupero, claudlco, rusticor, levigo, fulmlno, destino, crimmor, 
patrocinor, mutllo, pullulo, gratulor, ventito : but the i is long when 
it belongs to the stem and is long there, as : cornicor (from comix., 
ids), festlno, sagino, opinor, propino, inclino, from : festinus, sagina, 
opinio, TTtvoj, xXivoj ; — besides, i in the ending ito is long when the 
stem has an i immediately before it, as : dormito (for dormi -ito)', 

-etus, as : fletus ; 

-erus, as : inf eri, posteri ; but ems in : austerus, sincerus, severus, pro- 
cerus ; 

-etum, -eta, as : dumetum, raoneta ; 

-ico, see ero ; 

-icus, -lea, as : modlcus, famelicus, so also adverbs in icus, as : modl- 
cus ; Exc. : amicus, pudicus, apricus, anticus, posticus mendicus, 
umbilicus ; formica, lectica, lorica, urtica vesica ; 

-ides, see ades ; 

-Ida, see edo ; 

-idus, as: cupidus; 

-Igo, see ago ; 

-igo, see ero; 

-Uis, -ilus (a, um), -olus (a, um), -vliis (a, um), as: humilis, parilis, simi- 
lis, utilis, and all in His which come from verbs, as: facilis, fertilis, 
sterllis ; rutilus, filiolus, filiola, catulus, canicula, baculum ; adjectives 
derived from personal appellations have the i long, as : servilis, pue- 
rilis ; also, exilis, subtilis, and the names of the months, as : Aprilis ; 

-ilo, see ero ; 

-imen, as : specimen, regimen ; Exc. : those derived from verbs of the 
fourth Conj. have imen, as: lenimen, farcimen; 

-imiis in : bimus, trimus, quadrimus, of two, three, four years, and in : 
opimus, matrimus, patrimus, primus, imus (lowest) ; but -Imus in 
superlative-endings, as : probisslmus, and in finitimus and intlmus ; 

-Ine, see ais ; 

-Ini, see eni; 

■^no {inor), see ero ;* 

-inus, ina, see anus ; 

-Uim, see atim ; 

-Itis, see ais ; 

-ito, see ero ; 

-itor and itus retain the quantity of the supine from which they are 
derived, as: monitor (from monltum) auditor (from audltum), exitus 
(from exttum); 

-Itus, -Iter, adverbial endings, as : divinitus, acriter ; 

-Ivu^, -Iva, see avus ; 

-ois, see ais ; 

-one, see ais; 

-onus, -ona, see anus ; 

25 



290 PROSODY, [§ 117. 

-orus, -osus, see 'arus ; 
-otis, see ais; 
-UCM5, -itca, see acus ; 
-udo, see edo ; 
-ugo, see ago ; 
-ulis, see alls ; 
-ulo [ulor), see ere ; 

-umen in tegumen (for tegimen), but -umen in : acumen, cacumen, flu- 
men (contracted from Jluvimen) ; 
-unus, -una, see anus: 
-urn, see alis; 
-idim, see atim ; 

3. For the quantity of Jinal syllables ending in a vowel, 

we have the following general rule : a, e, ?/, are short; i, o, 

u are long: To this rule there are the following exceptions : 

a is long : 1) the Abl. of the first Dec, as: mensa; 2) in the Voc. of 
Greek proper names in as, as : Aenea (from Aeneas, ae), Palla (fi*om 
Pallas, antis) ; the Voc. of those in es has partly d and partly a, as : 
Anchisa, Atrida ; 3) in the Imper. of the fii'st Conj., as : ama, except 
pvid in the meaning namely, to wit ; — 4) in adverbs, prepositions and 
conjunctions of two or more syllables, as : circa, juxta, intra, infra, 
supra , antea, postea, praeterea, frustra ; Exc. : ita, quia and the in- 
terjection eid ; 5) in the indeclinable numerals, as : triginta ; 

e is long: 1) in the Abl. of the fifth Dec. as : re, specie, die (hence 
also, hodie, postridie, pridie, quare ; also fame) ;■ — ^2) in all Greek 
words of the first Dec, as : crambe, epitome, and those used in the 
plural only, as : Tempe, mele, cete ; — 3) in the Imper. of the second 
Conj., as : doce ; but e is double-timed in : cave, habe, tace, mane, 
vale, jube, vide (hence i7tofem for: vide, si vis) ; — 4) in adverbs de- 
rived from adjectives of the second Dec, pulchre, longe, acerbe, val- 
de (from validus); so also: fere, ferme and the interjection ohe ; 
but e is short in : bene, male, temere, as well as in all adverbs de- 
rived from adjectives of the third Dec, as: facile, impune; 

i is short: J) in : mihi, tibi, sibi (in the arsis sometimes long), and cui 
when it is two syllables; but it is commonly one syllable and is long, 
so also its compounds : cuidam, cuilibet ;-— 2) in the Voc. of Greek 
words, as : Alexi, and in the Dat. of Greek imparisyllabic words, as : 
Paridi (from Paris, idis); — 3) in : nisi and quasi (although si is long), 
sicubl, necubi ; but uhi and ibi are double-timed, in : ubinam, ubivis, 
ubicunque i is generally short, while in : ubique, ibique it is always 
long, generally also in ibidem ; — 4) in : utlque, ullnam the i is short, 
although they come from utl ; 

is short : 1) in the adverbs : cito, immo, illico, cedo (give here, say), mo- 
do with its compounds, as: dummodo, postmodo, quomodo (but sepa- 
rated, qxw modo) ; — 2) in : ego, duo, octo ; but commonly amho ; — 3) in 
verbal endings and in the Nom. and Vocative-endings of Latin words 



i 



$ 117.] QUANTITY. 291 

of the third Dec. the poets of the golden age generally made o long, 
as : amo, araavero, amato, scribo, scribito, scripsero ; origo, consuetu- 
de ; in Greek words o is always long, as : echo, Argo ; 
u is always long and y always short according to the rule, except in 
the contracted Dat, as : Coty for Cotyi. 

4. For the quantity of final syllables in words of two or 

more syllables ending in a consonant, we have the following 

general rules : 

I. c final makes the preceding vowel long", as : alec, illuc ; 
Exc. : donee: 

II. 05, es, OS are long- ; w, us, ys are short; to this gener- 
al rule, there are the following exceptions : 

a) 05 is shoH : 1 ) in the Nom. of Greek words of the third Dec. 
which have ddis in the Gen., as : lampas, adis, Pallas, adis ; so 
anas, atis ; — ^2) in the Ace. Plur. of Greek words of the third 
Dec. as: heroas. Arcades from heros, Areas; 

b) 65 is short: 1) in the Nom. and Voc. Sing, of imparisyllabic 
words of the third Dec. whose genitive has the penult short, as : 
miles, itis, seges, etis, praeses, idis, hebes, etis ; Exc. : Ceres, 
abies, aries, paries and the compounds of pes, as : tripes, except 
praepes, etis; — 2) in the Voc. Sing, of Greek words in 65, where 
in Greek the termination is fc, as : Demosthenes (but Demosthe- 
nes in the Nom. = rjg) ; — 3) in the Nom. and Voc. Plur. of 
Greek words, as : Arcades, Troades ; but in Latin words, or such 
as were naturalized in the language, es is long, as : patres, matres ; 
— 4) in the compounds of es (thou art), as : ades, abes, potes ; 
— 5) in the preposition penes ; 

c) OS is short : 1) in : compos, impos (otis), exos (from os, ossis) ; — 2) 
in Greek words, when os corresponds to og in Greek, as : Delos, 
chaos, melds; Pallados, Gen. of Pallas (but: heros = ilgtag, Minos 
= Mlvcag, Nicocleos = Niy.oKXEMg ; 

d) is is long: 1) in the Dat. and Abl. Plur., as: mensis, pueris, no- 
bis, vobis ; hence also, in the adverbs: gratis, foris; — 2) in the 
Ace. of the third Dec. (for es), as: omnis; — 3) in the Nom. Sing, 
of proper names of the third Dec. which have the penult of the 
Gen. long, as : Samnis, itis, Salamis, inis, Simois, entis ; — 4) in 
the second person Sing. Pres. of those verbs which have Itis in 
the second person Plur., as: audis, possis (as well as: sis from 
sum), velis, nolis, malis ; also in : mavis, quivis, quamvis, utervis, 
since vis (from volo) is long ; in the second person Sing, of the 
Fut. Perf is of itself is short, but by the necessity of the verse is 
often made long, as : dixeris , so also is the i in the plural-end- 
ings imus, itis of the Fut. Perf often made long by the poets 
for the same reason, as: scripserimus, scripseritis ; 

e) us ia long: 1) in the Nom. Sing, of words of the second Dec. 



292 QUANTITY. [§ 118. 

which have u long in the penult of the Gen., as: virtus, 
utis, pah'AS, udis, tellus, uris, (but: corpus, oris, vetus, eris, 
etc.); — 2) in the Gen. Sing, and in the Nom. Ace. Voc. Phir. of 
the fourth Dec, as: fructus (contracted from fruduis s^nA frudu- 
es) ; — 3) in Greek words, when us corresponds to ovg in Greek, 
as: tripus, odis {jQiJiovg), Panthtis; in the Gen.: Sapphus from 
Sappho (-^oiTT^oLc), Clius from CeHo. etc.; but in: Oedipus, i, 
polypus, i, the Greek ovg becomes us, in Latin ; 
f ) ys is long : J) in words which have an associate form in yn, as: 
Phorcys and Phorcyn ; — 2) when ys stands by contraction for 
yes and yas, as : Erinnys. 

III. /, m^ fij '/*, d, t final, make the vowel of the final 
syllable short, as : animal, tectum, circum-ago, carmen, car- 
eer, amor, apud, viden (for videsne), nostin (for nostine)^ 
Thetin, Pylon, Ilion, illiid, caput, amat, monet, regit, audit. 
To this general rule there arc the following exceptions, in 
which the vowel before these consonants is long : 

a) I: in Hebrew proper names in el, as : Daniel; 

b) 7i; 1) in the Greek Ace. of words in as, es, e, as: Aenean, An- 
chisen, Calliopen, epitomen ; — ^2) in the Nom. of masculine and 
feminine nouns which come from the Greek, as : titan, hymen, 
Salamin, Pandion (except Lacedaemon and some others), and in 
the Latin lien; 

c) r ; in the compounds of par, as : dispar, and in Greek impari- 
syllables in er, as : aer, aether, crater, Iber. 

5. Monosyllabic words are long, as: sal, sol, mos, spes, 
par, h5c, etc. 

Exceptions: 1) the substantives: me], fel, 6s (ossis), a tone, (but: 
6s, oris, the face), cor (rarely cor); — 2) the pronouns: quls, quid, quod; 
j8. Id ; quot, tot ; hie, this, is generally, and hie, here, always long ; — 3) 
the adverbs : bis, ter, sat ; — 4) the verbal forms in t : fit, sit, scit, dat, 
d6t, Stat, stet, it ; the imperatives Jer,fdc and es thou art (but es, thou 
eatest) ; — 5) the particles : ah, ad, an, at, cis, et, in, nee, 6b, per, pol, 
ggd, sub, ut, vel, and the suffixes (enclitics): que, ve, ce, ne (but: ne, 
tlwt not, in order t/uit not), tetute), pte (suopte). 

§ 118. Hexameter Verse. 

. 1. A verse is a series of poetic feet forming, in general, 
a line of poetry. The particular feet or members of which 
it is composed are called metres. 



H18.] HEXAMETER VERSE. 293 

2. When the last foot of a verse is complete, the verse is 
called acatalectic ; but when incomplete, catalectic. 

3. Every foot or metre consists of an arsis and a thesis. 
The arsis is that part of the foot (in hexameter verse, the 
first syllable of the foot), on which the stress or elevation of 
the voice is placed in pronouncing it. The rest of the 
foot (whether one syllable or more) is called thesis^ and is to 
be pronounced in a falling tone of voice. The stress of 
voice laid on the arsis is called the ictus (beat) and may be 
regarded as the poetic accent ; hence it is often marked as 
such by the sign (/). A succession of feet pronounced 
with due regard to arsis and thesis constitutes rhythm. 

4. Hence it will be apparent, that a line of poetry, in a 
given kind of measure, consists of a fixed number of feet 
and a variable number of words, which, of course, must 
occasion a disagreement between the terminations of the 
feet and words. Besides, as rhythm was the leading ele- 
ment in ancient poetry, it was not, except for a given pur- 
pose, attempted to produce a coincidence between the feet 
and words, that it might be apparent that the rhythm was 
independent of the words as such. This division of the 
feet by the terminations of the words is called caesura^ as : 

Infandum | regina | jubes | renovare | dolorem. 
In feet of three syllables, as : - - " , the word may end either 
after the arsis (- | "") or in the middle of the thesis (- ^ | "). 
In the first case it is called the masculine^ in the second the 
feminine caesura. The coincidence of the termination of a 
word with the termination of a foot is called diaeresis^ as : 
Persequar \ <^t raris habitata, mapalia, t6ctis. 

In certain kinds of verse, certain caesuras and diaereses are 
necessary, and are to be especially observed in reading the 
verse ; these are called principal caesuras and diaereses. 

5. Hexameter verse is measured by six feet which may 
be either spondees or dactyles, except the last foot, which is 
a dissyllabic catalectus (No. 2). A spondee consists of 
25* 



294 



PROSODY. 



[U19. 



two long syllables, designated thus 
long and two short, designated thus : 



; a dactyle of one 
Hence we have : 



Sed fugit intere a fugit irrepa rabile tempus. 
Adspici unt ocu lis Supe ri mor talia justis. 

Rem. 1. The Jljlh foot is generally a daetyle, rarely a spondee, and 
^nly when the poet wishes to give the line a character of slowness, se- 
riousness and solemnity ; such a verse is called a spondaic verse, a dac- 
tyle usually precedes the spondee and the verse generally closes with 
a word of three or four syllables, as : 

Cara deuni suboles, magnum Jovis ] incre [ mentum. 

Rem. 2. Dadyles often express a rapid and brisk, as spondees do a 
slow and heavy motion, as : 

Uuadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungulo campum 
Illi inter sese magna vi brachia tollunt. 

Rem. 3. The principal caesura in Hexameter verse, generally oc- 
curs ajler the arsis of the third foot and sometimes in the thesis of the 
same foot ; but occasionally also, after the arsis in the fourth foot, in 
which case another caesura generally precedes, after the arsis of the 
second foot. Sometimes, also, several caesuras of this kind are found 
in the same verse ; in which case the sense must determine which is 
to be observed as the principal one. Besides the principal caesura, 
there may be other subordinate caesuras, e. g. 

Sed I fugit interea, || fugit irrepabile tempus. 
Dum vires ] annique | sinunt, || tolerate labores. 
Oderunt ] peccare | boni, || virtutis | amore. 



ignava | colono. 
dolorem. 



Nudus I ara, | sere | nudus; || hiems 
Infandum j regina | jubes \\ renovare 

Rem. 4. The commonest and most graceful close of an hexameter 
verse is made by a word of two or three syllables. 



§ 119. Scansion. 
Scansion is the division of a verse into the feet or mem- 
bers of which it is made up. In doing this, however, the 
proper terminations of the words must not be wholly over- 
looked, but should be observed by making a slight pause 
at each of the caesuras and a marked pause at the princi- 
pal ; caesura, as far as this can be done without obscuring 
the proper division into feet. In scanning, the following 
things are to be observed : 



U19.] SCANSION. 295 

a) A vowel at the end of a word before another vowel 
or an h in the following word is absorbed (elision), as : 

Nulla n(e) hab6s viti(a)? imm(o) ali(a), haiid fortasse minora. 

Rem. 1. Elision rarely takes place at the end of a line, as : 

O'mnia M6rcuri6 siniilis vocemque colorem^we 
E't crines flavos et membra decora juventae. 

In this case, the last syllable is to be joined to the first of the follow- 
ing line. Such a line is called versus hypermeter. 

Rem. 2. When elision is neglected in the beginning or middle of a 
verse, there arises what is called the hiatus (gaping, difficulty of pro- 
nunciation). This the poets endeavor if possible to avoid ; yet it is 
allowable before monosyllables, before one of the stronger punctuation 
marks, and in a long vowel followed by a short one ; also in the arsis, 
the hiatus occasions less difficulty of pronunciation, as : 

O' et d6 Latia, O e't de gente Sabina. 
E't succus pecori et lac subdiicitur agris. 
Posthabita coluisse Samo: hie illius arma. 
Nubibus esse solet aut piirpureae Aurorae. 

Rem. 3. Occasionally a long vowel in the thesis before another vow- 
el is short, as : 

I'nsulae I'onio in magno. 

b) An m at the end of a word with a vowel before it and 
before a vowel in the following word long by nature or po- 
sition, is, together with the vowel before it, omitted in read- 
ing (ecthlipsis), as: 

Quod latet, ignot (um) est; ignoti nulla ciipido. 
Rem. 4. In monosyllabic words which stand in the arsis, principally 
before a strong punctuation mark or in the caesura, the ecthlipsis is 
sometimes omitted. Before a short syllable the ecthlipsis is difficult. 

c) When the last syllable of a word ends with a conso- 
nant and the following word in the same line begins with 
a consonant, that final syllable is uniformly long-y as: 

N^mo adeo ferus est, ut ndn mitescere possit. 

d) The ictus ohen makes a short syllable long; still this 

is generally the case only : a) when the short syllable ends 

in a consonant^ especially r, s or t; — b) when the caesura 

follows it ; — c) when upon a vowel in the close of a word, 

a word follows beginning with two consonants ; e. g. 

o'mnia vincit Amor, et nos cedarnus Amori. 
T.'; canit agricola, | magna quuni v^nerii lirbe. 
Nil opus ^st mori^ pro me, sed amore fid^que. 



296 ABBREVIATIONS. [} 120* 

e) Two vowels in two successive syllables are often con- 
tracted into one (Synaeresis or Synizesis), as: Phaetbon, 
Thesei, deerunt, vehemens (two syllables), particularly, huic, 
cui, ii, iidem; so also, dein, dehinc, deinceps, deinde, 
proinde, prout ; so also those vowels which are pronounced 
with more difficulty in one sound, as : quoad, postea, alveo 
pueri. 

f ) A short u or i is often rejected before I and m, as : pe- 
riclum for periculum^ tegmen for ieg-imen or tegumen, 

g) The letters i and w, having been originally both con- 
sonants and vowels, when they follow another consonant 
and are followed by a vowel, make the preceding vowel 
long by position^ as : fluviorum (= fluvjorum) ; genwa 
(= genva), etc. 

h) From the necessity of the verse, a long syllable is 
sometimes used as short (Systole), and, on the contrary, a 
short syllable as long (Diastole). The systole is very com- 
mon in the third person Plur. Indie. Perf. Act, and in alte- 
rius and in names^ as : Aeneades ;-— the diastole is used es- 
pecially in the Subj. Perf. Act. and Fut. Perf. Act., (audi- 
verilis), also in names, in which three short syllables follow 
one another, of which the first is then made long by the 
ictus, as : 

O'bstupui, steteruntque comae, vox faiicibus ha^.sit. 



SECOND APPENDIX. 

§ 120. Of Abbreviations. 

1) Personal Names: A. Aulus. App. Appius. C. or 
G. Cains or Gains. Cn. or Gn. Cnaeus (Gnaeus). D. 
Decimus. K. Kaeso. L. Lucius. M. Marcus. M'. Manius. 
N. Numerius. P. Pvblius. Q. Quintus. Ser. Servius. 
Sex. or S. Sextus. Sp. Spurius. T. Titus. Ti. Tiberius, 

2) Appellatives: P. Pater. F. Filius. Fr. Frater, etc. 

3) Designations of honor and office: Aed. Aedilis. Cos. 
Cos. Coss. Consules, Cos. d. Consul designatus. D. 



^ 121.] ABBREVIATIONS, ROMAN CALENDAR. 297 

Divus. Imp. Imperator. O. M. Optimus maximus. P. C. 
Patres conscripti. P. R. Populus Romanus. Pr. Praetor. 
Praef. Praefectus. P. M. Pontifex Maximus. P. S. Plehis- 
citum. S. P. Q. R. Senatas populusque Romanus. S. C. 
Senatus consuUum. Tr. PL Tribunus plehis. 

4) Designations of money and weight : HS. or H-S. 
Sestertius (Sestertium). L. Libra. L. \a. Dupondius. 

5) Designations of time : A. D. Ante diem. A. U. C. 
Ab urbe condita. C. or K. Calendae (Kalendae). Id. Idus. 
Non. Nonae. 

6) Abbreviations in letters : S. Salutem. S. D. Salutem 
dicit. S. P. D. Salutem plurima7n diciU S. V. B. E. E. V. 
Si vales, bene est ; ego valeo. 



THIRD APPENDIX. 
§ 121. Of the Roman Calendar. 
1 Kalendae means Xh^ first day of each month; Nonde 
the seventh day of March, May, July and October, but the 
fifth of the remaining eight months; Idus was Xhe fifteenth 
of the four months named above, and the thirteenth of the 
other eight. 

2. Since the names of the months are properly adjectives, 
they generally agree with Kalendae, Nonae and Idus in 
gender, number and case, and are rarely governed by them 
in the Gen. as: Calendis Juniis, ow the first day of June; 
Nonis Octobribus, o/z ^Ae seventh of October; Idibus Sep- 
tembribus, on the thirteenth of September. 

3. The days lying between the three fixed days just men- 
tioned, were reckoned backwards from each of these fixed 
days, as, the 1st, 2d, 3d etc., day before the Kalends, Nones, 
or Ides as the case might be, and dies and ante were gen- 
erally omitted. The day from which one began to reck- 
on was always included in the number mentioned, as : 
Claudius excessit III. Idus Octobres, i. e. tertio die ante 
Idus Octobres, on the thirteenth of October. Hence, in order 
to get the true day before one of the divisions, we must 
subtract one from the number mentioned. 



298 



ROMAN CALENDAR. 



P 121. 



4. In determining what day of the previous month any 
day before the Calends of a given month is, we must know 
how many days the month has (see table) and reckon back 
from the Csdends of the month mentioned (i. e. the month 
following), as : tertio Calendas Apriles, on the ZOth of 
March; tertio Calendas Maias, on the 29th of April; tertio 
Calendas Martias, on the 27th {2Sth) of February ; since 
March has 31, April 30 and February 28 (in leap year 29) 
days. 



The days 


March, May, 


January, August, 


April, June, Sep- 


February (has 28, 


of our 


Julv, and October 


and December 


tember,andNovem- 


and in Leap Tears 


months. 


(have 31 days). 


(have also 31 days.) 


ber (have 30 days). 


29 days). 


1 


Kaiendis. 


Kaiendis. 


Kaiendis. 


Kaiendis. 


2 


VI^ 


IV ^ante 
III 5 Nonas. 


IV ^ante 
III 5 Nonas. 


IV >ante 
Hi 5 Nonas 


3 


V ante 


4 


IV ^Nonas. 
lllj 


Pridie Nonas. 


Pridie Nonas 


Pridie Nonas. 


5 


A'onis. 


Monis. 


jYonis. 


6 


Pridie Nonas. 


vijn 




VIII ^ 


VIII ^ 




7 


J^onis. 


VII 




VII 


VII 




8 


viin 




VI 


ante 
^Idus 


VI I ante 


VI 


ante 


9 


VII 




V 


V 


fldus 


V 


'Idus. 


10 


VI 


ante 


IV 




IV 




iV 




11 


V 


^Idus. 


III J 




III J 




III J 




12 


IV 




Pric 


lie Idus. 


Pridie Idus. 


Pridie Idus. 


13 


III J 




Idibus. 


Idibus. 


Idibus. 


14 


Pridie Idus. 


XIX ^ 




XVIII ^ 


p 


XVI ^ 




15 


Idibus. 


XVIII 


p 

3 


XVIl 


g. 


XV 




16 


XV IL -] 


3 


XVII 


s- 


XVI 


(t. 


XIV 


p 

3 


17 


XVI 


?? 


XVI 


w 


XV 


p 


XIII 


^ 


18 


XV 


W 


XV 


2- 


XIV 


a" 


XII 


f^ 


19 


XIV 


P 


XIV 


D 


xni 


s 

O- 


XI 


P 


20 


XIII 


en 

3 


XIII 


^ 


XII 


g 


X 




21 


XII 


P 


XII 


X. 


XI 


> ^ 


IX 


22 


XI 


CD 


XI 


y ^ 


X 


VIII 


w 


23 


X 


^ '? 


X 


s- 


IX 


? 


VII 


^ 


24 


IX 


B- 


IX 


^ 


VIII 


IT 


VI 


1. 


25 


VIII 


o 


VIII 


2l 


V]I 


s 


V 


p 


26 


Vil 


^ 


VII 


3 
o 


VI 


3 


IV 




27 


VI 


B 

o 


VI 


V 


o 

i 


HI J 




28 


V 


V 




IV 


Prid. Kalendas 


29 


TV 


s 


IV 




"I 


Martias. 


30 


III 


p- 


III J 




Prid. Ka 


endas 




31 


Prid. Ka 


endas. 


Prid. Kalendas 


of the fol. 






of the fol. 


of the fol. 


month. 






month. 


month. 







COLLECTION OF LATIN READING LESSONS. 



I. FABLES. 



1. Lupus et capra. 

Lupus, capram conspicatus, quae in rupe pascebatur, quum ad earn 
accedere non posset, earn, ut de rupe descenderet, hoitabatur, apud se 
mollia prata ac varias herbas esse praedlcans. Ei vero capra respon- 
dit: Mi amice, non me ad pascua vocas, sed ipse cibi indiges! 

2. Lupus et opUiones. 

Opiliones aliquot, caesa atque assata ove, convivium agebant. Quod 
quum lupus, qui praedandi caussa forte stabula circumibat, videret, ad 
opiliones conversus : Quos clamores, inquit, et quantos tumultus vos 
contra me excitaretis, si ego facerem, quod vos facitis ? Turn unus ex 
iis : Hoc interest, inquit : nos, quae nostra sunt, comedimus ; tu vero 
aliena furaris. 

5. Vulpes et uva. 

Vulpes, extrema fame coacta, uvam appetebat ex alta vite dependen- 
tem. Quam quum, summis viribus saliens, attingere non posset, tan- 
dem discedens : Nondum matura est, inquit ; nolo acerbam sumere. 
Sic saepe homines, quae facere non possunt, verbis elevant. 



2. 0^\\\o^oms^m. shepherd, assol. to roast. conv\v'ium,\, n. feast ; conv. 
agere, to have a feast, stabulum, i, n. stable, tumultus, us, m. ado. furor 
1. steal. 

3. Vitis, is,/, vine, dependeo, di, 2. to hang dmcnfrom. elevo 1. to raise 
up; 2) to disparage. 



300 FABLES. 

4. Rusticus et canis fiddis. 
Rusticus in agios exiit ad opus simm. Filiolum, qui in cunis jace- 
bat, reliquit custodiendum cani fideli atque valido. Arrepsit anguis 
immanis, qui puemlum exstincturus erat. Sed- custos fidelis corrlpit 
eum dentibus acutis, et, dum necare studet, cunas simul evertit super 
exstinctum anguem. Mox ex arvo rediit agi icola ; ut videt cunas ever- 
sas cruentumque canis rictum, ira accenditur. Temere igitur custo- 
dem filioli interficit ligone, quern manibus tenebat. Sed ubi cunas 
restituit, supra anguem occisum reperit puerum vivum et incolumem. 
Sera turn poenitentia fuit facinoris temere patrati, 

5. Leo, asinus et vulpes. 

Vulpes, asinus et leo venatum iverant. Ampla praeda facta, leo asi- 
num illam partiri jubet. Qui quum singulis singulas partes poneret 
aequales, leo eum correptum dilaniavit et vulpi negotium partiendi tri- 
buit. Ilia astutjor leoni maximam partem apposuit, sibi vix minimam 
reservans particulam. Turn leo subridens ejus prudentiam laudare, et, 
unde hoc didicerit, interrogare coepit. Et vulpes : Hujus me, inquit, 
calamitas docuit, quid minores potentioribus debeant. 

6. Asinus pelle leonlna indutus. 

Asinus fugitivus reperit forte in silva pellem leoninam, eaque indu- 
tus territare coepit homines et bestias, Venit is, qui asinum perdide- 
rat, eumque quaerit. Asinus, quum herura vidisset, horrendum in 
modum rugire coepit, ut ilium quoque falleret. At herus, comprehen- 
sis auriculis, quae exstabant : Etiamsi alios, inquit, fallas, me tamen 
non falles. Ita probe verberat domumque abigit. 

7. Rusticus etflii. 
Inter filios rustici cujusdam grave dissidium ortum erat. Diu frustra 
operam impenderat pater, hortans, ut pacem atque concordiam cole- 
rent. Tandem filiis : Virgulas, inquit, mihi afFerte quinquaginta et con- 

4. Arrepo, psi, ptum 3. to creep up. corrlpio, ripni, reptum 3. to seize. 
cruentus, a, um, bloody, rictus, us, m. mouth, poenitentia, ae,/. repen- 
tance. 

6. Pcliis, is,/, s/cm; p. leomna, lion's skin, fugitivus, a, um, r?m-airajy. 
terriio I, to frighten, auricula, ae,/. car-Za/>. 'r\.\g\o 4. to roar, exsto, stiti 
1. project. 

7. Dissidium, i, n. disagreement, virgula, ae, /. stick, fasciculus, i, m. 
bundle, colli go 1. to collect, concors, rd'is, uniled. 



FABLES. 301" 

sidite. Turn omnes virgiilas in nnum fasciculum colligavit, eumque 
constrictum singulis filiis obtiilit, hortans, ut frangerent. Illi autem 
quanqnam vim omnem adhibebant, friistra laborarunt, nee quicquam 
profecei-unt. Turn pater nodum discidit singulasque illis virgulas 
dedit, quas sine ullo labore confregerunt. Quo facto, rusticus filios ita 
allocutus est: Haec res vobis exemplo sit. Tuti eritis ab inimicorum' 
injuriis, quamdiu vos amabitis et Concordes eritis ; at, simulac facta erit 
dissensio atque discordia, inimici securi in vos irrumpent. 

8. Luscinia et cuculus. 

Luscinia verno quodam die dulcissime canere coepit. Pueri aliquot 
baud procul aberant in valle ludentes. Hi quum lusui essent intenti, 
lusciniae cantu nihil movebantur. Non multo post cuculus coepit cu- 
culare. Continuo pueri, lusu neglecto, ei acclamabant vocemque cu- 
culi identidem imitatantur. Audisne, luscinia, inquit cuculus, quanto 
me isti plausu excipiant et quantopere cantu meo delectentur ? Lus- 
cinia, quae noUet cum eo altercari, nihil impediebat, quomlnus ille 
suam vocem miraretur. Interea pastor fistula canens cum puella lento 
gradu praeteriit 

Cuculus iterum vociferatur, novas laudes captans. At puella pasto- 
rem allocuta : Male sit, inquit, huic cuculo, qui cantui tuo odiosam 
vocem intermiscet. Quo audito, quum cuculus in pudorem conjectus 
conticuisset, luscinia tarn suaviter canere coepit, ut se ipsam superare 
velle videretur. Pastor, fistula deposita : Considamus hie, inquit, sub 
arbore et lusciniam audiamus. Turn pastor et puella cantum lusciniae 
eertatim laudare coeperunt, et diu taciti intentis auribus sedent. Ad 
postremum adeo capta est puella sonorum dulcedine, ut etiam laerimae 
erumperent Turn luscinia ad cueulum conversa: Videsne, inquit, 
quantum ab imperitorum opinionibus prudentiorum judicia distent? 
Una sane ex istis lacrimis, quamvis muta sit, locupletior tamen est 
artis meae testis^ quam inconditus iste puerorum clamor, quern tanto- 
pere jactabas. Monet fabula, magnorum artificum opera non vulgi 
opinione, sed prudentium existimatione esse censenda. 

8. Cuculus, i, m. cuckoo, vallis, is, /. valley, cuculo 1. to coo. acclamo 
1. to cry out to. altercor 1. to quarrel, fistula, ae, /. pipe, lentus, a, um, 
slotc. gradus, us, m. step, vociferor 1. to screech, intermisceo, miscui 
mixtum or mistum 2. to intermingle, eertatim, adv. emulously. disto I 
without Perf. and Sup. to differ. 
26 



302 FABLES. 

9. Auceps et vipera. 

Auceps ibat venatum et mox vidit in altissima arbore palumbem ; 
approperat eum capturus, sed inter eundum premit forte pede altero 
viperam in herba latentem, quae ilium mordet. Me miserum, inquit, 
dum alteri insidior, ipse dispereo. 

10. Mendax. 

Puer in prato oves pascebat atque per jocum clamitabat, ut sibi auxi- 
lium ferretur, quasi lupus gregem esset adortus. Agricolae undique 
succurrebant, neque lupum inveniebant. Ita ter quaterque se elusos 
a puero viderunt. Deinde, quum ipse lupus aggrederetur, et puer 
revera iraploraret auxilium ; nemo gregi subvenit, et oves lupi praeda 
sunt facta. Mendaci bomini non credimus, etiam vera quum dicit. 

11. Formica et columha. 

Formica sitiens descenderat ad fontem ; sed undae eam abripuerunt, 
nee multum aberat, quin misera periret. Quum veio columba sortem 
ejus videret, misericordia tacta ramulum in aquam injecit. Hunc as- 
secuta est formica in eoque natans effugit mortem. Paullo post vena- 
tor, arcu instructus, illuc venit, columbamque telo suo transfixurus fuit. 
Periculum sentit formica, et, ut piae columbae opem ferret, accurrit 
atque venatoris talum momordit. Dolore impeditus ille telum non 
recte misit, et columba incolumis avolavit. Juva et juvabere ; raro be- 
neficium perit. 

12. Vulpes et corvus. 

Corvus, quum frustum carnis rapuisset, in arbore quadam consedit. 
Quo conspecto, vulpes, carnem cupiens, accurrit eumque callidis verbis 
adoritur. O corve, inquit, quam pulchra es avis, quam speciosa ! Te 
decuit esse avium regem. Sane oinnes aves regiis virtutibus antece- 
deres, si vocem haberes. His corvus laudibus inflatus, ne mutus ha- 
beretur, clamorem edidit, sed simul, aperto rostro, carnem amisit; 
quum vulpes statim rapuit, atque irridens dixit'. Heus, corve ! Nihil 
tibi deest praeter mentem. 

9. Auceps, tipis, m.foioler. vipera, ae,/. viper, appropero 1. to approach. 
dispereo, ii, 4. to perisk. 

10. Clamito 1. to cry out often, revera, adv. in earnest. 

11. Formica, ae,/. ant. ramulus, i, m. branch, talus, i, m. ankle. 



DIALOGUES. 303 

11 DIALOGUES. 

1. Excusatio. 

Geta. Quid caussae est, quod tam diu nos non inviseris ? Quid im- 
pedimeiito fuit, quominus jam diu feceris nobis tui videiidi copiam ? 
Syrus. Volui quidem saepe te convenire, sed non licuit mihi per mea 
negotia ; non licuit per valetudinem ; laboravi enim aliquamdlu febri ; 
non licuit denique per tempestatem, quae saepe fuit pluviosa. G. 
Equidem accipio tuam excusationem, sed hac lege, ne saepius utare. 
Excusatio tua justior est, quam vellem, siquidem valetudo fuit in caus- 
sa. Haec lege mihi purgatus eris, si, quod cessatum est, me saepe in- 
visendo compenses. S. Tu nihil moraris istius modi officia nimium 
vulgaria. Amicitia nostra firmior est, quam ut sit ofRciis istis vulgari- 
bus alenda. Satis crebro invisit, qui constanter amat. G. Male sit is- 
tis curis, quae te nobis adimunt. Quid imprecer istis negotiis, quae 
talem amicum nobis invident ? Pessime sit isti febri, quae nos tam 
gravi desiderio torsit tui. Male pereat ista febris, le quidem incolumi. 

2. Colloquium jocosum. 

Andreas. Salve, mi Mauriti. Mauritius. Gratias ago, mi Andrea. 
Quid affers ? A. Me ipsum. M. Sic rem baud magni pretii hue attulis- 
ti. A. At magno constiti patri meo. M. Credo pluris, quam quisquam 
te aestimet. A. Sed Rudolphus estne domi .? M. Nescio. Pulsa fores 
ejus et videbis. A. Heus, Rudolphe! domine es? R. Non sum. A. 
Impudens ! Non ego audio te loquentem ? R. Immo tu es impudens. 
Nuper ancillae vestrae credidi, te non esse domi, quum tamen esses, 
et tu non credis mihi ipsi ? A. Aequum dicis ; par pari retulisti. R. 
Equidem ut non omnibus dormio, ita non omnibus sum domi. Nunc 
vero adsum. A. Sed tu mihi videris cochleae vitam agere. jR. Quid 
ita ? A. Quia perpetuo domi latitas, nee unquam prorepis. R. Foris ni- 
hil est negotii. A. At serenum coelum nunc invitat ad deambulandum. 
R. Ita est. Si igitur deambulare libet, te comitabor ; nam per totum 
hunc mensem pedem porta non extuli. Vocabo Mauritium, ut una 
nobiscum eat. A. Placet. Sic enim jucundior erit ambulatio. 

1. Cesso 1. to omit, compenso 1. to make wp. imprecor 1. to imprecate. 

2. Aestimo 1. to estimate, pulso ]. to beat, latito I. to keep one's self con- 
cealed. 



304 DIALOGUES. 

3. Colloquium ejusdem generis. 
Syrus. Opto tibi multani felicitatem. Gda. Et ego tibi duplicatum 
opto, quicquid optas mihi. S. Quid agis rei ? G. Confabulor. S. 
Quid ? confabularis solus ? G. Ut vides. jS*. Fortasse tecum. Proin- 
de tibi videndum est, ut cum homine probo confabulere. G. Immo 
■cum lepidissimo congerrone confabulor; legoenimlibrumjoci plenum. 
.S. Tu perpetuo litteris studes. G. Non est ulla studiorum satietas. 
jS. Verum; sed est tamen modus quidam. Non omittenda quidem 
sunt studia, sed tamen intermittenda nonnunquam. Nihil suave, quod 
perpetuura. Voluptates commendat rarior usus. Tu litteris studes 
noctes ac dies. G. Age, tuo more facis. Rides me, ut soles. Non 
me fallit tuus jocus. Ipsi codices pulvere situque obducti loquuntur, 
quam sim iramodicus in studio. ♦S. Emoriar, ni loquor ex animo. 

4. Ludus. 

Cardlus. Veni, mi Ludovicei Ludovicus. Quo tandem.^ C. In hor- 
tum ; satis jam legimus et scripsimus ; ludamus quoque. L. Ego pen- 
sum meum ante absolvam. C. Nondum absolvisti? L. Nondum 
omnia. Tune jam omnia _didicisti et scripsisti, quae praeceptor nos 
discere et scribere jussit ? C. Non omnia. L. Ergo nondum licet lu- 
dere. C. Cur non liceat ? Reliqua discam et scribam post ludum. L. 
Sed praestat, primum discere, deinde ludere. C. Quam morosum so- 
dalem habeo ! L. Non sum morosus, sed facere volo, quae jussa sunt. 
C. Ergo una ediscamus. Ego tibi recitabo, tu mihi. Deinde, quum 
omnia didicerimus, statim ad ludum properabimus. L. Placet; nam 
peracti labores jucundi sunt. 

5. De surgendo.. 
Frider'icus. Heus, heus, Carole ! expergiscere ! Tempus est surgere. 
Audisne? C. Non audio. F. Ubi ergo habes aures? C. In lecto. 
F. Hoc video. Sed quid facis adhuc in lecto ? C Quid faciam ^ 
Dormio. F. Dormis? et loqueris tamen mecum? C. Saltem volo 
dormire. F. Nunc autem non est tempus dormiendi, sed surgendi. 
C. Quota est hora ? jP. Septima. C. Quando tu surrexisti e lecto ? 
F. Jam ante duas horas. C Num sorores meae jam surrexerunt? 
J^. lam pridem. C. Sed frater mens certe adhuc jacet in lecto. F. 
Erras. Quum expergefacerem eum, statim reliquit nidum suum. C. 
Mox igitur surgam. 



3. Duplieo 1. to double, confabulor 1. to chat, congerro, onis, m. com- 
rade, jAay-fdlow. satietas, atis,/. satiety, intermitto 3. to intermit. 



DIALOGUES. 305 

6. Amhulolio, 

Friderlcus. Age, mi frater, ambulemus ; tempestas serena est. Au- 
gmtus. Placet; sed ubi ambulabimus? Num in pratis ? F. Minime ; 
prata enim pluvia inundavit, et viae lutulentae sunt. Placetne adscen- 
dere in montem, quern e fenestra prospicimus ? A. Placet ; jam pri- 
dem enim in monte non fuimus. F. Hiems nos prohibuit; liieme 
enim mons glacie et nive tectus erat. Quid stas autem ? A. Duae 
viae ducunt ad montem : altera recta, altera flexuosa. Utram elige- 
mus ? F. Flexuosam censeo ; est enim umbrosior, et sol fervet. Des- 
cendentes altera ibimus et ambulationem variabimus. Vesperi enim 
sol minus fervet. A. Earnus igitur! 

7. Naufragium. 

Mauritius. Redisti nobis obesior ac procerior. Cyprianus. At equi- 
dem mallem prudentior, aut doctior. M. Imberbis abieras, redisti bar- 
batulus. At quid sibi vult hie pallor ? quid frons corrugata ? C. Ut 
est foituna, sic est corporis habrtus. M. Num adversa ? C. Nunquam 
mihi quidem alias secunda ; sed nunquam, quam nunc, reflavit odio- 
sius. M. Dolet mihi tua calamitas. Sed quid hoc mali est ? C. Uni- 
versae pecuniae naufragium feci. M, In mari ? C. Non, sed in littore, 
nondum navem ingressus. M. Ubinam? C. In littore Britannico. 
M. Bene habet, quod ipse nobis vivus enatasti. Praestat pecuniae jac- 
turam facere, quam vitae. Levius est pecuniae damnum, quam famae. 
C, Vita famaque incolumi, periit pecunia. M. Vita sarciri nullo pacto 
potest, fama aegre potest, pecunia facile alicunde sarcietur. Qui ma- 
lum hoc accidit ? C. Nescio, nisi quod sic erat in fatis meis. Sic 
visum est superis. M. Vides igitur, doctrinam ac virtutem tutissimas 
esse divitias, quae nee eripi possunt, nee onerant circumferentem. 
C. Pulchre tu quidem philosopharis ; sed interim ego ringor. 

8. Jussum herile. 

Rabinus. Profer ocreas ; nam equitandum est. Syrus. En adsunt. 

6. Pluvia, ae^f. rain, inundo 1. to overfioic. lutulentus, a, um^ muddy. 
fenestra, ae,/. tmndow. flexuosus, a, um., winding, umbrosus, a, um, shady. 
ferveo, vi 2. to burn (intrans.). vario 1. to vary. 

7. Obesus, a, um,/a«. imberbis, e, beardless, barbatulus, a, um, slightly 
bearded, pallor, oris, m. pa^encs 6-. corrugatus, a, um, lOj-mArZerf. reflo 1. fo 
bloio against, odiose, adv. odiously. Britannicus, a, um, British, enato, 1. 
to sivim out. circumfero, tuli, latum 3. to carry around, philosopher 1. to 
philosophize, r'mgor 3. to show the teeth; 2) to be fretful. 

8. Albeo 2. to be clean, rigeo 2. to be stiff, siccitas, atis,/. dryness, uvi- 

26* 



306 DIALOGUES. 

R. Probe quidem abs te ciiratae ; totae albeiit situ. Opinor nee de- 
tersas, nee unctas hoc anno, adeo rigent prae siccitate. Deterge uvi- 
dulo panno : mox unge ad ignem diligenter, ac macera, donee moUian- 
tur. S. Curabkur. R. Ubi calcaria ? 5*. Adsunt. R. Verum ; sed 
obducta rubigine. Ubi frenum et ephippia? jS*. Sunt in promptu. 
R. Vide, ne quid desit, aut ne quid ruptum, aut mox rumpendum, ne 
quid nobis sit in mora, quum erimus in cursu. Propere hoc lorum 
sarciendum cura. Reversus inspice soleas equorum, num qui clavi de- 
sint, aut vacillent. Quam macri sum equi, quamque strigosi ! Quoties 
absterges, aut pectis illos in anno ? 5'. Immo quotidie. R. Nimirum 
res ipsa loquitur. Jejunia colunt, opinor, nonnumquam totum triduum. 
S. Minime. R. Negas tu quidem, sed aliud dicturi sint equi, si loqui 
liceai : quanquam satis loquuntur ipsa macie. >§. Curo sedulo. R. 
Cur igitur tu habitior equis ? S. Quia non pascor foeno. R. Hoc 
igitur restEU, Adorna manticam celeriter. )S'. Fiet. 

9. Monita paedagogi. 

Paedagogus. Tn mihi videris non in aula natus, sed in caula : adeo 
moribus es agrestibus. Puerum ingenuum decent ingenui mores. 
Quoties alloquitur te quispiam, cui debes honorem, comj)one te in rec- 
tum corporis statum, aperi caput. Vultus sit nee tristis, nee torvus, 
nee impudeus, nee protervus, nee iustabilis, sed hilari modestia tem- 
peratus : oculi verecundi, semper intenti in eum, quocum loqueris : 
juncti pedes, quietae manus. Nee vacilles altemis tibiis, nee manus 
agant gestus, nee mordeto labrum, nee scabito caput, nee fodito aures. 
Vestis item ad decorum comppnatur, ut totus cultus, vultus, gestus et 
habitus corporis ingenuam modestiam et verecundam indolem prae se 
ferat. Puer. Quid, si mediter ? Pae. Fac. Pu. Siccme satis ? Pae. 
Nondum. Pu. Quid, si sic ? Pae. Propemodum. Pu. Quid, si sic ? 
Pae. Hem satis est; hoc tene, ne sis inepte loquax, aut praeceps. 
Neve vagetur animus interim, sed sis attentus, quid alter dicat. Si 

dulus, a, um, slightly moist, pannus, i, vi. rag. macero 1. to soak, rubigo, 
inis, /, rust, ephippium, i, n. horse-cloth^ (corresponding to our saddles). 
clavus, i. m. nail, maeer, era, crum, lean, strigosus, a, xxm^lank. nimirum, 
adv. doubtless, jejunium, i, n. fast, ^ej. colere^ to keep fast, triduum, i, w. 
the space of three days. ma.c\es, e\.,f. leanness, hahitas, a. , \xm, fleshy, foe- 
nura, i, n. hay. raantica, ae,/. portmanteau. 

9. Monitum, \.n. admonition, instruction, paedagogus, i.m. private tutor. 
caula, ae, /. sheep-cote, agrestis, e, rustic, rude, torvus, a, um, stern, pro- 
tervus, a, um, shameless, instabilis, e, unstable, verecundus, a, um, re- 
spectful, alternus, a, nm, alternate, gestus, us, gesture; gestus agere, <o 
make gestures. ' labrum, i. n. lip. scabo, 3. to scratch, fodio, odi, ossum, 3. 



DIALOGUES. 307 

quid erit respondendum, id facito paucis ac prudenter, interdum prae- 
fatus honorem, nonnunquam etiam addito cognomine, honoris gratia: 
atque identidem modice flectas alterum genu, praesertim ubi respon- 
sum absolveris. Neve abeas, nisi praefatus veniam, aut ab ipso dimis- 
sus. Nunc age, specimen aliquod hujus rei nobis praebe ! 

Quantum temporis abfuisti a maternis aedibus ? Pu. Jam sex fer- 
me menses. Pae. Addendum erat : domine. Pu. Jam sex ferme 
menses, domine. Pae. Non tangeris desiderio matris ? Pu. Non- 
nunquam sane. Pae. Cupis earn revisere? Pu. Cupio, domine, si 
id pace liceat tua. Pae. Nunc lectendum erat genu. Bene habet. 
Sic ])ergito ! Quum loqueris, cave, ne praecipites sermonem, aut haesi- 
tes lingua, aut palato murmures, sed distincte, clare, articulatim con- 
suescito proferre verba tua. Si quem praeteribis natu grandem, ma- 
gistratum, sacerdotem, doctorem, aut alioqui virum gravem, memento 
aperire caput. In convivio sic te praebebis hilarem, ut semper me- 
mineris, quid deceat aetatem tuam : postremus omnium admoveto man- 
um patinae. Si quid datur lautius, recusato modeste : si instabitur, 
accipe, et age gratias : mox, decerpta particula, quod reliqimm est, illi 
reddito, aut alicui proximo accubanti. Si quis praebibet, hilariter illi 
bene precator, sed ipse bibito modice. Si non sitis, tamen admoveto 
callcem labris. Arride loquentibus : ipse ne quid loquare, nisi rogatus. 
Ne cui obtrectato, ne cui temet anteponito, ne tua jactato, ne aliena 
despicito. Esto comis, etiam erga tenuis fortunae sodales. Ita fiet, 
ut sine invidia laudem invenias, et amicos pares. Si videris, convivium 
extrahi, precatus veniam, ac, salutatis convivis, subducito te a mensa. 
Vide, ut horum memineris. Pu. Dabitur opera, mi praeceptor ! Num- 
quid aliud vis ? Pae. Adito nunc libros tuos. Pu. Fiet. 

10. Venatio. 
PauUm. Trahit sua quemque voluptas ; mihi placet venatio. Thorn- 

to dig ; f . aures, to prick the ears, indoles, is,/, natural disposition^ nature. 
propemodum, adv. almost, hem, inter] . hem! ah! inepte, adv. foolishly. 
praefor 1 . to premise ; praefatus honorem, premising : loith your leave be it said ; 
pra.ei'dix'i\ema.m,to first ask permission, cognomen, Inis, n. title, specimen, 
inis, n. specimen. 

maternus, a, um, mother's, reviso, visi, isum 3. to revisit, praecipito l.to 
hasten, haesito 1. to hesitate, palatum, i, w. iAroai. mnr mu.ro 1. to mutter. 
distincte, adv. distinctly, articulatim, adv. articulately, alioqui, adv. other- 
wise, patina, ae,/. dish, lautus a, um, dainty, recuso 1. to refuse, prae- 
bibo, i, 3. to drink to. extraho, traxi, tractum 3. to protract, subduco, xi, 
ctum 3. to withdraw. 

10. Venabtilum, i, n. hunting-spear, cuniculus, i, m. rabbit, laqueus, i, 



308 DIALOGUES. 

as. Placet etiam mihi ; sed ubi canes, ubi venabula, ubi casses ? P. 
Valeant apri, ursi, cervi et vulpes ! nos insidiabimur curiiculis. Vin- 
centius. At ego laqueos injiciam locustis. Laurentius. Ego ranas 
captabo. Bartholus. Ego papiliones venabor. L. Difficile est sec- 
tari volantia. B. Difficile, sed pulchrum ; nisi pulchrius esse ducis 
sectari lumbricos aut cochleas, quia carent alis. L. Equidem malo 
insidiari piscibus ; est raihi hamus elegans. B. Sed unde pai-abis es- 
cam ? L. Lumbricorum ubivis magna est copia. B. Est, si tibi ve- 
iint prorepere e terra. L. At ego mox efficiam, ut multa milia prosi- 
liant. B. Quo pacto ? incantamentis ? L. Videbis artem. Imple 
banc situlam aqua, Hos juglandium summos cortices virentes con- 
fractos immittito. Hac aqua perfunde solum. Nunc observa paullis- 
per. Vides emergentes ? B, Rem prodigiosam video. Sic olira, 
opinor, exsiliebant arraati ex satis serpentis dentibus. Sed plerique 
pisces delicatioris et elegantioris sunt palati, quam ut esca tam vulgari 
capiantur. L. Novi quoddam insecti genus, quo talibus insidiari so- 
leo. B. Tu vide, possisne imponere piscibus ; ego ranis facessam 
negotium. L. Quomodo ? reti ? B. Non ; sed arcu. L. Novum 
piscandi genus. B. At non injucundum. Videbis et fatebere. V. 
Quid, si certemus nucibus ? P. Nuces pueris relinquamus ; nos 
grandiores sumus. V. Et tamen nihil aliud adhuc, quam pueri sum- 
us. P. Sed quibus decorum est ludere nucibus, iisdem non indeco- 
rum est equitare arundine longa. V. Tu igitur praescribito lusus 
genus ; sequar, quocunque vocaveris. P. Et ego futui'us sum omnium 
horarum homo. 

11. RedUus patris. 

Petrus. Quid ita laetus es, mi Sigismunde ? Sigismundus. Quia 
pater domum rediit. P. Ubinam fuit ? S. Lipsiae. P. Cur eo fuerat 
profectus ? jS". Nescisne, mercatum ibi esse habitum, eumque frequen- 
tari a mercatoribus negotiandi caussa ? P. Utrum pedes, an eques 
rediit, an in rheda ? *Sl Equo vectus est. P. Quando advenit ? S. 

in. noose, locusta, ae, f. locust, himbrlcus, i, m. earih-ioorm. ala, ae,/. 
wing, hamus, i, m. fishing-hook, esca, ae,/. bait, prosilio, lui 4. to leap 
forth, incantamentum, i, n. magic influence, situla, ae, /. pail, juglans, 
ndis,/. walnut, immitto, misi, missum 3. to put in. perfundo, fudi, fusum 
3. to wet. exsilio, lui 4. to spring forth, serpens, tis, serpent, delicatus, a, 
um, delicate, impono, posui, positum 3. to impose upon; c. dat. to deceive. 
piscor 1. to fish, indecorus, a, um, unbecoming, arundo, inis,/. reed, praes- 
cribo, psi, ptum 3. to prescribe. 

11. Lipsia, ae,/. Leipsic. mercatus, us, m. a fair, rheda, ae,/ wagon. 



DIALOGUES. 309 

Ante horam. P. Quis tibi tarn cito nuntiavit ? jS. Famulus, qui eum 
jam e longinquo venientem viderat. P. Jamne salutasti ? S. Saluta- 
vi, quum vix ex equo descendisset. P. Quid amplius illi fecisti ? jS. 
Calcaria detraxi et ocreas. P. Bene fecisti ; sed miror, te propter ad- 
ventum ejus Don domi mansisse. iS. Id nee pater permisisset, nee ego 
ipse vellem, quum nunc tempus adsit in scholam eundi. P. Id qui- 
dem laude diguum est ; sed quomodo valet pater tuus ? jS". Optima 
dei beneiicio. P. Ego gaudeo tecum, quod salvus rediit. 5". Sed 
alias pluribus colloquemur. Nunc in scholam eamus ! 

12. Colloquium scholasticum. 
Cornelius. Scite tu quidem scribis ; sed charta tua pei'fluit Charta 
subhumida est ac transmittit atramentum. Andreas. Quaeso, ut ap- 
pares mihi pennam banc. C. Deest mihi scalprum librarium. A. En 
tibi. C. Hui, quam obtusum ! A. Accipe cotem. C. Utrum soles 
scribere cuspide duriore, an moUiore ? A. Accommoda ad manum 
tuam. C. Ego molliore soleo. A. Quaeso, ut mihi describas ordine 
figuras elementorum. C. Graecas, an Latinas ? A. Latinas primum 
conabor imitari. C. Suppedlta chartam. A. Accipe. C. Sed meum 
atramentum dilutius est saepius infusa aqua. A. At meum atramen- 
tarium prorsus exaruit. Rogabo alicunde. C. Praestat habere domi, 
quam rogare mutuum. A. Quid est discipulus sine calamo et atra- 
mento ? C. Quod miles sine clipeo et gladio. A. Utinam mihi sint 
digiti tam celeres ! Equidem non possum dictantis vocem scribendo 
assequi. C. Prima cura sit, ut bene scribas ; proxima, ut celeriter. 
Sat cito, si sat bene. A. Belle ; sed istam cantionem cane praeceptori, 
quum dictat : Sat cito, si sat bene. 

12. Scite, adv. skilfully, charta, ae, /. paper, perfltio, uxi, uxum 3. fo 
fiow through, subhumidus, a, um, somewhat moist, transmitto, Isi, issum 
3. to let through, atramentum, i, n. ink. quaeso, 7 a^A;. apparo 1. to pre- 
pare ; app. pennam, to mend a pen. scalprum librarium, i, n. pen-knife, hui, 
interj.Oh! obtusus, a, um, dull. — cuspis, idis, /. ^oiwi. accommodo 1. ^o 
fit. infundo, fudi, fusum 3. to pour in. atramentarium, i, n. inkstand. 
exaresco, arui 3. to become dry. mutuus, a, um, reciprocal; mutuum rogare, 
to borrow, caldimas, \, m. stalky quill, dicio I. to dictate. he\le, adv. finely. 
cantio, onis,/. song. 



310 REMARKABLE SAYINGS. 



Ill REMARKABLE SAYINGS. 

1. E Lacedaemoaiis unus, quum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset 
glorians : Solem prae jaculomm multitudine et sagittarum non videbi- 
tis : In umbra igitur, inquit, pugnabimus. — C. Tusc. 1, 42, 101. 

2. Lacaena quum filium in proelium misisset et interfectum audis- 
set : Idcirco, inquit, genueram, ut esset, qui pro patria mortem non duhita- 
ret occumbere. — Ibid. 102. 

3. Cyi-enaeum Theodorum, philospSphum non ignobilem, nonne mi- 
ramur ? cui quum Lysimachus, rex Thraciae et Macedoniae, crucem 
minaretur: Mis quaeso, mquit, ista horribilia minitare purpuratis tuis ! 
Theodori quidem nihil interest, humine, an sublime putescat. — Ibid. 43, 102. 

4. Diogenes, Cynlcus, projlci se post mortem jussit inhumatum. 
Tum amici: Volucribusne et feris? Minime vero, inquit; sed bacillum 
propter me, quo abigam, ponitote. Qui poteris ? illi (quaesiverunt) ; iion 
enim senties. (^uid igitur mihi ferarum laniatus oberit nihil sentienti ? 
—Ibid. 43, 104. 

5. Praeelare Anaxagoras, quum Lampsaci moreretur, quaerentibus 
amicis, velletne Clazomenas in patriam, si quid accidisset, aufeiTi : JVi- 
hU necesse est, inquit ; undique enim ad inferos tantundem viae est. — Ibid. 

6. Anaxagoram ferunt, nuntiata morte filii, dixisse : Sciebam, me ge- 
nuisse mortalem. — Ibid. 3. 14, 30. 

7. Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles, quod somnum capere 
non posset : quaerentibusque respondebat, Miltiddis tropaeis se e somno 
suscitari' — Ibid. 4. 19, 44. 

8. Soorates, quum esset ex eo quaesitum, Archelaum, Perdiccae 
filium, qui turn fortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum putaret : Haud 
sdo, inquit ; nunquam enim cum eo collocutus sum. Ain' tu ? aliter id 
scire non potes ? JSMlo mjodo. Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidem 
rege magno potes dicere, beatusne sit ? An ego possim, quum ignorem, 
quam sit dodus, quam vir bonus ? Quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam beatam 

1. Perses, ae, m. a Persian; adj. Persian, jaculum, i, n. javelin. 

3. Cyrenaeus, i, m. Cyrenean,from Cyrene, chief city of Lybia. crux, ucis, 
/. cross, purpuratus, i, m. a courtier, sublime, adv. in the air. putesco, 

tui 3. to rot. 

4. Cynicus, i, m. the Cynic, projicio, jeci, jectum 3. to cast forth, inhu- 
matus, a, um, unburied. bacillum, i, n. staff, laniatus, us, m. the tearing. 

5. Lampsacus, i,/. Lampsacus,c\iy of Mysia. Clazomenae, arum,/. Cla- 
zomenae, city of Ionia, si quid accidisset, if any thing should happen to him, 
i. e. if perchance he should die. tantundem viae, just ns long a way. 



EEMARKABLE SAYINGS. Ill 

putas ? Ita prorsus existimo : honos, beatos ; improhos, miseros. Miser 
ergo Archelaus ? Cerie, si injustus. — C. Tusc. 5. 12, 34. 35. 

9. Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per litteras, se omnia, quae co- 
narentur, prohibiturum, quaesiverimt, num se essd etiam mori prohihitu- 
rus.—lbid. 14, 42. 

10. Xenocrates, quum legati ab Alexandre quinquaginta ei talenta 
attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athenis praesertim, max- 
ima, abduxit legates ad coenam in Academiam ; iis apposuit tantum, 
quod satis esset, nuUo apparatu. Quum postridie rogarent eum, cui 
numerari (sc. pecuniam) juberet : Quid ? vos hesternd, inquit, coenuld ■ 
non intellexistis, me pecunia non egere ? Quos quum tristiores vidisset, 
triginta minas accepit, ne aspernari regis liberalitatem videretur. — Ibid. 
32, 91. 

11. Lacedaemone quum tyrannns coenavisset Dionysius, negavit, se 
jure illo nigro, quod coenae caput erat, delectatum. Turn is, qui ilia 
coxerat : Minime mirum ; condimenta enim^efuerunt. Quae tandem ? 
inquit ille. Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eurotam, fames, sitis ; 
his enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epulae condiuntur. — Ibid. 34, 98. 

12. Quum Athenis, ludis, quidam in theatrum grandis natu venisset, 
in magno consessu locus ei a suis civibus nusquam est datus. Quum 
autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui, legati quum essent, certo in 
loco consederant, consurrexerunt omnes et senem ilium sessum re- 
ceperunt. Quibus quum a cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex 
datus, dixit ex iis quidam: Athenienses sciunt, quae recta sunt ; sedfacere 
nolunt. — C Sen. 18, 63. 

13. Bias, qui numeratur in septem sapientibus, quum ejus patriam 
Prienen cepisset hostis, ceterique ita fugerent, ut multa de suis rebus 
secum asportarent, quum esset admonitus a quodam, ut idem ipse 
faceret : Ego vero, inquit, facio ; nam omnia mecum porto mea. — C. Parad. 
1. 2, 8. 

14. Quum tyrannus Hiero quaesivisset de Simonide, quid Deus esset, 
[hie] deliberandi sibi unum diem postulavit. Quum idem ex eo pos- 

10. Appono, posui, posltum 3. to place (jefore. apparatus, us, m. Jilting out. 
hesternus, a, um, of yesterday, coenula, ae, /. a spare meat, mina, ae,/. 
mina (worth about 17i^ dollars). 

11. Jus, uris, n. broth, soup, venatus, us, m. hunting. Eurotas, ae, m. 
Eurotas, river in Sparta. 

12. Lud\s, games, theatrum, i, n. theatre, consessus, us. m. assembly. 
consurgo, surrexi, surrectum 3. to arise, senem sessum receperunt, received 
the old man, in order to seat him, i. e. took him to their seat, multiplex, icis, 
manifold. 



312 REMARKABLE SAYINGS. 

tridie quaereret, biduum petivit. Quum saepius duplicaret numerum 
dierum, adrnkansque Hiero requireret, cur ita faceret : Qwia, quanta, 
inquit, diutius considero, tanto mihi res videtur ohscurior. — C JV*. D. 1. c. 
22. 

15. Quum Hannibal, Carthagine expulsus, Ephesum ad Antiochum 
venisset exsul, proque eo, quod ejus nomen erat magna apud oranes 
gloria, invitatus esset ab hospitibus suis, ut Phormionem philosophum 
audiret ; quumque is se non nolle dixisset : locutus esse dicitur homo 
copiosus aliquot horas de imperatoris officio et de omni re militari. 
Turn, quum ceteri, qui ilium audierant, vehementer essent delectati, 
quaerebant ab Hannibale, quidnam ipse de illo philosopho judicaret. 
Hie Poenus non optime Graece, sed tamen libere respondisse fertur, 
multos se deliros series saepe vidisse ; sed qui magis, quam Phormio, deli- 
raret, vidisse neminem. Neque mehercule injuria ! Quid enim aut ar- 
rogantius, aut loquacius fieri potuit, quam Hannibali, qui tot annos de 
imperio cum populo Romano, omnium gentium victore, certasset, 
Graecum hominem, qui nunquam hostem, nunquam castra vidisset, 
nunquam denique minimam partem ullius publici muneris attigisset, 
praecepta de re militari dare ? — C. De Or. 2, 18, 75. 

16. Quum, Tarento amisso, arcem tamen Livius Salinator retinuisset, 
multaque ex ea proelia praeclara fecisset, quum aliquot post annos 
Maximus id oppidum recepisset, rogaretque eum Salinator, ut mera- 
inisset, opera sua se Tarentum recepisse : Quidni, inquit, meminerim ? 
nunquam enim recepissem, nisi tu perdidisses. — C. De. Or. 2. 67, 273. 

17. Nasica quum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab ostio quae- 
renti Ennium ancilla dixisset domi non esse ; Nasica sensit illam domi- 
ni jussu, dixisse, et ilium inlus esse. Paucis post diebus quum ad 
Nasicam venisset Ennius, et eum a janua quaereret, exclamat Nasica, 
se domi non esse. Tum Ennius : Quid ? ego non cognosco vocem, 
inquit, tuam ? Hie Nasica : Homo [inquit] es impudens. Ego quum te 
qucuererem, ancillae tuae credidi, te domi non esse ; tu mihi non credis ipsi ? 
—lb. 68, 276. 

18. Orator quidam malus quum in epilogo misericord iam se movisse 
putaret, postquam assedit, rogavit Catulum, videreturne misericordiam 
movisse : Ac magnam quidem, inquit ; neminem enim puto esse tam du- 
rum, cui non oratio tua miseranda visa sit. — C. De Or. 2. 69, 278. 

15. Exsul, ulis, m. exile, proque eo, quod, and on accovnt of this, that non. 
nolle, to will with pleasure, res militaris, warfare, hie, here. Poenus, 
i, m. Carthaginian. Graece, adv. in Greek, delirus, a, um, silly, dellro 1. 
to be silly, mehercule, adv. by Hercules, indeed, arrogans, lis, arrogant. 



NARRATIVES. 31S 



IV. NARRATIVES. 

1. Xerxes. Leonidas. Themistodes. (Cf. Justin. 2, 10. 11.) 
Xerxes bellum a patre coeptiim adversus Graeciam per quinquen- 
nium instruxit. Septingenta milia de regno armaverat et trecenta railia 
de auxiliis, ut non immerito proditum sit, flumina ab exercitu ejus sic- 
cata, Graeciamque omnem vix capere exercitum ejus potuisse. Naves 
quoque milia ducentas numero habuisse dicitur. 

Ut introltus Xerxis in Graeciam terribilis fuit, ita turpis ac foedus 
discessus. Nam quum Leonidas, rex Lacedaemoniorum, cum quat- 
tuor milibus militum angustias Thermopylarum occupasset, Xerxes 
contemptu paucitatis eos pugnam capessere jubet, quorum cognati 
Marathonia pugna interfecti fuerant : qui, dum ulcisci suos cupiunt, 
principium cladis fuere : succedente deinde inutili turba, major caedes 
editur. Triduum ibi cum dolore et indignatione Persarum dimicatum : 
quarto die, quum nuntiatum esset Leonidae, a viginti milibus hostium 
summum cacumen teneri, tunc hortatur socios, recedant, et se ad 
meliora patriae tempora reservent : sibi cum Lacedaemoniis fortunam 
experiendam : plura se patriae, quam vitae, debere : ceteros ad praesi- 
dia Graeciae servandos. Audito regis imperio, discessere ceteri, soli 
Lacedaemonii remanserunt. Initio hujus belli sciscitantibus Delphis 
oracula responsum fuerat, aut regi Lacedaemoniorum, aut urbi caden- 
dum esse. 

Et idcirco rex Leonidas, quum in bellum proficisceretur, ita suos 
firmaverat, ut ire se parato ad moriendam animo scirent. Angustias 
propterea occupaverat, ut cum paucis aut majore gloria vinceret, aut 
minore damno reipublicae caderet. Dimissis igitur sociis, hortatur 
Lacedaemonios, meminerint, quocunque modo proeliaturi sint, caden- 
dum esse: caverent, ne fortius mansisse, quam dimicasse viderentur; 
nee exspectandum, donee ab hoste circuravenirentur, sed, dum nox 
occasionem daret, securis et laetis superveniendum ; nusquam victores 
honestius, quam in castris hostium perituros. Nihil erat difficile per- 
suadere paratis mori : statim arma capiunt, et sexcenti viri castra quin- 
gentorum milium irrumpunt; statimque regis praetorium petunt, aut 

1. Quinquennium, i, n. iAe sjoflce o//ow7- years. ^xmo\. to arm. immeri- 
to, arf». reof w«7/tOM^ justice, numero, «&/., m number. Thermopylae, arumj 
/. Thermopijlae, a narrow pass in Thessaly. conlemtus, us, m. contempt. 
paucitas, atis,/. fewness, cognatus, i, m. relative. MarathonTus, a, um, of 
Marathon, triduum, i,n. space of three days, indignatio, onis,/. indignation. 
sciscTtor 1. to inquire, proelior 1. to fight, circumvenio, veni, ventum 4. to 

27 



314 NARRATIVES, 

cum illo, aut, si ipsi oppress! essent, in ipsius potissimum sede moritu- 
ri. Tumultus totis castris oritur. Lacedaemonii posteaquam regem 
non inveniunt, per omnia castra victores vagantnr, caedunt sternuntque 
omnia, ut qui sciant se pugnare non spe victoriae, sed in mortis poe- 
nam. Proelium a principio noctis in majorem partem diei tractum. 
Ad postremum non victi, sed vincendo fatigati, inter ingentes strato- 
rum hostium catervas occiderunt. 

Xerxes, duobus vulrieribus terrestri proelio acceptis, experiri maris 
fortunam statuit. Ante navalis proelii congressionem miserat Xerxes 
quattuor milia armatorum Delphos ad templum Apollinis diripiendum : 
prorsus, quasi non cum Graecis tantum, sed etiam cum diis immortali- 
bus bellum gereret : quae manus tota imbribus et fulminibus deleta 
est, ut intelligeret, quam nullae essent hominum adversus deos vires. 
Post haec Thespias, et Plataeas, et Athenas vacuas hominibus incendit : 
et quoniam ferro in homines non poterat, in aedificia igne grassatur. 
Namque Athenienses post pugnam Marathoniam, })raemonente Them- 
istocle, victoriam illam de Persis reportatam, non finem, sed caussam 
majoris belli fore, ducentas naves fabricati erant. Adventante igitur 
Xerxe, consulentibus Delphis oraculum responsum fuerat: Salutem 
muris ligneis tuerentur. 

Themistocles, navium praesidium demonstratum ratus, persuadet 
omnibus, patriam municipes esse, non moenia ; civitatemque non in 
aedificiis, sed in civibus positam. Itaque melius salutem navibus, 
quam urbi commissures. Hujus sententiae etiam Deum auctorem esse. 
Probato consilio, conjuges liberosque cum pretiosissimis rebus abditis 
insulis, relicta urbe, demandant ; ipsi naves armati conscendunt. Ex- 
emplum Atheniensium etiam aliae urbes imiiatae sunt. Itaque quum 
eonjuncta omnis sociorum classis, et intenta in bellum navale esset, 
angustiasque Salaminii freti, ne cireumveniri a multitudine posset, 
occupasset ; dissensio inter civitatium principes oritur. Qui quum, 
deserto bello, ad sua tuenda dilabi valient, timens Themistocles, ne 
discessu sociorum vires minuerentur, per servum fidelem Xerxi nuntiat, 
uno in loco eum contractam Graeciam capere facilime posse. Quodsi 
civitates, quae jam abire vellent, dissiparentur, majore labore ei sin- 
gulas consectandas. Hoe dolo impellit regem, ut signum pugnae daret. 

ao around^ svrround. supervenire, to surprise, sterno, stravi, stratum 3. 
to prostrate, ut qui, as those., who. fatigo 1. to weary, cater va, ae,/. troop. 
statuo, tii, utum 3. to determine, quam nullae essent hominum vires, how 
insignificant the power of man might be. congressio, onis, /. engagement. 
Thespiae and Plataeae, arum,/, cities in Boeotia. vacuus, a, um (c. abl.), 
empty, gr&ssor i. to icalk ; in aliquid gr. to rage against, praemoneo, ui, 



NARRATIVES. 315 

Graeci quoque, adventu hostium occupati, proelium collatis viribus 
capessunt. 

Iiiterea rex, velut spectator pugnae, cum parte navium in littore 
remanet ; Artemisia autem, regiiia Halicarnassi, quae in auxilium Xerxi 
venerat, inter primos duces bellum acerrime ciebat: quippe ut in viro 
muliebrem timorem, ita in muliere virilem audaciam cerneres. Quum 
anceps proelium esset, lones ex praecepto Themistoclis pugnae se 
paullatim subtrahere coeperuiit : quorum defectio animos ceterorum 
fregit. Itaque circumspicientes fugam pelluntur Persae et mox, proelio 
victi, in fugam vertuntur. In qua trepidatione multae captae sunt na- 
ves, multae mersae ; plures tamen, non minus saevitiam regis, quam 
hostem, timentes, doraum dilabiintur. 

2. Piso orator et servus. 
Marcus Piso, orator Roman us, servis praeceperat, ut tantum ad inter- 
rogata responderent, neve quicquam praeterea dicerent. Evenit, ut 
Clodium ad coenam invitari juberet. Hora coenae instabat; aderant 
ceteri convivae omnes, solus Clodius exspectabatur. Piso servum, qui 
solebat convivas vocare, aliquoties emisit, ut videret, veniretne. Quum 
tandem jam desperaretur ejus adventus, Piso servo : Die, inquit, num 
forte non invitasti Clodium ? Invitavi, respondit ille. Cur ergo non 
venit? Quia venturum se negavit. Turn Piso: Cur id non statim 
dixisti ? Respondit servus : Quia non sum a te interrogatus. 

3. Ca7iis fidelis. 
Pyrrhus rex in itinere incidit in canem, qui interfecti hominis cor- 
pus custodiebat. Quum audisset, eum jam tres dies cibi expertem 
assidere, nee a cadavere discedere, mortuum jussit humari, canem ve- 
ro deduci et curari diligenter. Paucis post diebus militum lustratio 
habetur. Transeunt singuli, sedente rege. Aderat canis. Is quum 

itum 2. 2Jre-admo/iis/i. fdihncor 1. to make, municeps, ipis, m. citizen of a 
free city; 2) citizen, conjux, ugis,/. ?ri/"e. abdo, dldi, diium 3. to conceal. 
demsLndo I. to commit. Salaminium fretum, i, w. bay of Saiarais. Halicar- 
nassus, \.f. city in Caria. rnuJiebris, e, of a v)oiiian. cerneres, one might 
see. lones, um, m. lonians. paullatim, adv. gradually, subtraho, traxi, 
tractum 3. totcit/idraw. defectio, onis,/. desertion, trepidatio, onis,/. trepi- 
dation^ haste, mergo, tnersi, mersum 3. to sink, saevitia, ae,/. cruelty. 

2. PraecTpio, cepi, ceptum 3. to direct, praeterea, adv. besides, aliquo- 
ties, adv. several times, num forte non invitasti ? can it be possible that thou 
hast not invited. 

3. Assideo, sedi 2. to sit by. humo \.to bury, deduco, xi, ctum 3. fo 
lead away, lustratio, onis,/. review, tacltus, a, um, silent, percussor, oris, 



316 NARRATIVES. 

antea quietus et tacitus fuisset, simulac vidit, domini sui percussores 
transire, prociUTit furens eosque allatravit, saepius se ad Pyrrhum con- 
vertens, ita quidem, ut non modo rex, sed oranes, qui aderant, suspi- 
cionem de iis conciperent. Ergo comprehensi et examinati, levibus 
quibusdam signis aliimde accedentibus, fassi caedem poenas dederunt. 

4. Archimedis mors. 

Captis Syracusis, quas Archimedes machinationibus suis mirificis diu 
defenderat, Marcellus, imperator Romanus, gravissime edixit, ne quis 
Archimedi vim faceret. At is, dum animo et oculis in terra defixis, 
formas in pulvere describit, militi Romano, qui praedandi caussa in 
domum irruperat strictoque gladio, quisnam esset, interrogabat, propter 
nimium ardorem studii nihil respoudet, nisi hoc : JSPoli tubare drculos 
meos! A milite igitur, ignaro, quis esset, interficitur. 

5. Amicus infiddis. 
Duo amici una iter faciunt atque, sohtudinem peragrantes, ursum 
ingentem vident advenientem. Alter celeriter in ai'borem adscendit ; 
alter recordatus, illam bestiam cadavera non attingere, nisi fame efFera- 
tam, humi se prosternit animamque continet, simulaus se esse mortuum. 
Accedit ursus, coutrectat jacentem, os suum ad hominis os et am-es 
admovet et cadaver esse ratus discedit. Tunc ambo metu liberati in- 
ceptum iter persequuntur. Inter eundum autem interrogat is, qui in 
arborem adscenderat, alterum, quidnam ursus ei in aurem insusurrasset. 
Malta, inquit ille, quae non recordor ; sed imprimis hoc praeceptum 
dedit, ne quem pro amico haberem, cujus iidera adverso tempore non 
essem expertus. 

6. DemostMnes. 
Demosthenes caussam oraus qnum judices parum attentos videret: 
Paullisper, inquit, aures mihi praebete : rem vobis novam et jucundam 
narrabo. Quum aures arrexissent : Juvenis, inquit, quispiam asinum 
conduxerat, quo Athenis Megaram profecturus uteretur. In itinera 
quum sol flagraret, neque esset umbraculum, deposuit clitellas et sub 

m. murderer, procurro, cucurri, cursum 3. to rush forth, furo 3. to rage. 
allatro 1. to bark at. suspicio, onis,/. suspicion. 

4. Edico, xi, ctum 3. to give out command, vim facere, to inflict violence. 
forma, die., /.figure. 

5. Infidelis, e, unfaithful, ursus, i. m. bear, effero 1. to render fierce. 
anima, ae,/. breath, contrecto 1. to handle, insusurro, fo whisper. 

6. Arrlgo, rexi, rectum 3. to prick up. conduce, xi, ctum 3. to take with ', 



NARRATIVES. 3 17 

asino consedit, cujus umbra tegeretur. Id vero agaso vetabat, damans, 
asinum locatum esse, non iimbram asini. Alter quum contra conten- 
deret, tandem in jus ambulant. Haec locutus Demosthenes, ubi hom- 
ines diligenter auscultantes vidit, abiit. Tum revocatus a judicibus 
rogatusque, ut reliquam fabulam enarraret : Quid ? inquit. De asini 
umbra licet audire ? caussam hominis de vita periclitantis non audietis ? 

7. Cyri mors. 
Postquam Asiam Cyrus subegit, Scythis bellum infert, quibus eo 
tempo Tomyris regina praeerat. Rex aliquantum in Scythia progres- 
sus, quasi refugiens, castra deseruit atque in iis vini affatim et quae 
epulis erant necessaria reliquit. Tum regina filium adolescentem 
tertia parte copiarum ad hostes insequendos misit ; is vero, rei militaris 
ignarus, omisit hostes et milites in castris Cyri vino se onerare patitur. 
Cyrus autem noctu redit omnesque Scythas cum ipso reginae filio in 
castris interficit. Sed Tomyris, poenam meditata, hostes, recenti vic- 
toria exsultantes, pari fi^aude decipit. Quippe simulato timore refu- 
giens Cyrum ad angustias pertraxit ibique in insidiis regem cum innu- 
merabilibus Persarum copiis occidit. Tum caput Cyri amputatum in 
utrem, sanguine humano repletum, conjecit, crudelitatem his verbis 
exprobrans: Satia te sanguine, quem sitisti, et quo nunquam satiari 
potuisti ! 

8. Androcli ho. (Of. Gell. N. A. 5, 14, 5—30.) 
Romae in circo maximo venationis amplissimae pugna populo daba- 
tur. Multae ibi saevientes ferae erant ; sed praeter alia omnia leonum 
immanitas admirationi fuit, praeterque ceteros omnes eminebat unus. 
Is leo corporis impetu et ingenti magnitudine terribilique fremitu, toris 
comisque cervicum fluctuantibus, animos oculosque omnium in sese 
converterat. Introductus erat inter complures ceteros ad pugnam bes- 
tiarum servus viri consularis. Ei servo Androclus nomen fuit. Hunc 

2) to hire, umbraculum, n. shade, clitellae, arum, /. -pack-saddle, agaso, 
onis, m. hostler, loco 1. to hire, enarro 1. to relate through, periclitor 1. 
to be in danger of. 

7. Aliquantum, io some extent, refugio, fugi 3. to flee back, affatim, a^Zz?. 
abundantly; aff. vini, abundance of wine, insequor, secutus sum 3. to pur- 
sue, recens, tis, recent, decipio, cepi, ceptum 3. to deceive, pertraho, axi, 
actum 3. to draw, amputo 1. to cut off. uter, utris, m. leather bag. 

8. Circus maximus, i, m. the Circus Maximus, a great race-course. \m- 
manitas, atis, /. AMo-ene55. torus, i, m. protuberance ; 2) muscle, coma, ae, 
/. hair; 2) mane, cervix, Icis,/. neck, fluctuor 1. to wave, introduco, xi, 

27* 



318 NARRATIVES. 

ille leo ubi vidit procu], repente, quasi admirans, stetit ; ac deinde sen- 
sim atque placlde tanquam exploraturus ad honiinem accedit ; turn 
caudam more adulantium canum clementer et blande movet hominis- 
que fere corpori adjungit cruraque ejus et manus prope jam exanimali 
raetu lingua leniter demulcet. Homo Androclus inter ilia tarn atrocis 
ferae blandimenta amissum animum receperat ; paullatim oculos ad 
contuendum leonem refert. Turn, quasi mutua recognitione facta, lae- 
tos et gi-atulabundos videres hominem et leonem. Ea re prorsus admi- 
rabili maximi a populo clamores excitantur, arcessiturque a Caesare 
xVndi'oclus, quaeriturque ex eo, cur ille atrocissimus leonum uni peper- 
cisset. 

Hie Androclus rem mirificam narrat atque admirandam. Quum pro- 
vinciam, inquit, Africam proconsulari imperio meus dominus obtineret, 
ego ibi iniquis ejus et quotidianis verberibus ad fugam sum coactus ; 
et, ut mihi a domino terrae illius praeside tutiores latebrae essent, in 
camporum et arenarura solitudiues concessi: ac, si defuisset cibus, 
consilium fuit mortem aliquo pacto quaerere. Tum, sole flagrante, 
specum quendam nactus remotum latebrosumque, in eum me recondo. 
Neque multo post ad eundem specum venit hie leo, debili uno et 
cruento pede, gemltus edens et murmura, dolorem cruciatumque vul- 
iieris indicantia. Ac primum quidem conspectu advenientis leonis 
animus meus summo terrore impletur ; sed postquam leo, introgressus 
in latibulum illud suum, vidit me procul delitescentem, mitis et man- 
suetus accessit : ac sublatum pedem ostendere et porrigere, quasi opis 
petendae gratia, visus est. Ibi, ego stirpem ingentem vestigio pedis 
ejus haerentem revelli conceptamque saniem vulnere intimo expressi 
accuratiusque sine magna jam formidine siccavi penltus atque detersi 
cruorem. Ille tunc mea opera et medicina levatus, pede in manibus 
meis posiio, recubuit et quievit. Atque ex eo die triennium totum ego 
et leo in eodem specu eodemque victu viximus. Nam, quas venaba- 
tur feras, membra opimiora ad specum mihi suggerebat: quae ego, 

ctum 3. to introduce, vir consularis, m. a man of consular rank, sensim, 
adv. by degrees, cauda, ae,/. tall, adjungo, xi, ctum 3. to join to. demul- 
ceo, mulsi, raulsuin 2. to soothe ; 2) to lick, blandimentum, i, n. caressing. 
rnutuus, a, um, mutual, recognitio, onis, /. recognition, gratulabundus, a, 
uni, congratulating. Hie, here, proconsulare imperium, n. proconsular pow- 
er, latebrae, arum,/, lurking places, arena, ae,/. sand, latebrosus, a, um, 
full of lurking places, recondo, idi, Ttum 3. to conceal, introgredior, gres- 
sus sum 3. to enter, latibulum, i, n. den. delitesco, tui 3. to conceal one's 
self, mansuetus, a, um, tame, ostendo, di, sum 3. to skoio. porrigo, rexi, 
rectum 3. to extend, vestigium, i, n. sole, revello, elli, ulsum 3. to tear out. 
sanies, ei,/. bloody matter, formldo, ims, f fear, suggero, gessi, gestum 3. 



NARRATIVES. 31# 

ignis copiam non habens, sole meridiano torrens edebam. Sed ubi 
me vitae illius ferinae jam pertaesum est, leoiie in venatum profecto, 
reliqui specum: et, viam fere tridiii permensus, a militibus visus com- 
prehensusque sum et ad dominum ex Africa Romam deductus. Is me 
statim rei capitalis damnandum dandiimque ad bestias curavit. Intel- 
ligo autem hunc quoque leonem, me tunc separate, captum gratiam 
mihi nunc etiam beneficii et medicinae referre. Itaque, cunctis peten- 
tibus, dimissus est Androclus et poena solutus, leoque et suffragiis 
populi donatus. 

9. Somnium mirum. 
Quum duo quidam Arcades familiares iter una facerent et Megaram 
venissent, alter ad cauponem devertit ; ad hospitem alter. Qui ut 
coenati quieverunt, concubia nocte visus est in somnis ei, qui erat in 
hospitio, ille alter orare, ut subveniret, quod sibi a caupone interitus 
pararetur : is primus perterritus somnio surrexit; dein, quum se col- 
legisset idque visum pro nihilo habendum esse duxisset, recubuit ; turn 
ei dormienti idem ille visus est rogare, ut, quoniam sibi vivo non sub- 
venisset, mortem suam ne inultam esse pateretur ; se interfectum in 
plaustrum a caupone esse conjectum, et supra stercus injectum : pe- 
tere, ut mane ad portara adesset, priusquam plaustrum ex oppido ex- 
iret. Hoc vero somnio is commotus mane bubulco praesto ad portam 
fuit ; quaesivit ex eo, quid esset in plaustro : ille perterritus fugit ; mor- 
tuus erutus est : caupo, re patefacta, poenas dedit. — C. Div. 1. 27, 57. 

10. Cleohis et Bito. Tropltonius et Agamedes. 

Argiae sacerdotis, Cleobis et Bito, filii, praedicantur. Nota fabula 
est. Quum enim illam ad sollenne et statum sacrificium curru vehi 
jus esset satis longe ab oppido ad fanum, morarenturque jumenta ; 
tunc juvenes ii, quos modo nominavi, veste posita, corpora oleo perun- 
xerunt: ad jugum accesserunt. Ita sacerdos advecta in fanum, quum 
currus esset ductus a filiis,. precata a dea dicitur, ut illis praemium 
daret pro pietate, quod maximum homini dari posset a deo. Post, 

to bring. sol meridianus, m. midday sun. ferlnas, a, um, loild. me per- 
taesum est alicujus rei, I had become very tired of, (from pertaedet). perme- 
tior, mensLis sura 4. to pass over, rei capitalis damnare, to condemn for a 
capital offence. sufFraglum, i, n. potsherd ; 2) vote., voice. 

9. Caupo, onis, m. inn-keeper, devertor, ti, 3. to put up. concubia nocte, 
dead of night, hospitium, i, n. hospitality, supra, adv. upon that, bubulcus, 
i, m. teamster. 

10. Arglus, a, um, .^rgive. solenni8,e, customary, solemn, status, a, um, 



320 NARRATIVES. 

epulatos cum matre adolescentes somno se dedisse, mane inven- 
tos esse mortuos. — Simili precatione Trophonius et Agamedes usi di- 
cuntur: qui, quum Apollini Delpbis templum exaedificavissent, ve- 
nerantes deum, petierunt mercedem non parvam quidem operis et la- 
boris sui, nihil certi, sed quod esset optimum homini. Quibus Apollo 
Se id daturum ostendisse dicitur post ejus diei diem tertium : qui ut 
illuxit, mortui sunt reperti. — C. Tusc. 1. 47, 113, 1 14. 

11. Dolus Pythii. 
C. Canius, eques Romanus, quum se Syracusas otiandi (ut ipse di- 
cere solebat), non negotiandi caussa, contulisset, dictitabat, se hortulos 
aliquos velle emere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi se oblectare sine inter- 
pellatoribus posset. Quod quum percrebuisset, Pythius ei quidam, 
qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit venales quidem se hortos non 
habere, sed licere uti Canto, si vellet, ut suis : et simul ad coenam 
hominem in hoitos invitavit in posterum diem. Quum ille promisis- 
set, tum Pythius, qui esset ut argentarius apud omnes ordines gratio- 
sus, piscatores ad se convocavit et ab iis petivit, ut ante suos hortulos 
postridie piscarentur : dixitque, quid eos facere vellet. Ad coenam 
tempore venit Canius : opipare a Pythio apparatum convivium : cym- 
barum ante occulos multitudo : pro se quisque quod ceperat, afferebat : 
ante pedes Pythii pisces abjiciebantur. Tum Canius : Quaeso, inquit, 
quid est hoc, Pythi? tantumne piscium, tantumne cymbarum? Et 
ille : Quid mirum ? inquit. Hoc loco est, Syracusis quicquid est pis- 
cium : hie aquatio : hac villa isti carere non possunt. Incensus Canius 
cupiditate contendit a Pythio, ut venderet. Gravate ille primo. Quid 
multa ? impetrat. Emit homo cupidus et locuples tanti, quanti Pythius 
voluit, et emit instructos : negotium conficiL Invitat Canius postridie 
familiares suos ; venit ipse mature : scalmum nullum videt. Quaerit 
ex proximo vicino, num feriae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos 
nullos videret ? Nullae, quod sciam, inquit ille, sed hic piscari nulli 

stated, sacrifici um, i, n. 5ricr</ice. ]\xmeniyxm.,\. n. beast of burden, peiun- 
go, xi, ctum 3. to anoint, precatio, onis, f. prayer. exaedifico 1. to build. 
11. C^Caius. oi\or \. to be unoccupied, hortulus, i, m. a little garden ; 
2) small country house, interpellator, oris, m. disturber, percrebesco, cre- 
bui, to become known, argentaria, ae,/. banking ; argentariam facere, to fol- 
low banking. venaWs, for sale, qui esset, since he was. gratiosus, a, um, be- 
loved, opipare, adv. splendidly, apparo 1. to prepare, pro se quisque, each 
for himself, abjicio, eci, ectum 3. to cast down, tantumne piscium ? so many 
fish? aquatio, onis, /. watering place, villa, ae, country-seat, scalmus, i, 
m.thowl; 2) boat. quodsc\am,as far as I know. siorndLchari., to be indignant. 
The Infin. here stands for stomachatur. formula, ae,/. legal form. 



NARRATIVES. 321 

solent. Itaque heri mirabar, quid accidisset. Stomachari Canius. 
Sed quid faceret ? nondum enim Aquillius protulerat de dolo malo 
formulas.— C. Off. 3. 14, 58—60. 

12. Ardtiis. 

Aratus Sicyonius jure laudatur, qui, quum ejus civitas quinquaginta 
aiinos a tyrannis teneretur, profectus Argis Sicyonem, clandestino in- 
troitu urbe est potitus, quumque tyrannum Nicoclem improviso oppres- 
sisset, sexcentos exsules, qui fuerant ejus civitatis locupletissimi, res- 
tituit, remque publicam adventu suo liberavit. Sed quum magnam 
animadverteret in bonis et possessionibus difficultatem, quod et eos, 
quos ipse restituerat, quorum bona alii possederant, egere iniquissimum 
arbitrabatur, et quinquaginta annorum possessiones moveri non nimis 
aequum putabat, propterea quod tam longo spatio multa hereditatibus, 
multa emptionibus, multa dotibus tenebantiu* sine injm-ia : judicavit, 
neque illis admi, nee iis non satisfieri, quorum ilia fuerant, oportere. 
Quum igitur statuisset, opus esse ad earn rem constituendam pecunia, 
Alexandriam se proficisci velle dixit, remque iutegram ad reditum 
suum jussit esse : isque celeriter ad Ptolemaeum, suum liospitem, ve- 
nit, qui tum regnabat alter post Alexandriam conditam. Cui quum ex- 
posuisset, patriam se liberare velle, caussamque docuisset ; a rege op- 
ulento vir summus facile impetravit, ut grandi pecunia adjuvaretur. 
Quam quum Sicyonem attulisset, adhibuit sibi in consilium quindecim 
principes, cum quibus caussas cognovit et eorum, qui aliena tenebant, 
et eorum, qui sua amiserant: perfecitque aestimandis possessionibus, 
ut persuaderet aliis, ut pecuniam accipere mallent, possessionibus ce- 
derent ; aliis, ut commodius putarent, numerari sibi, quod tanti esset, 
quam suum recuperare. Ita perfectum est, ut omnes, concordia con- 
stituta, sine querela discederent. O virum magnum dignumque, qui 
in nostra republica natus esset! — C. Off. 2. 23, 81, 82. 

12. Sicyonius, SicyoniaA, (from Sicyon, a city of Achaia). Argi, orum, 
m. Jlrgos, chief city of Argolis. clandestinus, a, um, secret, improviso, adv. 
unexpectedly, possideo, sedi, sessum 2. to possess, heredltas, atis,/. inheri- 
tance, satisfacio, feci, factum 3. to make satisfaction, expono, posui, positum 
3. to explain. 



LATIN-ENGLISH YOCABULARY. 



The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 written after the verbs, denote the conjugation 
which they follow : the numerals, which are introduced in § 33, and the pre- 
positions which are introduced in § 34, are omitted. The adjectives of three 
endings in us, a, urn, instead of their endings have the figure 3 after them. 

A. absQmo, sumpsi, sump- accuso 1. to complain of, 

Abduco, xi, ctum 3. turn 3. to consume. accuse. 

to lead away, draw abundo, 1. c. abl. to acer, eris, n. maple-tree. 

away. have an abundance of, acer, cris, ere, sharp, 

abeo, li, itum 4. to go abound {7i(soinething). zealous, ferce. 

away, depart. abutor, usus, sum 3. c. acerbus 3. bitter, pun- 

abhorreo, ui 2. ab. c. abl. to use up; 2) gent. 

abl. to shun, to have abuse. Achilles, is, m. Achilles. 

a strong aversion (to ac, conj. (never before acies, ei, /. edge ; 'd) 

something). a vow^el or h), and; as. line-of-battle. 

abigo, egi, actum 3. to Academia, /. Academy, acriter, adv. spiritedly. 

drive away. accedo, cessi, cessum actio, onis,/. action, 

ahominor 1. to execrate. S. to approach. acuo, ui,utum 3. fos^ar- 

abrlpio, ripui, reptum accelero 1. to hasten. pen. 

3. to take away, carry accendo, di, sum, 3. to acus, us, f. needle. 

off. enkindle, inflame. acute, adv. shaiply, ac- 

absens, tis, absent. acceptus 3. received. utely. 

absolvo, vi, utum 3. to accidit 3. it happens. acutus 3. sharp, pointed, 

complete, 2) to dis- accipio, cepi, ceptum 3. acute. 

charge. to take, receive. adaequo 1. to level to. 

abstergeo, si, sum, 2. <o accommodatus3.c. dat. adamas, antis, m. dia- 

wipe off, take away, fitted to, suited to. mond. 

remove. accresco, evi, etum 3. addictus 3. devoted to. 

abstlnens, tis, temperate. to increase, to aug- addo, didi, ditum 3. to 
abstlneo, tinui, tentum merd. join to, add. 

2. to keep off; 2) c. accubo, bui, bitum 1, to adduco, xi, ctum 3. to 

abl. <o abstain, (from recline by, to sit [at bring to, induce. 

something). table). adeo, adv. so much, so 

absum, fui, esse, to be accurate, adv. accurate- very. 

absent, to be removed; ly, fully. adeo, li, Itum 4. to come 

nihil abest, (non accuratus 3. exact. to, approach. 

multum) abest, quin, accurro, cucurri, cur- adhibeo 2. to apply, be- 

it wants nothing {not sum 3. to run up, to stow, give. 

much), that. hasten up. adhuc, adv. as yet, still. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 323 

adjaceo, ui 2. c. dat. to adsum, fui, esse c. dat. aequus 3. just, equal ; 

lie upon, hy, near (a to he present at (some- aequus animus, equa- 

thing). thing), to be present. nimity. 

adimo, emi, emtum 3. adulatio, onis,/. ^a^en/. aerunma,ae, /.hardship. 

to take, take aicay. adulor 1. c. dat. to flat- aes, aeris, n. brass. 

adipiscor, adeptus sum ter. Aeschines, is, m. JEschi- 

3. to obtain. adulterinus 3. fdse, nes. 

aditus, us, m. approach. counterfeit. aestas, atis, /. summer. 

adjutor, oris, m. assis- aduro, ussi, ustum 3. aestimo 1. to value, es- 

tant. to set on fire, hum. teem. 

adjuvo, uvi, utum 1. c. advenio, veni, ventum aestivus 3. pertaining to 

ace. to aid, assist, sup- 4. to come to, arrive. summer ; aestivum 

port. [ble. advento 1. to approach. tempus, summer sea- 

admirabilis, e, admira- adventus,us, m. arrival. son. 

admiratio, onis,/. admi- adversarius, i, m. oppo- aetas, atis,/. age,period. 

ration. nent. aeternltas, atis, /. der- 

admiror 1. to admire. adversus, 3. placed nity. 

admisceo, iscui, istum against, contrary, op- aeternus 3. eternal. 

or ixtum 2. to inter- posite ; res adversae, affabilitas, atis, /. affa- 

mingle. adversity. hiliiy. 

admodum, adv. very. adverto, ti, sum 3. to affero, attuli, allatum 3. 

admoneo 2. to admon- turn to. to hear to, bring. 

ish. advolo 1. to hasten to, afficio, eci, ectum 3. to 

admoveo, movi, motum aedes, is, /. temple ; pi. affect ; Part, affectus 

2. c. dat. to bring up house. 3. affected. 

to. aedificium, i, n.. edifice. affinllSiS, atis, f. relation- 

adnitor, nixus or nisus aedifico l.to build. ship. 

sum 3. to endeavor. aedilis, is, m. Edile. afflicto 1. to afflict, 

adolescensy lis, m. young aeger, gra, grimi, sick, affluenter, adv. abun- 

man, youth, young. aegritudo, inis, /. sick- dantly. 

adolescentulus, i, m. ness, sorrow. affluentia, ae, /, ahun- 

young man, youth. aegre, adv. reluctantly, dance. 

adolesco, adolevi, adul- with difficulty ; aegre affiuo, uxi, uxum 3. to 

tum 3. to grow up. fero, to he dissatisfied, flow to ; overflow, have 

ador, oris, n. wheat. aegrotus, 3, sick. an abundance. 

adorior, ortus sum 4. aemulor 1. c. ace. to afFulgeo, si 2. to shine. 

to attack, undertake. emulate. Afranius, i. m. Afra- 

adorno 1. to put in or- Aeneas, ae, m. Mneas. nius. 

der, adorn. aenigma,atis, n. en?g-ma. Africanus, i, m. Africa- 

adscendo, di, sum 3. aequalis, e, equal. nus. 

to ascend. aeque — atque (ac), in Agamemno, onis, m. 

adscisco, ivi, itum 3. like manner — as. Agamemnon. 

to adopt, receive. aequiparo 1. to equal. ager, gri, m. field, land. 

adsplcio, exi, ectum 3. aqultas, atis,/. equity. Agesilaus, i, m. Age^i- 

to look upon, discover, aequo 1. to equal. laus. 

adstringo, inxi, ictum 3. aequor, oris, n. surface, agger, eris, m. rampart. 

to draw up tight ; 2\ espec. : surface of aggredior, gressus sum 

bind, to make binding. the sea. 3. rem, to approach. 



324 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

begin something ; 2) alius — alius, one, an- amplus 3. bi'oad liber- 
attack, other. al, magnijicent. 
agmen, inis, n. hand, allicio, exi, ectum 3. amussis, is,/, a rule (of 

Jlock. to allure. mechanics), 

agnosco, novi, mtum 3. alligo 1. to fasten, tie an, (in questions) or. 

recognize. up. anas, atis, f. a duck. 

ago, egi, actum 3. to Allobroges, um, m. Al- anceps, cipltis, twofold, 

drive, make, do, pass ; lohroges. double, doubtful. 

agere annum, to be in alloquor, cutus sum 3. Anchises, ae, m. An- 

the year; age, come to address. chises. 

on. alo, alui, (alltum) 3. to ancilla, ae,/, a maid. 

agricola, ae, m. husband- nourish. ancillaris, e, pertaining 

man, farmer. aloe, es,/ the aloe. to a maid, servile. 

Ajax, acis, m. Ajax. Alpes, ium,/ Alps. ango, xi, 3. to trouble. 
010,1 say, say yes, assert, alter, era, erum, the one angor, oris, m. vexation. 

affirm. or other of two. angulus, i, m. an angle. 

alacer, cris, ere, sptWfec?, alteruter, utra, utrum, angustiae, arum,/ nar- 

lively. one of the two. row pass. 

Albis, is, m. the Elbe. altitudo, inis,/ height, angustus 3. narrow. 
albus 3. white. depth. animadverto, ti, sum 3. 

Alcibiades, is, m. Aid- altus 3. high, deep. to observe, perceive. 

biades. alvus, i,/ belly. animal, alis, n. animal. 

Alexander, dr\,m.Alex- amabilis, e, amiable. ammus, \,m. soul, spirit, 

ander. amarus 3. bitter. mind, heart, courage. 

Alexandria, ae, Alexan- ambio, ivi, itum 4. to annulus, i, m. a ring. 

dria. go around (some- annus, i, m. a year. 

algeo, si 2. to feel cold, thing), swround. anser, eris, m. a goose. 

freeze. ambo, ae, o, both. ante, adv. before. 

alias, adv. at another ambulatio, onis, / a antea, adv. before. 

time. walk. antecedo, cessi, cessum 

alicunde, adv.from some ambulo 1. to go to walk, 3. c. dat. or ace. to go 

place or other. to stroll. before, be superior to 

alienigena, ae, m. stran- amicitia, ae, / friend- (some one). 

gerjrom another coun- ship. antepono, posui, posi- 

try. amicus, i, m. friend. turn 3. to prefer. 

alienus 3. foreign, an- amitto, misi, missum 3. antequara, conj. before 

other^s. to lose. that, ere, before. 

aliquamdiu, adv. a long amnis, is, m. river. Antiochia, ae,f.Antioch. 

time. amo 1. to love. antiquitas, atis, / an- 

aliquando, adv. some amoenus 3. pleasant (of tiquity. 

time. countries), agreeable, antiquitus, adv. ancient- 

aliquis, a, id or allqui, a, amor, oris, m. love. ly, formerly. 

od, some one. am])lexor 1. to embrace, Ant'isllus, \,m.Antistius. 

aliquot (indecL), some. cherish. Antonius, i, m. Antony. 

aliter, adv. otherwise. amplitudo, inis, / au- anus, us, / old looman. 
aliunde, adv. from an- thority, dignity. anxie, adv. anxiously. 

other source, place. amplius, adv. more, fur- aper, pri, m. boar, wild 
alius, a, ud, another ; iher. hoar. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 325 

aperio, mi, rtum 4. to arciis, us, m. a how. assiduus 3. unremitting, 

open, (caput) to un- ardenter, adv. glowing- persevering. 

cover ; apertus 3. ly, ardently. assuefacio, feci, factum 

open. ardeo, si, sum 2. to 3. c. dat. to accustom 

aperte, adv. openly. burn, glow. to. 

apex, icis, m. summit. ardor, oris, m. heat, de- assuesco, evi, etum 3. 
apis, is,/, a bee. sire. c. dat. or abl. to ac- 

Apollo, mis, m. Apollo, area, ae,f.open space. custom one's self to, 
ApolloEia, ae, /. Apol- argeiiteus 3. of silver. be accustomed to 

Ionia. [evident, argentum, i, n. silver ; (something), 

appareo 2. to appear, be arg. vivum, quicksil- Assyria, ae,/. Assyria. 
appello 1. to call. ver. astutla, ae,/ cunning. 

appeto, ivi, itum 3. to Argo, us, / the Argo. at, conj. but, yet. 

strive to obtain. argumentum, i, n. con- Athenae,arum,f Athens. 

appetens, ntis, c. gen. tents. Atheniensis, e, Atheni- 

eager for something. Aristides, is, m. Aristi- ian ; subst. an Athe- 
appetitus, us, m. desire. des. nian. 

applaudo, si, sum 3. c. Aristoteles, is, m. Aris- Atlas, antis, m. Atlas. 

dat. to applaud. totle. atque, conj. and, as. 

applico 1. to rest upon; arma, orum, n. arms. atrox, 6cis,ferce, violent ^ 

se applicare, to ap- aro 1. to plough. frightfid, bloody. 

proach, join one's self Arpinas, atis, m. inhab- attendo, di, tum 3. to 

to (some one), apply itant of Arpinum. attend to, give atten- 

one's self to (some- arrideo, si, sum 2. c. tion. 

thing). dat. to smile upon. attente, adv* attentively. 

a})p6no, posui, positum ars, tis,/ art. attentus 3. attentive. 

3. to place by, before, artlfex, icis, skilful ; attero, trivi, tritum 3. 
approbo 1. to approve. subst. artist. to impair., exhaust. 

appropinquo 1. to ap- artus, us, m. joint, limb. Atticus 3. Attic, inhah- 

proach. Aruns, ntis, m. Aruns. itant of Attica. 

Aprilis, is, m. April. arvum, i, n. a ploughed Atticus, i, m. Atticus. 
aptus 3. c. dat. or ad c. field. attingo, igi, actum 3. 

ace, fit, fitted. arx, cis,/ citadel. to touch. 

aqua, ae,/ water. as, assis, m. an as (a auctor, oris, m. author, 

aratrum, i, n. a plough. Roman copper coin.) adviser ; me auctore, 
arbltror 1. to think, to ascendo, di, sum 3. to upon my advice. 

account (one some- ascend, mount. auctoritas, atis, / au- 

thing). ascensus, us, m. ascent. thority. 

arbor, oris,/ a tree. asinus, i, m. an ass. audacia, ae, / self con- 
arcanum, i. n. a secret, asper, era, erum, rough, fidence. [bold. 
Areas, adis, m. an Ar- aspernor 1. to spurn. audax, acis, corifident, 

cadian. asporto 1. to carry away, audeo, ausus sum 2. to 

arceo, ui 2. to keep off. assentior, sensus sum dare, venture. 
arcesso, ivi, itum 3. to 4. c. dat. to assent to. audio 4. to hear. 

send for, bring. assequor, secutus sum auditor, oris, m. hearer. 

Archias, ae, m. Archias. 3. to attain. aufero, abstuli, ablatum 

Archimedes, is, m. Ar- assido, edi, essum 3. 3. to take away, hear 

chimedes. to sit down. away. 

28 



326 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

augeo, xi, ctum 2. to beate, adv. peacefully, buris, is, /. a plough- 
increase^ enrich. beatus 3. peaceful, hop- tail. 

augurium, i, n. augury, py. butyrum, i, n. butter, 
divination. bellum, i, n. war. 

auguror ]. to divine, pre- belliis 3. beautifid, neat. C. 

diet. bene, adv. ivell, lightly. Cachinnatio, onis, /. 

Augustus, i, m. Augus- benedico 3. c. dat. to loud, unrestrained 

tus. praise. laugh. 

aula, ae, /. court. beueficentia, ae, f he- cacumen, inis, n. top. 

aureus 3. golden. neftcence. cadaver, eris, n. carcass, 

Aureus, i, m. Aureus beneficium, i, n. kind- corpse. 

(mountain). ness, favour. cado, cecidi, casum 3. 

auris, is,/, the ear. beneficus 3. beneficent. to fall, happen. 

aurum, i, n. gold. benevole, adv. kindly, caducus 3. ready to fall, 

ausculto 1. to listen. benevolentia, ae, /. be- falling. 

auspicor 1. to commence. nevolence. caecus 3. blind. 

aut, conj. or; aut — aut, benignus 2. kind. caedes, is,/, slaughter, 

either — or. bestia, ae,/ beast. caedo, cecidi, caesum 

autem, conj. but (takes bestiola, ae, /. a little 3. to fell, to kill. 
the second place in animal. caerimonla, ae, / cere- 
its sentence). bibliotheca, ae, / li- mony. 

autumnus, i, m. autumn. hrary, Caesar, aris, m. Caesar ; 

auxilium, i, n. aid; pi. bibo, bibi, bibitum 3. 2) an emperor. 

auxiliary troops. to drink. [bodied. Caius Marius, Caius 

avaritia, ae,/ avarice, bicorpor, oris, double- Marius. 

avarus 3. c. gen. ava- biduum, i, n. the space calamitas, atis, /cafom-r 

ricious, covetous, gree- of two days. ity, loss, misfortune, 

dy. bilis, is, f. the gall. calcar, aris, n. a spur. 

aversor 1. to shun. blande, adv. gently. calculus, i, m. pebble. 

averto, ti, sum 3. to blandior, itus sum 4. to caleo 2. to be warm, 

turn away, to avert. flatter. Q,dM^o,ims,f. darkness. 

avidus 3. c. gen. desir- bombyx, ycis, m. the calix, icis, m. a cup. 

ous, greedy. silk worm. callidus 3. cunning. 

avis, is,/ a bird. bonitas, atis, / good- Callisthenes, is, m. Cal- 

avoco 1. to call off. ness. listhenes. 

avolo 1. to fly away. bonus 3. g-oot? ; bonum, calor, oris, m. heat. 

avus, 1, m. a grandfa- i, n. the good, good, calyx, ycis, m. the bud. 

ther. Boreas, ae, m. Boreas, camel us, i, m. camel. 

axis, is, m. an axle. north wind. campus, i, m. a plain. 

bos, ovis, c. ox, cow. canalis, is, m. a canal. 

B. brevis, e, short ; brevi, canis, is, c. a dog. 

Babylon, onis,/ Baby- (sc. tempore), in a cannabis, is,/ hemp. 

Ion. short time, soon. cano, ceclni, cantum 3. 

Bactra, orum, n. Bactra. Britannus, i, m. a Bri- to sing. 

barba, ae,/ beard. ton. canto 1. to sing. 

barbarus 3. barbarian. Brundusium, i. n. Brun- cantus, us, m. song. 

basis, is, / foundation, dusium. Canusium, i, n. Canu- 

pedestal. Brutus, i, m. Brutus. sium. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 327 

capesso, ivi, itum 3. to to be on one's guard, circumdo, dedi, datum, 

seize ; proelium, to ab aliquo, before some dare, to place around, 

commence battle. one ; 2) establish, pro- surround, (c. dat. of 

capillus, i, m. the hair. vide. • [to give way. pers. and ace. of 
capio, cepi, captiim 3. cedo, cessi, cessum 3. thing,orc.acc.ofpers. 

to take, seize, capture, celeber, bris, bre, fre- and abl. of thing), 

capra, ae,f. she-goat. quanted. circumeo (circueo), ii, 

capto 1. to catch, strive celebrltas, atis, /. great Itum 4. to go around. 

to catch. number, great multi- circumsedeo, sedi, ses- 

caput, itis, n.head, chap- tude. sum 2. to sit around, 

ter, chief city. celebro 1. to celebrate. besiege. 

carbasus, i,fflax. celer, eris, ere, swift. circumsplcio, spexi, 

career, ^ris, m. a prison, celeiitas, atis, f. celerity, spectum 3. (c. ace.) 
cardo, mis, m. hinge. swiftness. to look around (after 

careo 2. c. abl. to want, celerlter adv. swiftly. something). 

Oaria, ae,/. Carta. celo 1. c. dupl. ace. to circumsto, eti 1. to 

caritas, atis,/. love. conceal. stand around. 

carmen, inis,/. poem. censeo, sui, sum 2. to cito, adv. quickly, 

caro, ca.Yms,f. flesh. value, account, think, civilis, e, ciinZ ; bellum 

Carolus, i, m. Charles. Centaurus, i, m. a Cen- civile, civil war. 

carpentarlus i, m. wheel- taur. civis, is, c. citizen, sub- 

wright. cerasum, i, n. cherry. ject, 

Carthago, Inis, /. Car- cerasus, i,f. cherry-tree, civltas, atis, /. citizen- 

thage. Ceres, eris, /. Ceres. ship, state ; 2) right 

Carthaginiensis, is, m. cerno, crevi, cretum 3. of citizenship. 

a Carthaginian. to see, judge. [test, clades, is,/ defeat. 

carus 3. beloved, dear. certamen, inis, n. con- clamo \. to cry out. 

casa, ae,/ a hut. certe, adv. surely. clamor, oris, m. a cry. 

cassis, idis,/ helmet. certo, 1. to contend. clare, adv. dearly, evi- 
cassis, is (commonly certo, adv. surely. dently. [ed. 

pi. casses, ium), m. certus 3. sure, certain, clarus 3. clear, renown- 

hunter^s net. definite, positive. classis, is, / fleet. 

Casslus, i, m. Cassius. cervus, i, m. stag. claudo, si, sum 3. to 
castigo 1. to reprove. ceteri, ae, a, the rest. close. 

castra, orum, n. camp, chalybs, ybis, m. steel, clausus 3. dosed. 

casus, us, m. fall, mis- chorda, ae,/ string. clavis, is,/ key. 

fortune, chance. Chrisius, i. m. Christ, clemens, tis, mild. 

catena, ae, / chain. cibus, i, m. food. clementer, adv, mildly. 

Catilina, ae, m. Catiline, cicer, eris, n. chick-pea. Cleoinenes, is, m. Cleo- 
caulis, is, m. cabbage. Cicero, onis, m. Cicero. menes. 

Cato, onis, m. Cato. ciconla, ae,/ stork. Clitus, i, m. Clitus. 

caussa, ae, / ground, cicur, uris, tame. Clodius, i. m. Clodiv^. 

cause, civil process ; cieo, ivi, itum 2. to raise, elypeus, i, m. shield, 

(with a gen. preced- cingo, xi, ctum 3. to coactor, oris, m. collec- 

ing) on account of. gird, surround. tor. 

cautus 3. cautious, care- cinis, eris, m. a^hes. coalesco, lui, litum 3. 

ful. circulus, i, m. circle, cir- to grow together, to 

caveo, cavi, cautum 3. cuit. coalesce. 



328 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



coaxo 1. to croak. 

cochlea, ae,/. a snail, 

codex, icis, m. hook. 

codicilli, orum, m. lorit- 
ing-tablet. 

coelestis, e, heavenly. 

coelum, i, n. heaven. 

coena, ae,/. a meal. 

coeno 1. to partake of 
food ; coenatus 3. 
having eaten. 

coepi, pisse, to have he- 
gun. 

coerceo 2. to restrain. 

cogitatio, onis,/! re/lec- 
tion. 

cogitate, adv. with re- 
fection. 

cogito 1. to think, con- 
sider. 

cognitio, onis, f know- 
ledge. 

cognltus 3. known. 

cogEOsco, novi, nitum 
3. to hecome acquaint- 
ed with, perceive, un- 
derstand. 

cogo, coegi, coactum 3. 
to compel. 

cohaereo, si, sum 2. to 
hold together. 

cohors, tis./. cohort. 

cohortor 1. to encourage, 
incite. 

coUigo, egi, ectum 3. 
to collect. 

collis, is, m. a hill. 

coUoco 1. in c. abl. to 
place in, hestow upon 
something. 

folloquiLim, i, n. con- 
ference. 

coUoquor, locutus sum 
3. to converse. 

collum, i, n. neck. 

collustro 1. to illumi- 
nate. 

colo, colui, cultum 3. 



to attend to, cultivate, 
revere, honor. 

colonia, ae,/. colony. 

color, oris, m. color. 

columba, ae,/. dove. 

col us, i,/. distaff. 

comburo, ussi, ustum 
3. to hum up, hum. 

comedo, edi, esum 3. 
to eat, consume. 

cometes, ae, m. comet. 

comlcus 3. comic; poe- 
ta comlcus, comic poet. 

comis, e, courteous. 

comitas, atis, /. kind- 
ness. 

comitia, orum, n. as- 
semhly of the people. 

comitor 1. to accompa- 
ny. 

commemoro 1. to men- 
tion. 

commendatio, onis, /. 
commendation. 

commendo 1. to recom- 
mend. 

committo, misi, mis- 
sum 3. to commit to ; 
2) to commit, 

commodrtas, atis,/. con- 
venience, 

commodum, i, n. ad- 
vantage, use. 

commodus ^.convenient. 

commonefacio, feci, 
factum 3. to remind. 

coramoiieo 2. to remind, 
admonish. 

commoveo 2. to move. 

communis, e, common, 
known hy all. 

commutatie, onis, /. 
change. 

como, compsi, comp- 
tum 3. to comb, adorn, 

comoedia, ae,/. comedy. 

compare 1. to prepare, 
acquire. 



comperio, peri, pertum 
1. to ascertain, 

compes, ed'is, f, a fetter. 

complector, exus sum 
3. to emhrace. 

compleo, evi, etum 2. 
tofll, 

complico, avi, atum 1. 
to fold together ; com- 
plicatus 3. involved. 

compliires, a or ia, gen. 
ium, very many. 

compono, sui, sltum 3. 
to put together, dis- 
pose ; pacem, to es- 
tablish peace ; se 
comp. in aliquid, to 
set one's self light. 

compos, Otis, c. gen. 
powerful, possessed of, 

compositus 3. composed. 

comprehendo, di, sum 
3. to seize. 

compungo, xi, ctum 3. 
to prick, 

concede, essi, essum 3. 
to allow, confess, 2) to 
surrender out's self, 

concilio 1. to conciliate, 
unite, 

conclne, iniii, entum 3. 
to sing together, sound 
together. 

concionor 1. to ha- 
rangue the people. 

conclpio, cepi, ceptum 
3. to conceive, receive ; 
suspicionem, conceive 
a suspicion. 

con cite 1. to excite, raise. 

conclamo 1. to call out. 

conclude, si, sum 3. to 
include, 

Concordia, ae. /. harmo- 
my. 

concresce, crevi, cre- 
tum 3. to grow to- 
r. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 329 

concupisco, pivi, pitum congrego 1. to assemble. conserva1ao,6nis,/.pre- 

3. to desire. conjicio jeci, jectum 3. servation. 

condemno 1. to con- to throw ; in pudo- conservator, oris, m ; 

demn ; ca^itis,to death. rem conjici, to be dis- conservatrix, icis, /. 

condimentum, i. n. seas- graced. preserver. 

oning. conjugo, 1. to unite. conserve 1. to preserve. 

eondio 4. to season. conjungo, nxi, nctum3. consider© 1. to consider. 

condiscipulus, i, m.fel- to join. consido, edi, essum 3. 

low-student. conjuratio, onis,^^ con- to sit down. 

conditio, onis,/. condi- spiracy. consign© 1. to note, 

iion. conjuratus 3. conspired, point out. 

condo, idi, itum 3. to a conspirator. consilium, i, n. counsel, 

preserve, conceal, connect©, exui, exum 3. deliberation, purpose, 

found. to connect. plan, wisdom. 

confectio, onis, /. mak- Cono, onis, m. Conon. consolatio, onis, /. con- 
ing, composing. Conor 1. to undertake, soling, consolation. 

confer©, contuli, colla- venture, try. c©ns6lor 1. to console. 

turn 3. to bring to- c©nquiesc©, evi, etum 3. c©ns©rs, tis c. ^en. par- 

gether, join, compare, in c. abl. to find taking of. 

2) to confer (e. g. fa- consolation in some- c©nspectus, us, m. sight. 

v©rs) ; se c©nferre, thing. c©nsperg©, rsi, rsum 3. 

to betake one's self. c©nsanesc©, niii 3. to to besprinkle, strew. 

confici©, feci, fectum become well. c©nspici©, exi, ectum 3. 

3. to perform, con- c©nscend6, di, sura, 3. to discover, 

elude ; 2) to impair, to mount up, to as- conspic©r 1. to discover, 

consume. cend. see. [cuous. 

confido, isus sum 3, c. c©nscientia, ae, f con- c©nspicuus 3. conspi- 

dat. or abl. to trust to, sdousness, conscience. c©nstanter, adv. with 

confide in. c©nsclus 3. c. gen. con- constancy, constantly. 

coniirmo 1. to confirm. scious of. constantia, ae, /. stead- 

confiteor, fessus sum consector 1. to pursue. fastness. 

2.to acknowledge, con- consenesco, nui 3. to c©nstern©, stravi, stra- 

fess. grow old. turn 3. to strew. 

confiigo, xi, ctum 3. to c©nsensus, us, m. agree- constituo, ui, utum 3. 

fight, ment. to establish, determine, 

confluo, xi, xum 3. to consentaneus 3. suited constitute, 

fiow together. to. c©nst©, iti, atum 1. c. 

c©nfodr©, odi, ©ssum 3. c©nsenti©, nsi, nsum 4. abl. ©r ex c. abl. to 

to stab. to agree with. consist of; to cost ; 

c©nf6rmo 1. to form. c©nsequor, secutussum c©nstat. it is known, 

c©nfring©, fregi, frac- 3. to follow, to attain. c©nstringo, inxi, ictum 

turn 3. to break in conser©, rui, rtum 3. 3. to draw together, 

pieces. to join together ; ma- bind together. 

conger©, essi, estum 3. num cum aliqu©, to c©nsuesc©, evi, etum 3. 

to colled together. be hand to hand with to accustom one's self 

congredi©r,gressus sum som£ one. be accustomed. 

3. to meet (with one), conser©, sevi, situm 3. c©nsuetud©, inis,^ Aa6- 

fight. to set with plants. it, intercourse. 
28* 



330 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

consul, ulis, m. consul, contremisco, tremui 3. corrado, si, sum 3. to 
coiisulatus, us, m. con- to tremble. scrape together. 

sulship. . contueor, tultus sum 2. correctio, onis, /. cor- 

consulo, lui, Itum 3. to to consider. rection. 

deliberate; c. ace. to contundo, udi, usum 3. corrigo, rexi, rectum 3. 

consult some one ; c. to crush, bring to to correct, improve. 

dat. to consult for naught. [covei: corruo, ui 3. to rush to- 

some one. convalesce, lui 3. to re- gether. 

consulto, adv. designed- conveho, exi, ectum 3. cortex, icis, m. rind, 

ly. to bring together, car- bark. 

consultus 3. c. gen. ac- ry together. corvus, i, m. a crow. 

quainted with. convello, velli, vuisum cos, cotis, /. whetstone, 

consumo, mpsi, mptum 3, to rend, convulse. grindstone. 

3. to consume. convenlo, veni, ventum crambe, es,/. cabbage, 

cont'dmlno 1. to contam- 4. to come together; eras, adv. tomorrow. 

inate. c. ace. to visit. crebro, adv. frequently. 

conterano, mpsi, mp- converto, rti, rsum 3. credo, didi, ditum 3. 

turn 3. to despise. to turn around, turn to believe, to trust. 

comtemplor 1. to con- to, turn. credulus 3. credulous. 

sider. conviva, ae, m. guest. cremo 1. to hum. 

contendo, di, turn 3. to convivium, i, n. enter- creo 1. to create, choose. 

stretch, stretch one's tainment. crepo, ui, itum 1. to 

self, strive after some- convivor 1. to eat with. creak. 

thing; in locum, to conwoco 1. to call togeth- cresco, crevi, cretum 3. 

march ; to contend ; er. to increase, grow. 

ab aliquo, to demand, convolo 1. to fly , hasten Creta, ae,/. Crete. 
contentus 3. c. abl. con- together. crimen, Inis, n. crime, 

tented. coorior, ortus sum 4. crinis, is, m. hair. 

contero, trivi, tritum 3. to arise, burst forth, crinitus 3. hairy. 

to break in pieces; copla, ae,/ abundance, Croto, onis, m. Croton. 

contritus 3. threshed. multitude ; opportu- cruciatus, us, m. torture. 
conticesco, ticui 3. to nity ; -pi. troops. cvucio 1. to torment, tor- 

be silent. copiosus 3. abundant ; ture. 

contlneo, inui, entum 2) rich in expression, cru delis, e, cruel. 

2. to hold together ; fluent. cru dell tas, atis,/ crwcZ- 
animam, to stop the copulo 1. to join. ty. 

breath ; abstain. coqua, ae, / a cook. cruentus 3. bloody. 

contingo, tigi, tactum coquo, xi, ctum 3. to cruor, oris, m. blood. 

3. to fall to one^s lot. cook. crus, uris, n. shin, leg. 
continuo, adv. forthwith, cor, cordis, n. heart. cubo, ui, itum 1. to re- 
coniinuus3. continuous. Corinthius 3. Corin- dine. 
contorqueo, rsi, itum 2. thian. cucumis, eris, m. cu- 

tohurl, shoot. Corinthus, i,/. Corinth. cumber. 

contra, adv. on the con- corneus 3. of horn. culina, ae,/. kitchen. 

trary. cornu, us, n. horn. culmen, inis, n. top. 

contraho, axi, actum 3. corona, ae,/ garland, culpa, Q.e,f guilt, fault. 

to draw together. corporeus 3. corporeal, cultus, us, m. attention 

contrarius 3. opposite, corpus, oris, n. body. to, clothing, worship. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 331 

cumulo 1. to heap up, decerno, crevi, cretum dejicio, jeci, jectum 3. 

load, 3. to determine, dis- to cast down. 

cuB'de, arum, f. a cradle. cern. delecto 1. to delight; 

cunctor 1. to delay. decerpo, psi, ptum 3. pass. c. abl. to he de- 

cunctus 3. the whole ; to pluck off, break off, lighted, to rejoice. 

pi. all, all together. take from. deleo, evi, etum 2. to 

cupidrtas, atis,y. desire, decerto 1. to contend. destroy, annihilate. 

cupidus 3. c. gen. de- decet 2. c. ace. it is delibero 1. to deliberate, 

sirous. proper. consider. 

cupio, pivi, pitum 3. to declare 1. to declare. delictum, i, n. offence. 

desire, wish. decorus 3. becoming ; dellgo, egi, ectum 3. to 

cur, adv. why ? decorum, propriety. select. 

cura, ae,/. care; curae decresco, crevi, cretum Delphi, orum, m. Del- 

mihi est, 1 am anx- 3. to decrease. phi. 

ious. decus, oris, n. honor. Delphlcus 3. Delphic. 

curculio, onis, m. the dedecet 2. c. ace. it is delinquo, iqui, ictum 3. 

corn-worm. not proper. to do wrong. 

Curlus, i, m. Curius. dedico 1. to dedicate. delude, si, sum 3. to 

euro 1. to care ; c. ace. to dedo, idi, Itum, 3. to de- deceive. 

he concerned, to look liver up. Delus (os), i. f. Delos 

out for something; c. defatigo 1. to iveainj, to (an island). 

gerundivo, to cause. make weary ; pass, to Demaratus, i, m. De- 

curriculum, i, n. race become weary. maratus. 

course, course. defendo, di, sum 3. to demerge, si, sum 3. to 

curro, cueurri, cur sum defend. plunge under, sink. 

3. to run. defere, detuli, delatum, demeto, ssui, ssum 3. 

currus, us, m. chariot. deferre 3. to offer. to cut down. 

cursus, us, m. a course, defervesco, bui, 3. to demitte, misi, missum 

custedia, ae,/. watch. cease boiling, cease 3. to send down, let 

custedio 4. to guard, raging. fall. 

watch, keep. defetiscor, fessus sum demo, mpsi, mptum 3. 

custes, odis, m. keeper. 3. to become iveary, be to take away, 

cymba., ae,f boat. wearied. [to fail, demollor, itus sum 4. 

Cyrus, i, m. Cyrus. deficio, feci, fectum 3. to demolish. 

Cyprus, i,/. Cyprus. defigo xi, xum 3. in c. demonstro 1. to point 
abl. to fix firmly, fix out. 

D. upon something. Demosthenes, is, m. 

Damno 1. to condemn, definio 4. to define. Demosthenes. 

damnum, i, n. injury, deflagro 1. to burn up. demum, adv. first, at 

dea, ae,/. goddess. deflecto, xi, xum 3. to length. 

deambulo 1. to go to turn from, deviate. denique, adv. at last, 

walk. [must, defuglo, ugi, ugitum 3. finally. 

debeo 2. to owe, ought, c. ace. to escape. dens, tis, m. tooth. 

debilis, e, weak. degener, ris, degenerate, densus 3. thick. 

decedo, eessi, cessum degusto 1. to taste. dentatus 3. toothed. 

3. to go away, die. deinde, thereupon, then, denuo, adv. anew. 
December, bris, m. De- Deiamra, ae, /. Deja- depasce, pavi, pastum 

cember. nira. 3. to feed down. 



332 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



^ 



depono, posui, positum detraho, axi, actum 3. diligo, lexi, lectum 3. to 

3. to lay down, lay to draw from, remove. esteem, love. 

aside. detrimentum, i, n. in- dilucidus 3, dear. 

deprehendo, di, sum 3. . jury. diluo, ui, utum 3. to di- 

to seize, catch. detrudo, si, sum 3. to lute, weaken. 

deprlmo, pressi, pres- thrust down. dimlco 1. to Jlght. 

sum 3. to depress. deus, i, m. God. dimidium, i, n. half. 

depugno 1. to fight (for devasto 1. to lay waste, dimitto 3, to dismiss. 

life or death). devinco 3. to conquer. Dionyslus, i, m. Diony- 

derideo, isi, isum 2. to devoco 1. to call down. sius. 

deride. devolo 1. to fly forth, diphthongus, i, / diph- 

descendo, di, sum 3. hasten away. thong. 

to descend. devoro 1. to devour. dirlpio, ipui, eptum 3. 

describo, psi, ptum 3. dialectica, ae,/. ^ogic. to plunder. 

to describe, note. dialectus, \,J. dialect. dimo, m, utum 3. to de- 

deseco, cui, ctum 1. Diana, ae,f Diana. stroy. 

to cut off. dico, xi, ctum 3. to say, dirus 3. horrible. 

desero, mi, rtum 3. to call. discedo, cessi, cessum 

desert. dictator, oris, m. dicta- 3. to go away, depart. 

desideriura, i, n. long- tor. discessus, us, m. de- 

ing, earnest desire. dictito 1. to say often. parture. 

desidero 1. to long for, dies, ei, m. day. discindo, cidi, cissum 

feel the want of some- difficllis, e, difficult. 3. to tear in pieces, 

something. difficultas, atis, /. diffi- rend. 

desido, edi 3. to fall cidty. disciplina, ae, /. disci- 

down, diffido, isus sum 3. to pline. 

designo 1. to designate. distrust. discipulus, i, m. disciple. 

desino, sli, situm 3. to diffiudo, ftdi, fissum 3. discludo, si, sum 3. to 

cease. to split. separate. 

desisto, stiti, stitum 3. diffundo, fudi, fusum 3. disco, didici 3. to learn. 

to desist, cease. to diffuse, disperse. discolor, oris, parly-col- 

despero 1. to despair of. digero, essi, estum 3. to ored, variegated. 
despicio, spexi, spec- separate, digest. discordia, ae,/. discord. 

tum 3. to despise. digitus, i, m. finger. discordo 1. cum aliquo, 

destituo, m, utum 3. to dignltas, atis,/ dignity. to disagree with some 

desert, leave behind. dignus 3. c. abl. worthy, one. 
destmo, uxi, uctum 3. deserving. discrimen, inis, n. dis- 

to destroy. dijudico 1. to distin- tinction, danger. 

desum, fui, esse, to be guish. discutio, ussi, ussum 3. 

wanting ; c. dat. rei, dilabor, lapsus sum 3. to disperse, to dispel. 

to neglect. to glide away, disap- disertus 3. eloquent. 

detego, xi, ctum 3. to pear. [pieces, disjiclo, jeci, jectum 3. 

detect. dilacero 1. to tear in to scatter. 

detergeo, rsi, rsum 2. dilanlo 1. to lacerate. dispar, aris, unequal, 

to wipe off. dilfgens, tis, diligent. diverse. 

deterreo 2. to frighten diligenter adv.diligently. dispell©, puli, pulsum 

from, deter. diligentia, ae, /. dili- 3. to drive asunder, 

detestabllis, e, detestable. gence, exactness. to dispel. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



333 



dispergo, rsi, rsum 3. to 
disperse, scatter, 

displcio, exi, ectum 3. 
to open the eyes. 

displiceo 2. to displease. 

dissenslo, ouis, f. dis- 
sension. 

dissero, rui, rtum 3. to 
discuss, discourse. 

dissimilis, e, dissimilar. 

dissipo 1. to scatter. 

dissolve, vi, Litum 3. to 
dissolve. [dissuade. 

dissuadeo, si, sum 2. to 

distineo, inui, entum 2. 
to hold from each oth- 
er, occupy, detain. 

distingno, nxi, nctum 3. 
to distinguish. 

distraho, axi, actum 3. 
to draw asunder, dis- 
solve, waste. 

distribuo, ui, utuni 3. 
c. dat. to distribute. 

diu, adv. a long time ; 
diutiiis, longer. 

diuturnltas, atis,/ long 
continuance. 

diuturnus 3. long-con- 
tinued. 

diversus 3. different. 

dives, Itis, rich. 

divido, isi, isum 3. to 
divide. 

divinus 3. divine. 

divitiae, arum,/, riches. 

do, dedi, datum, dare, 
to give, attribute ; lit- 
teras dare, to write a 
letter. 

loceo, cui, ctum 2. to 
teach, inform. 

docllis, e, teachable. 

doctor, oris, m. teacher. 

doctrina, ae,/. doctrine, 
instruction, science. 

ductus 3. learned, versed 



documentum,i, n. proof. 

doleo 2. to grieve, feel 
pain. 

doliarium, i, n. cellar. 

dolor, oris, in. pain, 
grief. 

dolus, i, m. fraud. 

domesticus 3. domestic. 

domicillum, i, n. resi- 
dence. 

dominatio, onis, /. do- 
minion. 

dommor 1. to reign. 

domlnus, i, m. lord, mas- 
ter. 

domo, ui, Itum 1. to 
subdue. 

domus, us,/, house, pal- 
ace ; do mi, at home ; 
domo, from home. 

donee, cunj. until, until 
that, even until. 

dono 1. to give, present. 

donum, i, n. present. 

dormlo 4. to sleep. 

dos, AbtAS,f. dowry, por- 
tion. 

dublto 1. to doubt. 

dublus 3. doubtful. 

duco, xi, ctum 3. to 
lead, draw, lead away ; 
2) to consider, regard 
as something. 

dulcedo, inis /. sweet- 
ness, pleasantness. 

dulcis, e, sweet, lovely. 

dum, conj. while, so long 
as ; with subj. until, 
until that, so [as) long 
as ; provided that. 

dumetum, i, n. a thicket. 

dummodo, conj. with 
subj. provided that. 

duplico 1. to double. 

duro 1. to last, endure. 

durus 3. hard. 

dux, cis, c. leader, gen- 
eral. 



Dyrrhachium, i, n. 
Dyrrhachium. 

E. 

Eblandior itus sum 4. 

to gain by flattery. 
eburneus 3. of ivoiy, 

ivory. 
ecclesia, ae,/. church. 
echo, us,/ echo. 
edisco, didici 3. to com- 
mit to memory. 
edo, di, sum 3. to eat. 
edo, idi, Itum 3. to put 

forth, proclaim, per- 
form. 
edoceo, ciii, ctum 2. to 

instruct, inform. 
edolo 1. to hew properly, 

to squm-e. 
educo 1. to bring up. 
educo, xi, ctum 3. to 

lead forth. 
effector, oris, m. maker. 
efFeminatus 3. effemi- 

nite. 
effero, extuli, elatum 3. 

to carry forth, bury. 
efFlcio, feci, fectum 3. 

to effect, make. 
effloresco, rili 3. to 

flourish. [dig up* 

efibdio, odi, ossum 3. to 
efFuglo, fugi, fugitum 

3. c. 0.0.0,. to flee away. 
eflFundo, udi, usum 3. 

to pour forth, throw 

off 
effusus 3. unrestrained. 
egeo, ui 2. to want, be 

in want. 
egestas, atis,/ want. 
ego, pron. I. 
ejlclo, eci, ectum 3. to 

cast forth. 
ejulo 1. to complain. 
ejus modi, of this kind, 

of like kind. 



334 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

elabor, lapsus sum 3. ernolumentum, i, n. ad- eruo, iii, utum 3. to dig 

to glide aivay, vantage. up. 

elahovol.to bestow pains emorlor, ortuus sum 3. esuno 4. to be hungry. 

upon ; in c. abl. to to die. [chase, et, conj. and ; et — et, 

occupy one's self with emptio, onis, f. pur- both — and, so [as) 

something. en, adv. behold ! well — as also. 

elegans, tis, elegant. Endymio, onis, m. En- etiam, conj. also. 
elegantia, ae,/ elegance. dymion. etiamsi, conj. even if. 

elementum, i, n. ele- eneco, cui, ctum 1. to Etruria, ae, /. Etruna. 

ment, beginning, ele- kill by inches, vex to etsi, conj. even if, al- 

mentary principle, let- death. though. 

ter (of the alphabet), emm, for {§ 10] . R. 1). Europa, ae,/. Europe. 

elephantus, i, m. ele- enitor, isus or ixus sum evado, asi, asum 3. to 

phant. 3. to exert one's self, go aid, become. 

elicio, ui, itum 3. to strive. evanesce, nui 3. to dis- 

draw out, elicit. ensis, is, m. sword. appear. 

elido, isi, isum 3. to enumero 1. to enumer- evello, velli, vulsum 3. 

dAish, break, weaken. ate. to pluck out. 

eltgo, egi, ectum 3. to eo, adv. thither, so far. evenit 4. it happens. 

select out, elect, choose, eo, ivi, Itum, ire, to go. eventus, us, m. event, re- 

eloquentia, ae, /. elo- Epaminondas, ae, m. suit. 

quence. Epaminondas. everto, ti, sum 3. to 

eloquor, cutus sum 3. Ephestus 3. Ephesian. overturn, prostrate, de- 

to pronounce. Ephesus, i, /. Ephesus. stroy. 

eluceo, xi 2. to shine Epicurus, i, m. Epicu- evito 1. to avoid. 

forth. rus. [gram, evolo 1. to fy forth. 

eludo, iisi, usum 3. to epigramma, atis, n. epi- evolvo, Ivi, latum 3. to 

elude, deride. epilogus, i, m. epilogue. unfold, bring out. 

emendo 1. to improve, epistoia, ae,/. letter. evomo, ui, itum 3. to 

ementior, itus sum 4. to epulae, arum,/ a meal, belch forth, send forth. 

state falsely. feast. exacuo, ui, utum 3. to 

emerge, rsi, rsum 3. to eques, itis, m. horseman ; sharpen. 

emerge, to work one's cavalry, knight. exagito 1. to harass. 

self out. equidem, adv. indeed. examen, inis, n. swarm. 

emetior, emensus sum equlto 1. to ride. examtno 1. to examine. 

4. to measure off; equus, i, m. horse, steed, exanimo 1. to deprive of 

travel through. Erechtheus, ei, m. Erec- life, to kill. 
emlco, ui, atum 1. to theus. exardesco, arsi, arsum 

gush forth. ergo, conj. therefore. 3. to take f re. [ion. 

emigro 1. to move out. eripio, ipui, eptum 3. to exascio 1. to hew, fash- 
emineo, ui 2. to be emi- snatch Jrom. exaudio 4. to listen to. 

nent. erraticus 3. wandering, excedo, cessi, cessum 

emitto, misi, missum 3. erro 1. to wander, or. 3. c. abl. or ex c. abl. 

to send forth, thrust error, oris, m. error ; pi. to go forth, depart. 

out. wanderings. excello, ui 3. to excel. 

emo, emi, emptum 3. erudlo 4. to instruct. excelsus 3. elevated. 

to purchase. erumpo, rupi, ruptum excerpo, psi, ptum 3. 
emollio 4. to soften. 3. to break forth. to take out, extract. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 335 

excessus, us, m. depar- exoro 1. to entreat ear- exsul, ulis, c. an exile, 

ture. nestly, obtain hy en- exsulto 1. to leap wp^ 

excido, idi, isum 3. to treaty. exult. 

destroy. expedio 4. to disengage ; extemplo adv. immedi- 

excieo, ivi, itiim 2. or se exp. to get ready. ately. 

excio, ivi, itum 4. to expello, puli, pulsum 3. exteniio 1. to lessen. 

excite, arouse. to expel. extermino 1. to exter- 

excipio, cepi, ceptum expergefacio, feci, fac- minate. 

3, to receive. turn 3. to arouse externus 3. external. 

excito 1. to excite, raise. (from sleep). exterus S. foreign. 

exclamo 1. to cry out. expergiscor, perrectus extimesco, mui 3. c. 

exciudo, usi, usura 3. sum 3. to ivake up. ace. to be afraid of 

to shut out, hatch. experior, pertus sum 4. something. 

excolo, olui, ultum 3. to ascertain, to try. extorqueo, rsi, rtum 2. 

to cultivate. expers, rtis, c. gen. des- to wrest from, extort. 

excors, rdis, senseless. titute of. extremus 3. outermost, 

excrucio ] . to torment, expeto, ivi, itum 3. to last. 

excusatio, onis, f. ex- strive to obtain. extrinsecus, adv. from 

cuse. expingo, nxi, ctum 3. without. 

exedo, edi, esum 3. to to paint out. extrudo, si, sum 3. to 

consume, corrode. expleo, evi, etum 2. to thrust from, out. 

exemplar, aris, n. mod- fill up, fulfil. exulcero 1 . to make sore, 

el, pattern. explico 1. to explain. render worse. 

exemplum, i, n. exam- explodo, si, sum 3. to exuo, ui, utum 3. to 

pie, instance. clap off, drive off. draiv off, take off. 

exeo, ii, itum, ire, to go explorator, oris, m. spy. 

out, go forth. exploro 1. to search out, F. 

exerceo 2. to exercise. explore. Faber, bri, m. artisan 

exercitatio, onis,/. e.rer- exposco, poposci .3. to (of each art); faber 

dse, practice. demand, request. lignanus, carpenter, 

exercitus, us, m. army, exprimo, pressi, pres- fabricator, oris, m. waA:- 

exhaurio, si, stum 4. sum 3. to express. er,framer. 

to exhaust. exprobro 1. to reproach. Fabriclus, i, m. Fabri- 

exhilaro l.to exhilarate, expugno ]. to take. diis. 

exigo, egi, actum 3. to exquiro, isivi, isitum 3. fahula, ae, f. Jable. 

pass (time). to examine. facesso, ssivi, ssitum 3. 

exiguus 3. little, paltry, exsilium, i, n. banish- to make ; negotium, 

eximius 3. distinguish- ment. [become, be. to make trouble, vex ; 

ed, excellent. exsisto, stiti 3. to arise, 2) to take one's self 

existimatio, onis, /. es- exsors, rtis, c. gen. des- off 

timation, opinion, titute of. facetus 3. delicate, witty. 

judgment. exspecto 1. to expect, facile, adv. easily. 

existimo l.to esteem, con- await, wait. facilis, e, easy. 

sider one something. exstinguo, nxi, nctum facinus, oris, n. deed, 

exordlor, orsus sum 4. 3. to extinguish, ob- foul deed. 

to begin. literate, kill. facio, feci, factum 3. to 

exorlor, ortus sum 4. to extruo, uxi, uctum 3. make, to esteem. 

appear, arise. to erect, construct. factum, i, 7i. deed. 



336 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

facultas, atis, f. faculty, ferrum i, n. iron, sword, flagro 1. to bum. 

power. fertilis, e, c. gen. fertile, flam ma, ae,fjlame. 

facundia, ae, /. fluency ferns 3. ivUd ; ferae, flavus S. yellow, fair. 

of speech. arum, f wild beasts, fleo, evi, etum 2. to 

fagiis, i.f. beech tree. fessus 3. wearied, fa- weep. 
fallax, acis, deceptive. tigued. flo 1. to blow, wave. 

fallo, fefelli, falsiim 3. festivltas, atis, /. pleas- flocci facere, to consid- 

to deceive. antness. er of no account. 

falsus 3. false. festivus 3. flne, sprightly. {§ 88. 9.) 

fama, ae, /. fame, re- ficus, i and us, /. flg- floreo, ui 2. to bloom. 

nown, rumor. tree. flos, floris, m. a flower. 

fames, is,/, hunger. fidelis, e, faithful. fliimen, inis, n. river. 

familla, 8ie,f family. fideliter, adv. faithf idly, fluvlus i, m. river. 
familiaris, e, belonging fides, ei, f fidelity ; fi- foede, adv. basely, in a 

to a family ; res fa- dem habere c. dat. base manner. 

mWkiis, property ; fa- to trust, have confl- foedus 3. base, foul. 

miliaris, subst. friend. dence in some one. foedus, eris, n. league. 
famulus, i, m. sei-vant. fides, is,/, string; fidi- folium, i, n. leaf. 
fanum, i, n. temple. bus cauere, to play follis, is, m. bellows. 

fascis, is, m. bundle. on a stringed instru- foiis, ntis, m. fountain. 

fastidio 4. c. ace. to ment. foris, is,/ in plur./wZrf- 

loathe, spurn. fido, fisus sum 3. to ing doors. 

fataliter, adv. according trust. foris, adv. without. 

to fate. fidus S. faithful, true. fornix, jcis, m. vault, 

fateor, fassum sum 2. figura, ae, / flgure, arch. 

to acknowledge, allow, form. fortasse, adv. perchance. 

fatum, i, n.fate. filia, ae,/ daughter. forte, adv. by chance, 

faux, cis,/ throat. filiolus, i, m. little son. perhaps. 

faveo, avi, autum 2. c. filius, i, m. son. fortis, e, strong, bold. 

dat. to be favorable fingo, finxi, fictum 3. to fortiter, adv. bravely. 

to, favor some one. form, feign. fortitudo, inis,/ bravery. 

febris, is, f. fever. finlo 4. toflnish. fortuito, adv. fortui- 

fecundus 3. fruitful. finis, is, m. end. tously. 

felicitas, atis, / happi- finitlmus 3. neighbour- fortuna, ae, f fate, for- 

ness. ing. tune. 

felix, icis, happy. fio, factus sum, fieri to fortunatus 3. fortunate. 

ferax, acis. c. gen. pro- be made, become, hap- forum, i, n. market, mar- 

ductive of pen; fieri non po- ket place, 

fere, adv. almost. test, quin, it is not fossa, ae,/ ditch. 

ferlae, arum, / holi- possible, but that. foveo, ovi, otum 2. to 

days. [strike, firmitas, aus,fflrmness. warm, cherish, attend 

ferlo, ire, to thrust, firmiter, adv.flrmly. to. 

ferme, adv. almost. firmo 1. to render flrm, fragilis, e, frail. 

fero, tuli, latum, ferre, strengthen, to har- frango, egi, actum 3. to 

to bear, bring, relate. den. break, break hi pieces ; 

ferociter, adv. flercely. firmus 3. /rm. molis frangere, to 

ferox, oc'is, flerce. flagitium, i, n.foul deed. grind. 

feVreus 3. of iron. flagito 1. to demand. frater, tris, m. brother. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 337 

fraiis, das, /.fraud. furor, oris, m. rage. Gordius, i, m. Gordius. 

fremitus, us, m. noise, fustis, is, m. a cudgel. Gottingensis, e, of Got- 
frenum, i, n. {plur. fre- futllis, e. useless. tingen. 

ni and frena) hit, rein, futuius S. future. Graecla, ae,/. Greece. 

frequento 1. to frequent. Graecus, i. m. a Greek. 

fretus 3. c. abl. relying G. Graecus 3. Greek. 

upon something. Gallia, ae,/. Gaul. grammaticus 3. gram- 

frigidus 3. cold. Gallus, i, m. a Gaul. matical ; grammatl- 

fi'igus, oris, n. coZrf. galllna, ae, /. a hen, cus,i,m. grammarian. 

frondosus 3. leafy. fowl. grandis, e, great ; natu 

frons, nus,f forehead. . garrlo 4. to chatter. grandis, aged. 

fructus, us, m. advan- garrulus 3. loquacious, gi'anum, i, m. a grain. 

tage. gaudeo, gavisus sum, grate, adv. gratefully. 

fi-uges, um, / fruit (of gaudere c. abl. or de gratia, ae, /. favour, 

field and trees.) c. abl. to rejoice. thank ; gratias agere, 

frugifer, era, erum, gaudlum, i, n. joi/. to thank, give thanks ; 

fruitful. gelidus 3. ice-cold, cold. gratiam referre, to re- 

frumentum, i, n. grain, gemitus, us, m. groan. turn a favour ; gra- 
fruor, fi'uctus or fi'ultus gener, eri, m. son-in- tia (with a foregoing 

sum 3. c. abl. to en- law. gen.), on account of. 

joy. genero 1. to produce. gratulor 1. to congrat- 

frustra, ac?y. in vain. gens, n\.\s, f a people. ulate. 

frutex, icis, m. shrub ; genu, us, n. knee. gratus 3. agreeable ; 2) 

pi. bushes, shrubbery, genus, eris, n. race, kind. grateful. \ly. 

fuga, ae,f. flight. geometricus 3. geomet- gi*avate, adv. unioilling- 

fugio, gi, gitum 3. c. rical. gravis, e, heavy, difficult ; 

ace. to flee. Germanla, ae, /. Ger- serious. 

fugo 1. to put to flight. many. gi*a vitas, atis,/ seriovs- 

fulcio, Isi, Itum 4. to gero, gessi, gestum 3. ness, dignity. 

support. to carry, carry on. gi*avlter, adv. heavily, 

fulgur, uris, n. a flash of gestio 4. to make ges- violently, forcibly ; 

lightning. tures, be transported. graviter ferre, to he 

fulmen, inis, n. light- gesto 1. to bear. displeased. 

ning. gigas, antis, m. giant, grex, gis, m. herd,flock. 

funambulus, i, m. rope- gigno, genui, genitum gubemator, oris, m. pi- 
dancer. 3. to beget, bring Jorth, lot. 
fundamentum, i, n. to bear. guberno 1. to govern, 

foundation. glacies, ei,/. ice. rule. 

fundrtus, adv. from the gladiator, oris, m. fen- gusto 1. to taste, relish. 

foundation, wholly. cer, gladiator, 

fundo 1. to found. gladius, i, m. 5i^orc?. H. 

fundo, fudi, fusum 3. glis, iris, m. a dormouse. Habeo 2. to have, hold ; 

(of an army), to rout, globosus 3. globular. consider ; sese ha- 

fungor, nctus sum 3. c. gloria, ae,/. glory. bere, to be ; bene ha- 

abl. to discharge. glorior 1. to glory. bet, it is ivell. 

funis, is, m. a rope. gnarus 3. c. gen. ac- hablto 1. to dwell. 

furfur, uris, n. bran. quainted with. habitus, us, m. habit, 

furiosus 3. raving. gnavlter, culv. zealously. bearing, condition. 

29 



338 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

haereo, haesi, haesum Hispania, ae,/. Spain, identidem, adv. repeat- 

2. to adhere, to stick, historia, ae,/. history. edly. 
Hannibal, alls, m. Han- histrlo, onis, m. actor, idoneus Z. Jit, fitted. 

nibal. hodie, adv. to-day. igltur, conj. therefore, 

harpago, onis, m. hook, Homerus, i, m. Homer. hence. 

grappling-iron. homo, inis, m. man. ignarus 3. c. gen. unac- 

haruspx, Icis, m. sooth- honefita.s,Sit\s,f.integrity. quainted with. 

sayer. honeste, adv. decently, ignavla, ae,/. indolence, 

hasta, ae,/ 5joear. honorably, virtuously. cowardice. 

baud, adv. not. hoaestus 3. honest, up- ignavus 3. indolent, in- 

haurio, hausi, haustum right, honorable, vir- active, sluggish, cow- 

4. to draw. tuous. ardly. 

hebdomas, adis, / a honoro 1. to honor. igneus 3. fiery. 

week. honos, oris, m. honor, ignis, is, m. fire. 

hebes, etis, blunt, dull, post of honor, mark of ignobilis, e, unknown. 

obtuse. honor. ignominia, ae, / dis- 

hebesco 3. to become bora, ae,/ hour. grace. 

dull, torpid. Horatlus, i, m. Horace, ignoro 1. not to know; 

hebeto 1. to stupify, hordeum, i, n. barley. non ignorare, to know 

weaken. horno, adv. of this year, perfectly well. 

Hector, oris, m. Hector, horrendus 3. dreadful, ignosco, novi, notum 3. 
herba, ae,/ /?er&. horreum,i, n. granary. to pardon. 

Hercules, is, m. Hercu- horribilis, e, horrible. ille, a, ud, that. 

les. hortor 1. to exhort. illuc, adv. thither. 

heri, adv. yesterday. hortus, i, m. garden. illucesco, luxi 3. to be- 

lierilis, e, of, pertaining hospes, Itis, m. a guest. come light, dawn. 

to a master. hostilis, e, hostile. iniago, Inis, /. image, 

Herodotus, i, m. Hero- hostis, is, m. enemy. imbecillus 3. iveak. 

dotus. hue, adv. hither. imber, brig, to. shower, 

herus, i, m. master. humanitas, atis, / hu- rain. 

heus, adv. ho there ! manity. imbuo, ui, utum 3. to 

hibernus 3. belonging humanus 3. human. immerse ; c. abl. to 

to winter. humerus, i, to. shoulder, fill with, imbue. 

hie, haee, hoc, this ; hie, humidus, moist. imitatio, onis, / imita- 

adv. here ; upon this humilis e, low. tion. 

occasion. humus, i, f. ground, imitator, oris. to. imita- 

hiemo 1. to pass the earth. tor. 

vnnter. imitor 1. c. ace. to im- 

hiems, emis, / winter. \. itate. 

hilaris, e, cheerful. Ibi, adv. at that place, immanis, e, vast, cruel. 

hilaritas, atis, / hilari- there. immaturus 3. unripe, 

ty. ico, ici, ictum 3. to immature, untimely. 

hilariter, adv. cheerfully, strike; (of a league), immemor, oris, c. gen. 

joyfully. to conclude. [count. unmindful. 

hinnio 4. to neigh. idcirco, adv. on that ac- immineo 2. to threaten. 

Hippi-ds, ae, m. Hippias. idem, eadem, idem, immo, adv. yes rather^ 
hirundo, inis, / swal- pron. the very same, nay rather, on the con- 
low, same. trary. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 339 

immoderalus 3. intern- ing ; c. gen. unac- indul'gentia, ae, /. in- 

perate. quainted ivith. dulgence. 

immodestus S.immodest impubes, eris, youthful, indulgeo, Isi, Itum 2. c. 
immodlcus 3. excessive. immature. dat. to give one's self 

immortalis, e, immortal, impudens, ntis, impu- to, he indulgent. 
immortalltas, atis, /. dent, shameless. induo, ui, utum 3. to 

immortality. inipurus 3. impure. put on, clothe. 

immortallter, adv. in- inanis, e, empty, vain. Indus, i, m. an Indian ; 

finitely. incedo, cessi, cessum 2) the Indus (a river), 

irnpedimentum, i, n. 3. to walk upon. industria, ae, f. indus- 

hindrance. incendlum, i, n. confia- try. 

impedio 4. to hinder. gration. industrius 3. active, in- 

impello, puli, pulsum 3. incendo, di, sum 3. to dustnous. 

to impel. enkindle, injiame. indutiae,arum,/.a frwcc. 

impendeo 2. to impend, incertus 3. uncertain. inermis, e, unarmed, de- 
impendo, pendi, pen- incesso, ivi, itum 3. to fenceless. 

sum 3. to bestow. attack. iners, rtis, unskilled, in- 

imperator, oris, m. gen- incldo, Idi 3. to fall up- active. 

eral, emperor. on. inertia, ae,/. inactivity. 

imperitus 3. inexperien- incipio, cepi, ceptum 3. infans, ntis, c. a child, 

ced. to begin. minor. 

imperium, i. n. com- inclto 1. to spur on, in- infero, intuli, illatum, 

mand, reign. cite. inferre, to bring ; bel- 

tmpero 1. c.dat. to reign, incognltus 3. unknown. lum inferre alicui, to 

reign over, command, incola, ae, m. inhabitant. make war upon one. 
impetro 1. to obtain. incolCimis, e, unhurt. inferus 3. being below, 
impetus, us, m. attack ; inconditus 3. unarrang- low, inferior ; inferi, 

2) vast extent. ed. \ble. the dead in the lower 

impius 3. impious. incredibllis, e, incredi- world. 

impleo, evi, etum 2. to increpo, ui, itum 1. c. infidus 3. unfaithful. 

fll. ace. to berate, re- inftmus 3. the lowest, 

implico, avi, atum 1. to proach. meanest. 

involve. incumbo, cubui, cubi- infirmitas, atis, /. infir- 

imploro 1. to implore. tum 3. in aliquid, to mity. 

importo 1. to import. lay one's self upon, at- infirmus 3. tveak. 

importunus 3. trouble- tend to something. iufligo, xi, ctum 3. c. 

some. indago ] . to trace out. dat. to strike upon, in- 

impotens, ntis, c. gen. inde, adv. thence. Jiict. 

not mxister of. India, ae,/. India. inflo 1. to inflate. 

imprimis, adv. especially, indico 1. to indicate. informo 1. to instruct. 
imprlmo, pressi, pres- indlgeo, ui 2. c. gen. et ingenlum, i, n. genius, 

sum 3. to press into, abl. to be in want. spirit. 

impress. indignor 1. to be indig- ingens, ntis, immense, 

improbitas, atis,/. ivick- nant. very great. 

edness. indignus 3. c. abl. un- ingenue, adv. nobly, re- 

improbus 3. wicked. worthy. spectably. 

smprudens, ntis, not induco, xi, ctum 3. to ingenuus 3. free-born, 

foreseeing, not know- bring in, induce. noble. 



340 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

ingjgno, genui, genl- insectum, i, n. insect. intereo, ii, itum, ire, to 

twm 3. to implant. insero, sevi, situm 3. c. decay, come to naught. 
ingratus 3. ungrateful; dat. to sow in, in- interfector, oris, m.mwr- 

2) disagreeable. S^'oft- derer. 

ingredlor, gressus sum insidlae, arum, /. am- iiiterficio, eci, ectum 3. 

3. c. ace. to go into, buscade, snares. to kill. 

enter upon. insidlor 1. to lie in wait, interim, adv. in the mean 

inhaereo, haesi, hac- insignis, e, distinguish- time. 

sum 2. in c. abl. to ed ; subst. insigne, is, interimo, emi, emptum 

inhere. n. badge. 3. to kill. 

inhumanus3. inhuman, insiplens, ntis, unwise, interitus, us, m. destruc- 
inimicitia, ae, /. hostil- insltus 3. implanted, in- tion. 

ity. born. interpreter 1. to inter- 

inimicus 3. hostile ; ini- insperans, tis, not ex- pret, explain. 

micus, i, m. enemy. pecting, contrary to interpungo, nxi, nctum 

iniquus 3. unjust. expectation. to distinguish. 

initium, i, n. beginning, inspicio, exi, ectum 3. interrogo 1. to ask. 
injiclo, jeci, jecium 3. to look into, inspect, intersum, fui, esse c. 

to throw into ; la- instituo, ui, utum 3. to dat. to be in, to be 

queos, to lay snares. instruct. presented at; interest, 

injucundus 3. unpleas- institutio, onis, f. in- there is a difference ; 

ant, disagreeable. sf ruction; inst. scho- c. gen. it concerns 

injuria, ae,/. injustice, lastica, scholastic in- one {§ 88, 10). ' 

injury. struction. intimus 3. inmost. 

injuste, adv, unjustly. insto, stiti 1. to threat- intolerabilis, e, intolera- 
innascor, natus sum 3. en, press upon, com- ble. 

to be implanted. pel (some one). intro 1. c. ace. to go 

innocens, ntis, innocent, instruo, xi, ctum 3. to into, to enter. 
innocentia, ae, f. inno- furnish; aclem in- introitus, us, m. en- 

cence. struere, to arrange trance. 

mnoxvi\s 3. harmless. the line of battle ; he\- intueor, tuitus sum 2. 

innumerabllis, e, innu- lum instr. to prepare to look upon, consider. 

merabh. for war. intus, adv. within, in 

inopia, ae, /. helpless- insula, ae,/. island. the house. 

ness, need, want, in- integer, gra, grum, inultus 3. unrevenged. 

digence. sound. inutllis, e, useless. 

inops, 6])\s,helpless,poor, intelltgo, exi, ectum 2. invenlo, veni, ventum 

destitute, needy. to understand. 4. to find, find out. 

inquam, / say. intempestive, adv. un- investlgo 1. to trace outy 

insanus 3. insane. timely. investigate. 

insclus 3. c. gen. not intentus 3. stretched ; invictus 3. invincible. 

knowing,not acquaint- c. dat. or in c. ace. invideo, vidi, visum 2. 

ed with. attentive, fixed upon c. dat. to envy. 

inseribo, psi, ptum 3. something. invidla, ae,/. envy, ha- 

c. dat. to write in or interdum, adv. some- ired. 

upon something, in- times. invidus 3. envious. 

scribe. [to engrave, interea, adv. in the mean inviso, isi, isum 3. to 
insculpo, psi, ptum 3. time. visit. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 341 

invito 1. to invite. juba, ae,/. m. mane. lac, ctis, n. milk. 

m\itus 3. unwilling. jubeo, jussi, jussum 2. Lacaena, ae, f. Lace- 
involvo, vi, utum 3. to to bid, order. demonian woman. 

involve ; involutus 3. jucunde, adv. pleasant- Lacedaemon, onis, /. 

difficult to understand. ly, agreeably. Lacedemon, Sparta. 

Iphicrates, is, m. Iphi- jucundltas, alls, f. pleas- Lacedaemonius, i, m. 

crates. antness, agreeableness. a Lacedemonian. 

ipse, a, uxn,pron. self, jucundus 3. pleasant, lacero 1. to lacerate, tear 
\ra, ae,f. anger. agreeable. in pieces. 

iracundia, ae, f. anger, judex, icis, m. judge. lacesso, ivi, itum 3. to 

irascibility, judicium, i, n. judg- provoke. 

irascor, iratus sum 3. ment. lacnma, ae,/. tear. 

c. dat. to be enraged, judico 1. to judge ; c. lacus, us, m. lake, pond. 
iratus 3. enraged, an- dupl. ace. to consider laedo, si, sum 3. to hurt. 

gry. on something. Laelius, m. Laelius. 

irrideo, si, sum 2. to jugum, i, n. yoke, top, laetitla, ae,f.joy. 

mock, deride. nc?ge( of a mountain), laetor 1. c. abl. to re- 

irrumpo, rupi, ruptum Julius (i) Caesar (aris) joice. 

3. to burst in. m. Julius Caesar. laetus 3. joyful, delighi- 

is, ea, id, pron. he, she, jungo, nxi, nctum 3. to ed. 

it ; that one ; the same, join, unite. lapideus 3. of stone. 

Isocrates, is, m. Isocra- Junius, i, m. June. lapis, Idis, m. a stone. 

tes. Juno, onis,/ Juno. larglor, itus sum 4. to 

iste, a, ud, pron. that. Jupplter, Jovis, m. Ju- bestow largely. 
ita, adv. so, thus. piter. late, adv. widely. 

Italia, ae,/. Italy. juro 1. to swear. lateo, iii 2. to be con- 

itaque, conj. therefore. jus, juris, n. right. cealed. 

item, adv. liketvise. jussum, i, n. command. Latinus 3. Latin. 

iter, itineris, n. course, jussus, us, m. command. Latmus, i, m. Latmus 

way, journey, march, justitia, ae,f justice. (mountain in Caria). 

itei'um, adv. again, the Justus 3. just. lat us 3. feroac?. 

second time. Juvenalis, is, m. Juve- laudabllis, e, praise- 

nal. worthy. 

J. juvenilis, e, youthful. laudo 1. to praise. 

Jaceo 2. to lie low. juvenis, is, m. a youth, laurus, i or us, / tht 

jacto 1. to throw hither young man. laurel. 

and thither, extol. juventus, utis, / youth, laus, dis,/ praise. 
jactura, ae,/ loss ; jac- juvo, juvi, jutum 1. c. lavo, lavi, lavatum 1. 

turam facere, to svf- ace. to assist. to wash. 

fer loss. lectus, i, m. bed. 

jam, adv. now, already. L. legatus, i, m. ambassa- 

jam pridem, long since. Labefacto 1. to cause to dor. 
janua, ae, / gate. totter, shake. lector, oris m. reader. 

jecur, jecinoris, n. the labor, lapsus sum 3. leglo, onis,/ legion. 

liver. to fall. lego, gi, ctum 3. to read. 

jocor, 1. to jest. labor, oris, m. labor, toil, lenlo 4. to soothe. 

jocosus 3. sportive, laboro 1. to labor ; c. leniter, adv. mildly, 

iocus, i, m. a jest. ahl. to suffer from. leo, 6ms, m. lion. 

29* 



342 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

lepidus 3. elegant, neat littus, oris, n. sea-shore, magis, adv. more. 
lepor, oris, m. agreea- loco 1. to place, set. magister, tri, m. teacher, 

bleness, jest. locuples, etis, wealthy, maigi&tYSitus, us, m. ma- 

lepus, oris, m. a hare. rich, gistracy, authority ; 

Lesbus, i,f. Lesbos. locupleto 1. to enrich. magistrate. 

levir, iri, m. brother-in- locus, i, m. place, situa- magnif Icus 3. magni- 

law. tion, room ; pi. loca. Jicent. 

levis, e, light. longe, adv. far, widely, magnitudo, inis,/. mag- 

levitas, atis,/. levity. longinquitas, atis, /. nitude. 
levo ]. to lighten, re- length, extent. magnopere, adv. greai- 

lieve ; c. abl. to free longinquus 3. remote, ly. 

from. [tion. distant ; e longinquo, magnus S.great ; comp. 

lex, gis, /. law, condi- from afar. major, us, greater, 

libens, ntis, willing. longus 3. long. older. 

libenter, adv. willingly, loquacitas, atis,/. loqua- majores, um, m. ances- 

with delight. city. tors. 

liber, bri, m. book. loquax, acis, loquacious, male, adv. badly. 

liber, era, erum,/r6e. loquor, locutiis 3. to maledico 3 c. dat. to 
iiberalis, e,free. speak. reproach. 

Ijberalltas, atis,/. liber- Lucerla, ae, / Luceria. maledicus 3. sZawrferoiw. 

ality. Lucretius, i, m. Lucre- maleficus 3. doing evil, 

liberaliter, adv. liberally. tins. evil, wicked ; subst. 

libere, adv. freely. lucrum, i, n. gain, ad- evil-doer. 

liberi, orum, m. children vantage. malevolus 3. ill dispos- 

(in relation to their luctus, us, m. grief ed, malicious. 

parents). ludibrlum i, n. sport. malitla, ae, /. malice, 

libero 1. to liberate. ludo, si, sum 3. to play. wickedness. 

libertas, atis,/ liberty, ludus, i, m. play. malo, malui, malle, to 

libet, uit 2. it pleases. lugeo, xi 2. to grieve, la- ivish rather, prefer. 
libido, inis, / desire, mtnt. malum, i, n. apple. 

passion, lust. luna, ae,/ moon. malum, i, n. evil, mis- 

Whr a, ae, f a pound. iui^us, i, m. wolf, fortune. 

licet, uit 2. it is allowed, luscinia, ae, / nightin- malus, i,/ apple-tree. 
ligneus 3. wooden, of gale. malus 3. evil, bad. 

wood. lusus, us, m. sport. mando, di, sum 3. to 

lignum, i, n. wood. lux, lucis,/ light. chew. 

Iimpidus3. limpid, clear, luxuria, ae,/ luxury. mane, adv. in the morn- 
lingua, ae, / tongue, Lycurgus, i, m. Lycur- ing. ' 

language. gus. maneo, nsi, nsum 2. 

linter, tris,/ boat, skiff. Lysis, is, m. Lysis. to remain; c. ace. to 

Hquefacio, feci, factum await. 

3. to melt. M. Mantinea, ae, / Man- 

lis, litis, / civil process, Macedo, onis, m. a tinea. 

strife. Macedonian. manus, us,/ hand; 2) 

littera, ae, / letter (of Macedonia, ae, / Ma- a company. 

alphabet); litterae, cedonia. MarceWiis, i, m. Marcel- 

arum, f letter, litera- machinatio, onis,/ ma- lus. 

ture. chine ; device, artifice, mare, is, n. sea. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 343 

margo, inis, m. margin, mentior 4. to lie. misere^ adv. wretchedly. 

MariLis, i, m. Marius. mercator, oris, m. tra- misereor, misertus or 
marmor, oris, n. marble. der. miseritus sum 2. c. 

marmoreusS. q/'/nar6Ze, merces, edis,/. recom- gen. to pity. 

marble. pense. miseret me alicujusrei, 

Martius, i, m. JWar^. mereor, meritus sura 2. it excites my pity for 
mater, tris,/. mother. to deserve; de aliqua something. 

mathematlcus, i, m. re mereri, to deserve miseria, ae, /. misery^ 

mathematician. of something. want. 

mature, adv. speedily, in merltum, i. n. desert. m\seYicoidia,ae,f.pity. 

season. merx, rcis, /. wares. mitesco 3. to render soft, 

maturus 3. ripe. messis, is,/, crop. tame. 

medeor 2. c. dat. to cwre. Metellus, i. m. JifeM?x5. mitigo 1. to soften^ 
medicina, ae, /. medi- metlor, mensus sum 4. mitigate. 

cine, remedy. to measure. mitis, e, soft, mild, 

medicus, i, m. physician, metuo, ui 3. to fear. mitto, misi, missum 3. 
mediocris, e, middling, metus, us, m. apprehen- to send. 
meditatio, onis,/. medi- sion,fear. mobllis, e, movable. 

tation. meus, 3. mine. moderator, oris, m. gou- 

meditor 1. to reflect mico, ui 1. to glitter. ernor. 

upon, study into. migratlo, onis, /. migra- moderaius 3. temperate, 

Medus, i, m. a Mede. tion. moderor 1. c. ace. to 

Megara, ae, /. Megara. migro 1. to migrate ; c. govern, rule. 
mel, mellis, n. honey. ace. to transgress. modestia, ae, f. mx)desty. 

membrana, ae,/. mem- miles, itis, m. warrior, modestus 3. modest. 

brane. soldier. modlce, adv. temper- 

membrum, i, n. limb. Miltiades, is, m. Miltia- ately. 
memini, isse, c. gen. or des. modius, i, m. bushel. 

ace. to remember. mmax, acis, threatening, modo, adv. only, now; 

memor, oris, c. gen. Minerva, ae,f Minerva. conj. c. Subj. if only. 

mindful of. minlme, adv. least, not modo — modo, now — 

memoria, ae,/. wiemor?/, at all. now. 

remembrance, time; minlior 1. to threaten. modus, i, m. manner^ 

memoria tenere, to minor 1. to threaten. way. 

hold in remembrance, minuo, ui, utura 3. to rnoenia, ium, n. walls 
memorlter, adv. from lessen, diminish. (as defence). 

memory, by heart. minus, adv. less. moeror, oris, m. grief 

memoro 1. to mention, mirificus 3. wonderful. sorrow. 

relate. miror 1. to wonder ; 2) Moesia, ae,fMoesia. 

Menander, dri, m. Me- to admire. moles, is,/, mass. 

nander. mirus 3. wonderful, ex- moleste, adv. grievous- 

mendax, acis, lying ; traordinary. ly ; mol. fero, take it 

subst. liar. misceo, scui, stum or ill. 

mens^tis, f sense, mind, xtum2. to mix, to dis- molestla, ae, f. annoy- 
under standing, spirit, turb. ance. 

state of mind. miser, era,erum, lurefc^- moleslus 3. trouble- 

mensa, ae, /. table. ed. some. 

mensis, is, m. month. miserandus 3. pitiable, molior, itus sum 4. to 



344 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

prepare, get ready. mumo 4,. to fortify. lum navale, naval- 

moUio 4. to soften, make muuus, eris, n. service ; war. 

soft, alleviate. 2) present. navlgo 1. to navigate. 

mollis, e, soft. murex, icis, m. a pur- navis, \s,f. ship ; navis 

moW'itiSi, ae, f. softness. pie fish, purple. Ion ga, war-ship. 

Molo, onis, m. Molon. murmur, uiis, n. mur- ne, adv. not (with Im- 

momentum, i, n. cir- mur. perat., and Subj. of 

cumstance. murus, i, m. wall (as a exhorting), 

moiieo 2. to admonish. structure). ne, conj. that not ; that 

mons, ntis, m. moun- mus, muris, m. mouse. [§ 106, 1 and 3.) 

tain. musca, Sie,f. afy. ne, interrogative partide, 

monumentum, i, n. musicus, i, m. musician. {§ 115. 3. b. a.) 

monument. muto 1. to change, ex- ne — quidem not even, 

mora, ae,/. delay. change. not also, (has the 

morbus, i, m. disease. mutus 3. dumh. word on which the 

mordax, acis, biting. emphasis rests be- 

mordeo, momordi, mor- N. tween its parts). 

sum 2. to bite, to hack- Nam, namque, conj. for nebula, ae,/. mist. 

bite. nanciscor, nactus sum nee (neque), and not, 

morior, mortuus sum, 3. to obtain. also not ; nee (ne- 

mor'i, to die. narratio, onis,/. narra- que) — nee (neque), 

moror 1. to delay, re- tion, narrative. neither — nor. 

main; c. ace. to narro 1. to relate. necdum, and not yet. 

make nothing of. nascor, natus sum 3. to necessarlus 3. neces- 

morosus 3. morose. be burn, to spring. sary ; related ; homo 

mors,Us, f death. uatalis, is, m. birth-day. necessarlus, friend. 

moitalis, e, mortal. natlo, onis, /. nation, necesse est, it is neces- 

mos, oris, m. custom, tribe. sary (§ 105. R. 4.) 

manner ; Tplur. charac- nato 1. to swim. necessitas, atis,/. ncce«- 

ter. natura, ae,/ nature. sity. 

motus, us, m. m.ove- naturalis, e, natural. neco 1. to kill. 

ment ; motus terrae, natus, us, m. birth ; ma- nectar, aris, n. nectar. 

earthquake. jor natu, older; minor necto, xui, xum 3. to 

moveo, vi, tum 2. to natu, younger. join together, weave. 

move. natus 3. burn ; post nefarlus 3. infamous. 

mox, adv. thereupon, Chrhtuni natum, af- nefas, {indecl.) n. lorong. 

afterwards. ier the birth of Christ ; negligo, lexi, lectum 3. 

mulier, eris, / woman, old (when the year to neglect. 

wife. has been specified, nego 1. to deny, say no. 

MiJUerus, i, m. Mulier. which in this case negotior 1. to pursue 

mullitudo, inis, / mul- stands in the ace.) business, trade. 

titude. naufragium, i, n. ship- negotium, i, n. busi- 

multo 1. to fine, punish. wreck; naufr. facere, ness. 

multus 3. much, many. to suffer shipwreck. nemo (inis) c. nobody, 

mundus, i, m. world. nauta, ae, m. sailor. no one, (gen. andabl. 

munificentia, ae,/ mit- navaWs, e,naval,pertain- not used). 

nificenre: ing to a ship ; pugna neptis, is, / grand- 

munificus 3. mwwi^enf. naval is, 5ea/g"^f; bel- daughter. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



345 



Neptunus, i. m. JVep- 
tune. 

nequeo, ivi, itum, ire, 
not to he able. 

nequicquam, adv. in 
vain, to no effect. 

nervus, i, m.nerve, sinew. 

nescio 4. not to know. 

nesclus 3. not knowing ; 
non sum nescius, / 
know full well. 

ni [nisi], conj. if not, 
unless. 

nidifico 1. to build a 
nest. 

nidus, i, m. nest. 

niger, gra, grum, black. 

nihil {indecl.) n. nothing. 

nihilum, i, n. nothing. 

nimis, adv. too much. 

nimium, adv. too much, 
too very. 

ningo, xi, 3. to snow. 

nisi, conj. if not ; ex- 
cept. 

nitidus 3. shining, 
splendid. 

nitor, nisus or nixus 
sum 3. c. abl. to rely 
upon something ; ad 
aliquid, to strive after 
something ; in aliquid 
to strive against some- 
thing. 

nix, nivis,/. snow. 

nobllis, e, known, re- 
nowned. 

nobilito ] .to make known, 
renowned. ' 

noceo 2. to injure. 

noctu, adv. by night. 

nocturnus 3. nocturnal. 

nodus, i, m. knot. 

nomen, inis, n. name. 

nomino 1. to name. 

non, adv. not (stands 
before its verb) ; non 
solum (tantum, mo- 



do) — sed etiam, not 
only — but also. 

nondum, adv. not yet. 

nonne? nof? not in- 
deed") whether not. 

nonnunquam, adv. some- 
times. 

nosco, novi, notum 3. 
to become acquainted 
with. 

noster, tra, trum, our. 

nostras, atis, m. of our 
country, fellow-coun- 
tryman. 

nota, ae,/. mark, sign. 

notio, onis,/. notion. 

notitia, ae, /. knowl- 



noto 1. to mark, brand. 
notus 3. known. 
November, bris, m. 

JVovember. 
novi, isse, to know. 
novus 3. new. 
nox,noctis,/ night. 
nubes, Is,/, cloud. 
nubo, psi, ptura 3. c. 

dat to marry (of the 

v^^oman). 
nullus 3. no one, no; 

nullus non, every one. 
num,interrogative word 

rilL5,3,b, c,]. 
Numa, ae, m. JYuma. 
Numantia, ae, /. JVu- 

mantia. 
numero 1. to number, 

reckon. 
numerus, i, m. number, 

multitude, rhythm. 
Numlda, ae, m. a JVu- 

midian. 
Numidia, ae, /. JVu- 

midia. 
nummus, i, m. money, a 

sesterce. 
numquis, numqua, 

numquid, is it possi- 



ble that any one f any 
thing ? 

nunc, adv. now. 

nundinae, arum, f. 
market. 

nunquam, adv. never. 

nuntio ]. to announce. 

nuntius, i, m. message^ 
news ; messenger. 

nuper, lately. 

nurus, us, /. daughter- 
in-law. 

nusquam, adv. no-where. 

nutrio 4. to nourish. 

nutrix, icis,/. nurse. 

nutus, us, m. nod, com- 
mand. 

nux, nucis,/. a nut. 

O. 

Obdorraisco, mivi, mi- 
tum 3. to fall asleep. 

obduco, xi, etum 3. to 
overspread, cover. 

obedio 4. to obey. 

obeo, li, itum, ire, to 

die. 

obitus, us, m. departure, 
death. 

oblecto 1. to delight. 

oblino, evi, itum 3. to 
besmear, contaminate. 

oblivio, onis, /. obliv- 
ion. 

obliviscor, oblitus sum 
3. c. gen. or ace. to 
forget. 

obrepo, repsi, reptum 
3. c. dat. to creep 
upon, steal upon, sur- 
prise some one. 

obruo, ui, utum 3. to 
cover over, overwhelm. 

obscuro 1. to obscure. 

obscurus 3. obscure. 

obsequium, i, n. sub- 
mission, obedience. 

obsequor, secutus sum 



346 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

3. c. dat. to obey, occiipo 1. to take pos- opinor 1. to think. 

comply with. session of, fall upon, opitulor 1. to lend aid. 

observo 1. to ohserve. to surprise. oportet2. it is necessary, 

obsessio, 6ms, f. block- October, bris, m. Oc- (§ 105. R. 4.) 

ade, siege. tober. opperior, pertus sum 4. 

obsideo, sessi, sessum oculus, i, m. eye. to await. 

2. to besiege. odi, isse, to hate. oppidum, i, n. town. 

obsidlo, onis, y! siege. odiosus 3. hateful, hated, oppleo, evi, etum 2. to 
obsolesco, levi 3. to odium, i, n. fill up, fill. 

pass away, become an- Odofredus, i, m. Ott- oppono 3. to oppose. 

tiquated. fried. opportune, adv. oppor- 

obsto, stiti, statum 1. c. offendo, di, sum 3. to tunely. 

to stand against, in offend. opprlmo, pressi, pres- 

the way of, to he a offero, obtuli, oblatum, sum 3. to oppress. 

hindrance, hinder. 3. to offer. oppugno 1. to attack. 

obsum, fui, esse c. dat. officio, feci, fectum 3. ops (not used), gen. 

to be against, injure. to hinder, prevent. opis,/. aid. 

obtempero 1. to obey. ofRcIum, i, n. duty, ser- optabilis, e, desirable. 
obtineo, 2. to maintain. vice. optimas, atis, m. chief 

obtingo, igi 3. to fall to ofFundo, fudi, fusum 3. man. 

one's lot c. dat. tofiow against; opto 1. to wish. 

obtrectatio, onis, f. de- pass, to spread one^s opulentus 3. powerful, 

traction. self upon, surround rich. 

obtrecto 1. c. d. to dis- something ; c. ace. to opus, eris, n. work. 

parage. cover. opus est, it is necessary, 

obviam, adv. against, to oleum, i, n. oil. [§ 91. 5, c] 

meet. oYixn, adv. formerly. oraculum, i, n. oracZe. 

occaslo, onis, f oppor- omitto, misi, missum3. oratio, onis,/. speech. 

tunity. ' to let go, pass over, orator, oris, m. orator. 

occasus, lis, m. setting, postpone. orbis, Is, m. circle. 

downfall. omnino, adv. wholly, al- ordior, orsus sum 4. to 

Occidens, ntis, m. set- together. begin. 

ting sun, western re- omnis, e, each, whole ; ordo, inis, m. order, suc- 

gions, west. plur. all. cession, rank. 

occido, cidi, casum 3. onero 1. to load, burden. Orestes, ae, m. Orestes. 

to fall. onus, eris, n. load. Orlens, ntis, m. sun- 

occido, cidi, cisum 3. to onyx, ychis, m. onyx. rising, east, eastern 

kill. opera, ae,/. service ren- regions. 

occo 1. to harrow. dered, labour ; ope- origo, Inis,/. origin. 

occulo, ului, ultum 3. ram dare, navare c. orlor, ortus sum 4. to 

to conceal. dat. to occupy one's rise, spring from. 

occulio 1. to conceal. self with. ornamentum, i, n. orna- 

occultus 3. concealed. opes, um, /. power, ment, jewel. 
oecumbo, cubui, cubl- property, goods, trea- ornol. to adorn. 

turn 3. to fall, die. sures. oro 1. to speak; caus- 

ocrea, ae,f.greave (cor- opimus 3. fat, rich. sam orare, to plead; 

responding to our opinio, onis,/. opinion, 2) to entreat. 
boot). belief. oryx, ygis, m. gazdle. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 347 

OS, oris, n. /ace. paiies, etis, / i^aZZ (of pauper eris, joaor. 

OS, ossis, n. hone ; pi. a house). paupertas, atis, /. pov- 

ossa, hones. pario, peperi, partum 3. erty. 

ostium, 1, n. door. to hear, produce ; ova Pausanias, ae, Pau- 

otlum, i, n. leisure. parere, to lay eggs. sanias. 

ovis, is, f. sheep. ]pai'o 1. to prepare. -paxldus S. fearful. 

ovum, i, n. egg. parricldium, i, n. parri- pavo, onis, m. peacock, 

cide, wicked deed. pavor, oris, m. fear, 

P. pars, rtis, f. part, side, fright. 

Paciscor, pactus sum 3. plur. the charojcters in pax, pacis,/. peace ; 2) 

to make a bargain. a play. 'permission. 

pactum, i, n. hargain ; parsimonla, ae, /. fru- peccatum, i, n. si?!, 

nullo pacto, in no gality. faidt. 

way. particeps, cipis, par- pecco 1. to sin, do 

paene, adv. nearly, al- ticipating in. wrong. 

7nost. particula, ae, /. a par- pecten, inis, ?n. comb. 

pallldus 3. pale, livid. tide. pecto, xi, xum 3. to 

pallium, i, n. cloak. partior 4. to divide. comb. 

palumbes, is, m. wood- parum, adv. too little. pectus, oris, n. breast. 

pigeon. parvus, 3. small. pecunia, ae,/ money. 

palus, udis. / marsh, pasco, pavi, pastum 3. pedes, itis, m. footman, 

pool. to pasture (of herds- foot-soldier. 

pando, audi, assum, 3. men), fo/eec? ; pascor, ipeiero l.to swear falsely, 

to open. pastus sum, pasci, to pello, pepuH, pulsum 3. 

pango, pepigi, pactum be fed, pastured, (of to drive. 

3. to fix in, to fasten, herds). Pelopidas, ae, m. Pelo- 

hargain, agree to on pascuum, i, n. pasture. pidas. 

condition. passim, /ar and ivide. pelvis, is,/, basin, bowl, 

panis, is, m. bread. pastor, oris, m. herds- penates, lum, m. pena- 

papaver, eris, n. pop- man. tes, household gods. 

py. patefaclo, feci, factum pendeo, pependi [sup. 

papilio, onis, m. a butter- 3. to make known. wanting) 2. to hang. 

fly. pateo, ui 2. to stand pendo, pependi, pen- 

par, aris, equal; par open. sum 3. to pay for, 

sum c. dat. 1 am a pater, tris, m. father. value. 

match for some one. -patienter, adv. patiently, penitus, adv. wholly. 
par, aris, w. a pair. patior, passus sum 3. pevma, ae, f feather. 

Parapamisus, i. m. to suffer, alloiv. pensum, i, n. thread. 

Parapamisus. patria, ae, / native peracerbus 3. very hit- 

pavatus 3. prepared, rea- counti-y. ter, severe. 

dy. patroclnor 1. c. dat. to perago, egi, actum 3./o 

parco, peperci, parsum protect. accomplish. 

3. c. dat. to spare, pauci, ae, a. few. peragro 1. to pass 

forbear. paullisper, adv. a little through. 

parens, ntis, c. father or while. percipio, cepi, ceptum 

mother ; plur. pa- pauUulum, adv. a little. 3. to perceive. 

rents. pauUus 3. little ; paulo percrepo, lil, Itum 1. to 

pareo 2. to ohey. post, a little after. resound. 



348 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

percurro, cucurri or perpetior,pessussum3. perversTtas, atis, /. per- 

cun'i, cursum 3. to to endure. versify. 

run through. perpetro 1. to perform, pervideo, idi, isum 2. 

perdo, didi, ditum 3. perpetuitas, atis,/. per- to consider, examine. 

to ruin, destroy, lose. petuity, duration.- pes, pedis, m.foot. 
perdomo, ui, itum 1, to perpetuo, adv. contin- pestilentla, ae,/. pesti- 

tamt, subdue. ually, lence. 

peregre, adv. abroad. perpetuus 3. continued, pestis, is,/, pest, destruc- 
pereo, ii, Itum, ire, to constant. tion. 

go to ruin, perish. perrodo, si, sum 3. to peto, ivi, itum 3. c. ace. 
perfectus S. perfect. eat through. to strive to obtain, 

perficio, feci, fectum3. perrumpo, rupi, rup- strive after, attack, 

to finish, effect. tum 3. to break fetch. 

perfidus S.Jaithless. through. petulans, tis, wanton. 

perfringo, fregi, fractum Persa, ae, m. a Per- petulantia, ae,/. wan- 

3. to break through. sian. tonness, licentiousness. 

perfuga, ae, m. deserter, persaepe, adv. very of- Phidias, ae, m. Phidias. 
perfugium, i, n. refuge. ten. philosophla, ae,/. phi- 

pergo, perrexi, perrec- -persanol. to cure wholly. losophy. 

tum 3. to go, proceed, persequor, secutus sum philosophus, i, m. phi- 
periculum, i, n. danger. 3. to follow up, pur- lusopher. 
periodus, i,/ period. sue. pie, adv. tenderly, pious- 

peritus 3. c. gen. ex- perse vero l.io TioZc? owi. ly. 

perienced, skilled in. persolvo, vi, utum 3. pietas, atis, /. piety, 
permaneo, mansi, man- to pay. filial love. 

sum 2. to continue, persona, ae,f person, piger, gra, grum, sZof^- . 

hold out. persto, iti, atum 1. to ful, dull. 

permano 1. to flow persist. pigritia, ae, /. inactivity. 

through. perstringo, inxi, ictum pilosus 3. hairy, covered 

permitto, isi, issum 3. 3. fo draw through, uith hair. 

to permit. censure. piogo? inxi, ictura 3. 

permoveo, movi, mo- persuadeo, si, sum 2. c. to paint ; acu pin- 

tum 2. to move, stir dat. to persuade, con- gere, io embroider. 

up. vince. pinus, us, f pine. 

permulceo, Isi, Isum 2. perterreo 2. to frighten, piper, eris, n. pepper. 

to stroke, please, put in fear. pirum, i, w. ^ear. 

charm, soothe. pertlnax, acis, obstin- p]rus, i, f pear-tree. 

permultus 3. very many. ate. piscator, oris, m.fisher- 

pemicles, ei,/ destruc- pertineo, 2. to extend; man. 

tion. ad aliqiiem, to per- piscis, is, m.fish. 

perniciosus 3. perni- tain to some one. piscor i.tofish. 

cious, destructive. pertuibatio, onis, fdis- plus S. pious, grateful. 

pernosco, novi, notum turbance. placeo 2. to please. 

3. to become thorough- perturbo 1. to disturb, placide, adv. gently. 

ly acquainted with. pervehor, vectussum3. placidus ^.gentle. 
perosus 3. hating great- to be conveyed off. placo 1. to appease. 

ly. perverse, adv. perverse- plane, adv. wholly ; 

ly. plainly. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 349 

planetes, ae, W2. pZawef. populor 1. fo Zai/ u-asfe. praeceptor, oris, m. 
planities, e\,f. a plain, populus, i, m. people. teacher. 

planta, ae,/. plant. populus, i,/ poplar. praeceptum,),n.j9rec€p<, 

Plato, onis, m. Plato. porro, adv. moreover. principle. 

jAaustrum, \,n. draught- porta, ae,f. gate. praeclare, adv. nobly. 

wagon. itorticus, us, f. portico, praeclarus 3. ?io6Ze. 

plausus, lis, m. applause, porto ]. to hear. praecludo 3. to shut 

Plautus, i, m. Plautus. portus, us, m. haven. praeco, onis, m. enco- 
plenus 3. c. gen. full, posco, poposci 3. to de- miast. 
plerique, aeque, aque, mand. praecordia, orum, n. 

very many, most. possesslo, onis, /. pos- diaphragm. 

plerumque, adv. com- session, possessing. praecox, cocis, preco- 

monly. possum, potui, posse, to cious. 

Plinius, i, m. Pliny. be able {can). praeda, ae,/. booty. 

ploratus, us, m. com- postea, adv. afterwards, praedico 1. to extol. 

plaint. [many, posteaquam, conj. after praedico 3. to predict. 

plures, a, G. lum. more, that. praeditus 3. c. abl. en- 

plurlmus 3. most. postero die, on thefol- dowed with. 

plus, Oris, n. morft. lowing day; in po- praedlum, i, w.^arm. 

pluviosus 3. ram?/. sterum diem, till the pvaedorl. to make booty. 

poema, atis, n. poem. following day. praefero, tuli, latum, 

'poena,ne,f. punishment ; postis, is, m. post. ferre 3. to prefer. 

poenas dare, to be postquam, conj. after prael6quor,locutus sum 

punished ; 2) revenge. that. 3. to speak before. 

poenltetme alicujusrei, postremus 3. last; ad praemium, i, n. rew^arrf. 

it repents me of some- postremum, lastly. praeparatio, 6nis,//>re- 

thing. postulo 1. to demand. paration. 

Poenus, i, m. a Cartha- potens, lis, c. gen. pow- praeparo 1. to prepare. 

ginian. ^ful, master of. praepono, osui, ositum 

poeta, ae, ?n. ^oe^. potentia, ae,/ poi6'er. S. to prefer. [tily. 

polite, adv. elegantly. potestas, atis, / power, praepropere, adv. has- 
pollex, icis, m. thumb. potio, onis, / drinking, praesens, tis, present. 
polliceor, citus sum 2. drink. praesertim, adv. espec- 

to promise. potior, titus sum 4. c. ially. [dent. 

Pompeii, drum, m. Pom- abl. to possess one's praeses, idis, m, presi- 

peii (a city). self of. ])raesidium, i, n. aid^ 

Pompeius, i, m. Pom- poiissimum, adv. es- protection, support. 

pey. pecially, principally, praestabilis, e, excelktU, 

Pompilius, i, m. Pom- potius, adv. much more, superior. 

pilius. rather. praestans, tis, excellent. 

pomum, i, n. plur. eata- potus, us, m. drink. praesto, iti, atum 1. to 

ble fruit. praerdius S. very deep. be distinguished ; aW- 

pondero 1. to ponder. praebeo 2. to afford, cui, to surpass ; to be 
pono, siii, situm 3. to lend ; se praebere, to better ; to bestow ; to 

lay, place ; ponere in prove, show one's self, pay ; se praestare, to 

aliqua re, to set, place praeceps, clpitis, inclin- shotv one^s self 

upon something. ing, rugged, steep ; praesto, adv. present, at. 

pons, tis, m. bridge. precipitous. hand. 

30 



350 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

praesum, fui, esse, to probari alicui, to prohlbeo, bui, bitum % 
he placed before, pre- please some one. to prevent, keep off. 

side over. probrum, i, n. disgrace, proinde, adv. therefore ; 

praetereo, li, itum, ire, probus 3. upright, ex- proinde (\uas\, just as 

to pass by before. cellent. if. 

praeteritus 3. past. Probus, i, m. Probus. promitto, misi, missum 
praetor, oris, m. jorae^or. procella, ae,/. siorm. 3. to promise. 

praetoniim, i, n. gener- proceres, um, m. the no- promptu, in promptu 

aFs tent. bles. esse, to be ready. 

prandeo, di, sura 2. to procerus 3. slim, tall. promptus3. ready. 

breakfast. procudo, di, sum 3. (of pronuntlo 1. to pro- 

pratum, i, n. meadow. money) to coin. nounce. 

pravltas, atis, /. deprav- procul, adv. far off, from prope, adv. near ; 2) 

ity. a distance. nearly, almost. 

preces, um,/. entreaties procumbo, cubui, cubi- propere, adv. hastily. 
precor 1. to entreat; turn 3. to fall down, propitius 3. propitious, 

bene pr. alicui, to procuro 1. to take care of. favorable. 

wish well to one. prodeo, ii, Itum, ire, to propositum, i, n. pur- 

premo, pressi, pressum go forth, depart. pose, design. 

3. to press. prodigiosus 3. wonder- proprius 3. own, pecu- 

pretiosus 3. precious. ful. liar. 

pretium, i, n. price, proditlo, onis,/. treach- propterea, adv. on this 

value. ery. account. 

pridem, adv. long ago ; prodltor, oris, m. traitor, propugnator, oris, m. 

jam pridem, long prodo, didi, ditum, 3. to champion, defender. 

since. deliver up, betray. propulso 1. to drive 

Priene, es, /. Priene (a proellum, i, n. encoun- back. 

city of Ionia). ter. prorepo3. to creep forth. 

primo, adv. in the first profanus 3. profane. prorsus adv. entirely. 

place. profecto, adv. indeed, jirospecto 1. to look 

primum, adv. in the first truly. forth. 

place. profero, tuli, latum, fer- prosperitas, 2X\s,f.pros- 

princeps, ipis, m. first ; re, 3. to bring for- perity. 

the first. ward. [fessor. prosplclo, spexi, spec- 

principium, i, n. be- professor, oris, m. pro- turn 3. to see before 

ginning ; principio, proflcio, feci, fectum3, one's self. 

in the beginning. to profit, accomplish, prosterno, stravi, stra- 

priscus 3. old. proficiscor, fectus sum, lum 3. to prostrate. 

pristin us 3. /ormcr. 3. to set out (on a prosum, fui, desse c. 

prius, adv. sooner. journey), march, de- dat. to be useful, ben- 

priusquam, conj. before part. efit. 

that, ere, before. profiteor, fessus sum 2. T^Yo\xn\is,adv.immediate- 

privatus 3. private. to acknowledge freely, ly. 

probe, adv. excellently, promise, offer freely. proverbium, i, n. prov- 

suitahly, uprightly. profusus3. wnresirainerf: erb. 
\)r6hlVAS,3l\Q,f. upright- progredior, gressussum providentia, ae, ffore- 

ness. 3. to step forth, ad- sight, providence. 

probo 1. to approve ; vance. provideo, vidi, visum 2, 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



351 



to foresee ; c. dat. to 
provide for something', 
2) to be on one^s 
guard, look out. 

provincia, ae, /. pro- 
vince. 

proxime, adv. next. 

proximus 3. next. 

prudens, tis, wise, pru- 
dent, skilful. 

prudenter, adv. wisely, 
prudently. 

prudentia, ae,f wisdom, 
prudence. 

piunum, i, n. a plum. 

prunus, 'i,f. plumtree. 

pubes, eris, grown up. 

publlce, adv. publicly, 
on behalf of the State, 
at the cost of the State. 

publico 1. to make pub- 
lic. 

publicus 3. public ; in 
publico, in a public 
street. 

pudor, oris, m. shame. 

puella, ae,y. maid. 

puer, eri, m. boy ; pueri, 
children. 

puerilis, e, childish. 

pueritla, ae, f. child- 
hood. 

puerulus, i, m. little hoy. 

pugna, ae, f fight, bat- 
tle. 

pugno 1. to fight. 

pulcher, chra, chrum, 
beautiful, fair. 

pulchre, adv. beautiful- 
ly. 

pulchritudo,ini6^. beau- 
ty. 

pulex, icis, m. afiea. 

pullus, i, m. the young 
(of animals), chicken. 

pulvis, eris, m. sand, 
dust. 

pungo, pupugi, pun- 



ctum 3. to sting, to 
harass. 

Punicus3. Punic. 

punio 4. to punish, cor- 
rect. 

puppis, is,/, the stern of 
a ship. 

purgo 1. to purify, justi- 

fy- 

purus 3. pure. 

puto 1. to think, believe, 
consider. 

Pylades, ae, m. Pylades. 

Pythagoras, ae, m. Py- 
thagoras. 

Q. 

Quaero, sivi, situm 3. 
to seek, ab or ex ali- 
quo, to ask of one. 

quaeso, I pray, beseech. 

quaestio, onis, f. ques- 
tion. 

qualis, e, of what sort, 
character ; as. 

qualiscunque, of what- 
ever sort, character. 

quam, adv. how, as; 
cunj. (with the com- 
parative) than. 

quamdiii, how long, so 
long as. 

qiiamvis, conj. with the 
subj. how much soever, 
although. 

quando, adv. when. 

quanquam, conj. with 
indie, though, al- 
though. 

quanto, (with comp.) 
the. 

quantopere, how greatly. 

quantus 3. how great ; 
quantum, hoio much. 

quantuscunque, how 
great soever. 

quasi, as it loere, as if, 
as though. 



que, conj. and (always 

attached to its word), 
quemadmodum, adv. in 

what manner, as. 
queo ivi, itum, ire, to 

be able {can). 
quercus, us,/, oak. 
querela, ae,/ complaint, 

plaintive cry. 
queror, questus sum 3. 

to complain. 
qui, quae, quod, who. 
qui, how,whence,whereby. 
quia, conj. because. 
quicimque, quaecun- 

que, quodcunque, 

whosoever. 
quidam,quaedam, quid- 
dam and quoddam. 

[§31.6)]. 
quidem, indeed (is 

placed after its word), 
quidni, why not. 
quies, etis,/ quiet. 
quiesco, evi, etum 3. 

to rest. 
quietus 3. quiet. 
quin, [§ 107, 3. b)]. 
quinam ? who then ? 
quippe, adv. indeed, 



quis ? quid? who ^what7 
quis, qua, quid and qui, 

quae, quod [31, 1)] 

any one. 
quisnam, quaenam, 

quidnam, who, what 

then 7 
quispiam, quaepiam, 

qiiidpiam and quod- 

piam [§ 31, 3)]. 
quisquam, quicquam 

and quodquam, 

(scarcely) any one, 

[§31,4)]. 
quisque, quaeque, quid- 

que and quodque [§ 

31, 7)]. 



352 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

quisquis, quicquid,if7/io- recipio, cepi, ceptum refrico, cui, catum 1. to 

ever. {§ 30. R. 2). 3. to take hack, re- rub again, renew. 

quo,adv. whither ; quo- ceive ; se recipere, reglna, ae,f. queen. 

eo, (in comip.) the — to hetakt one's self regio, 6ms, f. region. 

so much the. hack. regliis 3. royal. 

quoad, so long as, until, reclto 1. to read to. regno 1. to reign. 

until that, even until, recordatio, on is, /. re- regnum, i, n. reign, 

quocunque, adv. whith- collection. kingdom. 

ersoever. recordor 1. c. ace. to rego, xi, ctum 3. to 

quod, conj. that, because. remember, call to mind. govern, guide, rule. 

quodsi, if now, but if. recreo 1. to renew, re- rejlclo, jeci, jectum 3. 

quominus,/^a<(H07,2). fresh. to throw away, reject. 

quomodo, adv. how. recrudesco, dui 3. to religlo, onis,/. religion, 

quondam, adv. once, break open afresh. conscientiousness. 

formerly. recte, adv. rightly, cor- religiose, adv. scrupu- 

quonlam, conj. because. rectly. lously. 

quoque, adv. also. vec\.OY,bv'is,m. governor, relinquo, liqui,licturn3. 

quot ? how many ? rectus 3. straight, direct, to leave behind, desert. 

quotannis, adv. yearly. right ; recta consci- reliquus 3. remaining. 

quotcuuque, hoivever entia, a good con- remaneo, nsi, nsum 2. 

many. science. to remain behind, re- 

quotidianus 3. daily. recumbo, cubui, cubi- main, 

quotidie, adv. daily. turn 3. to lie c/ozi;n reminiscor (without the 

quoties, adv. how often. again. P^rf) 3. c. gen. or 

quotiescunque, adv. recupero 1. to recover. ace. to remember. 

however ojten. redamo ]. to love in re- removeo, ovi, otum 2. 

quot(iuot,however many. turn. to remove. 

qnotus 3. what one in redarguo, ui, utum 3. Remus, i. m. Remus. 

order. to refute. ren, (commonly plur. 
quum, conj. when ; as, reddo, idi, Itum 3. to renes, um, m.) kid- 
since, give back again, give, neys. 

make. [turn, reor, ratus sum, reri, 2. 

R. redeo, li, itum 4. to re- to be persuaded, think. 

Rabies, ei,yi madness, redltus, us, m. return, repente, adv. suddenly. 

rabiosus 3. nuid. reduco, xi, ctum 3. to reperio, peri, pertum 4. 

radix, icis,y. roof. lead back. tofind, find out. 

rana, 'Ae,f.frog. redundo 1. to redound, repeto, ivi, itum 3. to 

rapidus 3. tearing away, refello, elli 3. to refute. call back, retrace. 

rapid. refercio, rsi, rtum 3. to repleo, evi, etum 2. to 

raplo, pui, ptum 3. to stuff, fill up. fill up. 

snatch, carry off. refero, tub, latum, ferre replico 1. to repeat. 

raro, adv. rarely. 3. to bring back, re- reporto ]. to bear off. 

rarus 3. seldom. turn again ; requite ; repugno 1. to contend 

ratio, onis, f reason ; refer to. against. 

manner. refert 3. c. gen. it con- reputo 1. to weigh, con- 

ravis, is,/, hoarseness. cerns. (§ 88. 10). sider. 

recedo, cessi, cessum reformido 1. c. ace. fo requies, etis, (ace. requi- 

3. to go back, retire. fear something. em),f.rest,relaxation. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 353 

requiesco, evi, etum 3. Rhodus, i.f. Rhodes. saevlo 4. to rage. 

(ex) c. abJ. to repose, rideo, risi, risum 2. to saevus S.Jierce. 

requiro, quisivi, quisi- laugh ; c. ace. to sagitta, ae,/. arrow. 

turn 3. to search ajter, laugh at, deride. sal, sal is, m. salt ; wit. 

inquire for. ridiculus 3. ridiculous, salio, lui, ltum4. to leap, 

res, rei,/. affair, thing, ripa, ae,/. hank. saltern, adv. at least. 

rescindo, idi, issum 3. risus, us, m. laugh. salto 1. to dance. 

to tear off, break off. rite, adv. in a proper salus, \it\s, f. prosperity, 

rescisco, ivi or li, itiim manner. welfare, safety. 

3. to ascertain. rivulus, i, m. stream. salutaris, e, salutary. 

reseco, cui, ctum 2. to robur, oris, n. strength, saluto 1. to salute. 

cut off. robustus 3. strong. salve, hail ! (Imper. of 

reserve 1. to reserve. rogo 1. to entreat, ask. salveo 2. to be well). 

resideo, edi, essum 2. Romanus 3. Roman ', salvus 3. safe, well. 

to remain behind. Rotnanus, i, m. a Samnis, itis, m. a Sam- 

resisto,' stiti, stltum 3. Roman. nite. 

to resist. Romulus, i, m. Romu- sancio, nxi, ncitum 4. 

resono 1 . to resound. lus. to sanction. 

resonus 3. resounding, rosa, ae, / rose. sancte, adv. sacredly, 

echoing. Rosclus, i, m. Roscius. conscientiously. 

respiro 1. to breathe. rostrum, i, n. beak. sanctus 3. sacred. 

respondeo, di, sum 2. rotundus 3. round. sane, adv. truly. 

to answer, reply. ruber, bra, brum, red. sanguis, inis, m. blood. 

responsio, onis, /. an- rudens, tis, m. rope, sano L to heal, cure. 

swer. stay. sapid us 3. palatable. 

responsum, i, n. an- rudis, e, c. gen. crude, sapiens, tis, wise ; subst. 

swer. unacquainted with, wise man. 

respubllca, G. rei pub- rudo, ivi (i), itum 3. to- sapientla, ae,/ ivisdom. 

licae,/. State. roar. sapTo, ui 3. to be wise. 

respuo, ui, utum 3. to rumpo, rupi, ruptum 3. sarclo, rsi, rtum 4. to 

reject. to break, tear. make good again, rt- 

restinguo, nxi, nctum, ruo, rui, rutum 3. to pair. [branch. 

3. to smother, to ex- rush. sarmentum, i, n. shoot, 

tinguish. rupes, is,/ rock, cliff, sat, adv. sufficiently. 

restis, is,/ rope. rus, ruris, n. country. satlo 1. to satiate. 

restituo, ui, utum 3. to rusticusS.rwsfic; subst. satira, ae,/ satire. 

restore. countryman, boor. satis, adv. sufficiently. 

resto, strti 1. to be left; rutilus S.fery red. Saturnus, i, in. Saturn. 

2) resist. saxum, i, n. rock. 

rete, is, n. net, toil. S. scateo, ere, c. abl. to be 

retineo, inui, entum 2. Sacer, era, crum, sa- full of something. 

to hold back, retain. cred ; sacra, orum, n. seaturigo, Inis/ spring. 

reus, i, m. defendant. sacred rites. sceleratus 3. wicked. 

reverter, Perf. : reverti sacerdos, otis, c. priest, seel us, eris, n. crime, 

3. to return. priestess. transgression. 

revoco ]. to recall. saeculum, i, n. a hun- schola, ae,/ school, 

rex, g'ts, m. king. dred years. scPiolasticus 3. (/or per- 

Rhenus, i, m. Rhine. saepe, adv. often. taining to a school. 
30* 



354 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

scilicet, adv. truly, to sententia, ae, /. senti- similitudo, inis, /. like- 
wit ment, opinion. ness. 

scintilla, ae,/ spark. sentio, nsi, iisum 4. to simplex, icis, simple. 

scio 4. to know. feel, think, judge. simul, adv. at the same 

scipio, onis, m. staff. sentis, is, m. (common- time. 

Scipio, onis, m. Scipio. ly plur. semes), thorn- simulac, conj. (never 

scribo, psi, ptum 3. to bush. before a vowel or h) 

write. separo 1. to separate, as soon as. 

scriptor, oris, m. wiiter. disjoin. simulatio, onis, /. pre- 

scrobis, is, m. hole, ditch, sepelio, pellvi, pultum tence. 

scrupulus, i, m. scruple. 4. to inter, hury. simulatque = simulac. 

Scytha, ae, m. a Scy- sepio, sepsi, septum 4. simulo 1. to liken one^s 
thian. to hedge in, inclose. self to; to feign. 

secerno, crevi, cretum sepono, posui, positum sin, conj. hut if. 
3. to sunder, separate. 3. to lay aside. sinapis, is,/, mustard. 

seco, cui, ctum 1. to September, bris,w.»S'ep- smguVi, ae, &, single, 
cut. temher. sino, sivi, situm 3. to 

sector L c. ace. to pur- sepulcrum, i, n. grave, permit, allow. 

sue, strive after. burial. siquidera, conj. if in- 

secundus 3. favorable, sequor, secutus sum 3. deed, 
fortunate ; res secun- c. ace. tojollow. siser, eris, n. carrot. 

dae, prosperity. serenus 3. clear, bright, sitio 4. to thirst ; c. ace. 

securis, is, f. axe, hatch- serius 3. grave. to thirst after some- 

et. sermo, onis, m. conver- thing. 

securus 3. secure, safe. sation, discourse. sitis, is,/, thirst. 

sed, conj. but. sero, sevi, satum 3. to situs, us, m. situation ; 

sedeo, sedi, sessum 2. sow, plant. 2) mould., filth. 

to sit. serus 3. too late. situs, 3. placed ; situm 

sedes, is,/ seat. servio 4. to serve. esse, to be placed, bu- 

seditio, onis,/ sedition, servitus, utis, / servi- ried. 

sedo 1. to quiet. tude. sive — sive, conj. wheth- 

sediilo, adv. busily. servo 1. to preseiDe. er — or, either — or. 

seges, etis,/ c7'op. servus, i, m. slave. soccus, i, m. sock, shoe. 

semen, Inis, n. seed. seu, conj. see sive. socer, eri, m. father-in- 

semper, adv. always. severltas, atis,/ sever- law. 

sempiternus 3. ever-dur- ity. societas, atis, / union, 

ing, eternal. si, conj. if, if also. league, alliance, as- 

eenator, oris, m. senator, sic, adv. so, thus. sociation. 

senaius, us, m. senate, sica, ae,/ dagger. socius, i, m. ally. 

senectus, Qtis, / age, sicanus, i, m. assassin. Socrates, is, m. Socra- 
old age. siccine, adv. is it so ? tes. 

senex, senis, oZc/; subst. s'lcco 1. to dry. socrus, us,/ mother-in- 

old man. Sicilla, ae,/ Sicily. law. [ion. 

senilis, e, belonging to signum, i, n. sign. sodalis, is, m. compan- 

old age; aetas seni- silentium, i, n. silence, sol, soils, m. sun. 
lis,/ old age. siler, eris, n. willoiu. solatium, i, n. solace. 

sensus, us, m. sense, sWva, 'de,f a wood. solea, ae, / sole; so- 

feeling, similis, e, like. lea equi, horseshoe. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



355 



soleo, solitus sum 2. 

1o he wont. 
solitudo, Inis,/. solitude. 
sollers, tis, dextrous, 

skilful. 
solliclto 1. to disquiet. 
sollicitudo, inis, /. soli- 
citude, anxiety. 
sollicltus 3. anxious. 
solum, i, n. ground. 
solus 3. alone. 
solutus 3. unbound. 
solvo, vi, utum 3. to 

loose,free. 
somnlo 1. to dream. 
somiilum, i, n. dream. 
somuus, i, m. sleep. 
sonitus, us, m. sound. 
sono, ui, itum 1. to 

sound. 
sonus, i, m. tone. 
sophista, ae, m. sophist. 
Sophocles, is, m. Sojjho- 

cles. 
sordid us 3. mean. 
sorex, icis, m. a Jield- 

mouse. 
sorix, icis, m. an owl. 
soror, oris,/ sister. 
sors, tis,/. lot. 
sospes, Itis, safe, sound. 
spargo, rsi, rsum 3. to 

strow, scatter, spread. 
spatium, i, n. space, 

length of time. 
species, e\,fform. 
speciosiis 3. striking, 

heautful. [tator. 

spectator, oris, m. spec- 
specto 1. c. ace. to look 

at, behold, have some- 
thing in view. 
specus, us, m. cave. 
speriio, sprevi, spreium 

3. to spurn. 
spero 1. to hope. 
spes, ei,/ hope. [let. 
spinther, eris, n. hrace- 



spirltus, us, m. breath. 

splen, enis, m. the spleen. 

spleudeo, ui 2, to shine. 

splen did us 3. splendid. 

splendor, oris, m. mag- 
nificence, splendor. 

spolio 1. to deprive, rob. 

spondeo, spopondi, 
sponsum 2. to he re- 
sponsible for. 

spurlijs 3. spui'ious. 

stabilis, e, stable, frm. 

stabilitas, atis,/ stabil- 
ity. 

statim, adv. immediately. 

statro, onis, station. 

statua, ae,/ statue. 

status, us, m. posture. 

Stella, ae,/ star. 

stercus, oris, n. dung. 

stimulo 1. to goad. 

stipendium, i, n. pay. 

stirps, pis, / stem, ori- 
gin. 

sto, steti, statum 1. to 
stand, he gained by, 
cost. 

strenue, adv. vigorously. 

strideo di, 2. to whistle. 

stringo, inxi, ictum 3. 
to graze,draw {sword). 

strix, igis,/ horned owl. 

studeo, ui 2. to strive, 
exert one's self, en- 
deavor ; c. dat. to oc- 
cupy one^s self zea- 
lously with, favour 
some one. 

studiose, adv. zealously, 

studiosus 3. c. gen. de- 
voted to-; stud, esse 
c. gen. to occupy one^s 
self zealously with, 
to apply one's self to 
something. 

studTum i, n. effort, zeal, 
study. 

stuliitia, ae,f. folly. 



stultus S. foolish, silly. 

suavis, e, lovely, agreea- 
ble. 

sua vitas, atis, / sweet- 
ness, loveliness of 
character. 

suaviter, adv. sweetly, 
agreeably. 

suber, eris, n. cork tree. 

subjgo, egi, actum 3. to 
ivork ; subjugate. 

subitus 3. suddenly. 

subjicio, jeci, jectum 3. 
to subject. 

subrideo, risi, risum 2. 
to smile. 

subsequor, secutus sum 

3. to follow. 
substerno, stravi, stra- 
tum 3. to spread un- 
der. 

subterfuglo, ugi, ugl- 

tum 3. to escape. 
subvenlo, veni, ventum 

4. to come to help. 
succedo, essi, essum 3. 

to succeed. 
succenseo, lii, 2. to he 

enraged. 
succumbo, cubui, cubi- 

tum 3. to sink under. 
succurro, cursi, cursum 

3. c. dat. to aid, as- 
sist. 
sudo 1. to sweat. 
sudor, oris, m. sweat. 
sugo, xi, ctum, 3. to 

suck. 
sui, pron. of him, [her, 

it) self. 
Sulla, ae, m. Sulla. 
sum, fui, esse, to he, be 

peculiar, belong, per- 
tain to ; c. gen. or 
dat. to possess ; cum 
dupl. dat. to tend to, 

serve for something, 

some one. 



356 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

summa, ae,/. sum. Syracusae, arum./. Sy- lego, xi, ctum 3. ta 

summus 3. greatest^ racuse. cover. [ering. 

highest. Syrus, i, m. a Syrian, tegumentum, i, n. cov- 

summa aqua, surface of telum, i, n. arrow, dart. 

the water. T. temere, adv. rashly, 

sumo, mpsi, mptum 3. Tabula, ae, /. hoard, without reason. 

to take. [sew. table. temeritas, atis, f rash- 

suo, sui, sutum 3. to taceo, 2. to he silent. ness, hastiness. 

supellex, ectilis, ffur- tacltus 3. silent. temperantia, ae, / tem- 

niture, utensils. taedet me alicujus lei, perance. 

su^erhus 3. proud, mag- it excites disgust in tempero 1. to moderate ; 

nificent. me at something. non temp, mibi quin, 

superior, us, higher ; talentum, i, n. talent 1 cannot refrain from. 

subst. conquerer. (sum of money). tempestas, atis,/. time; 

supero 1. to overcome, talis, e, of such sort, 2) weather, storm. 

surpass. character ; such. templum, i, n. temple. 

superstes, itis, c. dat. tam, so; tam — quam, tempus, oris, n. time; 

surviving. so — as. tempore, at the rigM 

superstitlo, onis, /. su- tamdiu, adv. so long. time. 

perstition. tamen, coiij. yet, still. tenax, acis, c. gen. per- 

superus 3. above ; su- Tamesis, is, m. Thames. severing, tenacious. 

peri, the gods. tandem, adv. finally, tendo, tetendi, tensum 

suppedito 1. to furnish. then. and tentum 3. to ex- 

supplex, icis, suppliant, tango, tettgi, tactum 3. tend, distend ; ad ali- 

supplicium, i, n. pun- to touch ; tangi de quid, to strive after 

ishment. coelo, to he struck by something. 
supplico 1. c. dat. to lightning. tenebrae, arum, /. dark- 
entreat. tanquam,yit^f as, as, as ness. 
supra, adv. above. if, as though, as it teneo, nui, ntum 2. to 
supremus 3. last. were. hold, holdfast, occupy, 
surgo, surrexi, surrec- Tantalus i, m. Tanta- restrain. 

tum 3. to arise. lus. tener, era, erum, tender. 

sus, suis,/ sow, swine, tanto, (in comp.) so tento 1. to try. 

suscipio, cepi, ceptura much the. tenuis, e, slender, small, 

3. to undertake, re- tantopere, adv. so great- slight. 

ceive. ly. tergum, i, n. back. 

susclto 1. to arouse. tantum, only. terra, ae,/. earth, land, 

susplcor 1. to suspect, tantus 3. 50 great. terreo 2. to frighten. 

imagine. tarditas, atis, /. slow- terrestris, e, earthly; 

sustento 1. to support. ness. proelium terrestre, 

sustineo, inui, entum 2. tardus 3. slow. land-fight. 

to sustain ; sust. par- Tarentum, i, n. Taren- terribil.is, e, terrible. 

tes, to act a part. tum (a city). terror, oris, m. terror. 
suus 3. his {her, its), his Tarquinius, i, m. Tar- testamentum, i, n. tes- 

own. quinius. lament, will. 

symbolis, de symbolis Tarquinii, orum, m. testis, is, c, witness. 

edere, to eat at com- Tarquinii (a city). teter, tra, trum, fotU, 

mon expense. tectum, i, n. house, roof hideous. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



Z5t 



texo, xui, xtum 3. to 

weave, hraid. 
Thebanus, i, m. a The- 

han. 
Themistocles, is, m. 

Themisiodes. 
Theophrastiis, i, m. 

Theophrastus. 
Thracia, ae,/. Thrace. 
Tiberis, is, m. Tiber. 
tibia, ae, f. skin-hone, 

p{pe,Jlute. 
Tigris, is,/. Tigris. 
timeo, ui 2. to fear. 
timiditas, atis,/. timidi- 

timid us 3. timid. 

tirnor, oris, in. fear. 

Timoiheus, i, m. Timo- 
theus. 

tinge, nxi, nctum 3. to 
color. 

toleranter, adv. pati- 
ently. 

tolero 1. to endure. 

tollo, sustuli, sublatum, 
3. to raise up, hear 
. away. 

tondeo, totondi, tonsum 
2. to shear. 

tonitru, u, n. thunder. 

tone, ui 1. to thunder. 

tensor, oris, m. harber. 

tonstricilla, ae, / a fe- 
male barber. 

tormentum, i, n. torture. 

torpeo, ui, 2. to be tor- 
pid, inactive. 

torqueo, torsi, tortum 
2. to torment, torture. 

torquis, is, m. neck- 
chain. 

torrens, tis, m. torrent. 

torreo, torrui, tostum 2, 
to dry, roast. 

tortus 3. twisted. 

tot, so many. 

totldem, ju^t so many. 



totus 3. the whole. 

tractatio, onis, /. hand- 
ling, pursuit. 

tracto 1. to handle, pur- 
sue, perjorm. 

trado, drdi, drtum 3. to 
deliver over, give, sur- 
render, relate. 

tradux, ucis, m. a vine 
branch, vine-layer. 

tragoedla, ae,/. tragedy. 

traho, traxi, tractum 3. 
to draw. 

transeo, Ti, Itum, ire, to 
pass by, pass over. 

transfigo, xi, xum 3. to 
transfix, stab. 

transgredior, gressus 
sum 3. to pass over. 

translgo, egi, actum 3. 
to bring about, tran- 
sact. 

transilio, silui, sultum 
4. to leap over. 

Trasinienus, i, m, Tra- 
simenus (a lake). 

tremo, ui 3. to tremble. 

tribuo, ui, utum 3. to 
distribute, give, im- 
pute, [pany. 

tribus, us,/, tribe, com- 

tridens, tis, m. trident. 

triennium, i, n. the space 
of three years. 

tristis, e, sad, lowering. 

triticeus 3. of wheat. 

tropaeum, i, n. trophy. 

tu, pron. thou. 

tuber, eris, n. hump. 

tueor, tuitus sum 2. to 
behold, keep, protect, 
defend. 

tum, adv. thereupon, 
then ; at that time. 

tumeo, ui, 2. to swell. 

ttimultus, us, m. tumult. 

tunc, adv. at that time, 
then, there. 



tundo, tutudi, tunsum 
3. to beat, stun. 

tunica, ae, / under- 
garment. 

turba, ae,/ crowd. 

turbo 1. to cause confu- 
sion, disturb. 

turgidus 3. swollen. 

turpis, e, disgraceful^ 
base. 

turpitado, luis,/. base- 
ness. 

turris, is,/ tower. 

turtur, uris, m. turtle 
dove. 

tussis, is,/ cough. 

tutus 3. safe. 

tuus 3. thy, thine. 

tyrannus i, m. tyrant. 

Tyrius, i, m. Tyrian. 

U. 
Tiber, uberis, abound- 
ing in, rich. 
uber, eris, n. udder. 
ubertas, atis,/ richness, 

copiousness. 
ubi, adv. where ; 2) conj. 

as soon as, when. 
ubicunque, wherever ; 

ubicunque gentium 

where in all the world. 
ubinam, adv. where then. 
Ubius, i, n. a Ubian. 
ubivis, adv. where you 

ivill. 
ulciscor, ultus sum 3. c. 

ace. to take revenge 

upon some one. 
ullus 3. any one. 
uhnus, i,/ elm. 
umbra, ae,/ shade. 
una, adv. at the same 

time, together. 
unda, ae,/ wave. 
unde, adv. whence. 
undTque, adv. from aU 

sides. 



358 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

ungo, (unguo), nxi, valetudo, mis, /. health, verbero t. to heat. 

Dctum 3. to anoint. valid us 3. strong. verbum, i, n. word. 

unguis, \s, m. nail^ claw, vannus, i,f. corn-fan. verecundla, ae, /. res- 
universus 3. whole. varlus 3. various. pect. 

unquam, adv. ever. varix, icis, m. swollen veieor, veritus sum 2. 

unus 3. one ; only, alone. vein. to reverence, have res- 

unusquisque, miaquae- vas, vasis, w. (plur. vasa, pect for^ to fear. 

que, unumquidque orum, n.) vessel, vase. Veritas, atis,/. truth. 

and unumquodque, vasto ]. to lay waste. vermis, is, m. worm. ' 

each one {^3\, 7). \ates, ]s, prophet, vernus 3. vernal; ver- 

urbanus 3. belonging to vectigal, alis, n. toll, nus dies, a spring 

the city, city-like. tax, income. day. 

iirbs, bis,/, city. vectis, is, m. lever, holt, vero, conj. hut; 2) adv. 

urgeo, rsi, 2. to press, vehemens, tis, vehement. (as an answer) yes. 

oppress. vehementer, adv. vehe- Verres, is, m. Verres. 

ursus, i, m. a hear. mently, violently, versor 1. inc. abl. to he 

usus, us, m. use. greatly. occupied in a thing. 

ut, adv. as, even as. veho, vexi, vectum 3. versus, us, m. a verse. 

ut, conj. that, in order to carry, bring, equo verto, rti, rsum 3. to 

that, that not, (§ 106); vehi, to ride, he borne turn; v. in fugam, 

as [§ MO, 1. 2)]; ut off. to put to fight. 

primum, as soon as. vel, conj. or ; even ; vel verus 3. true. 
uter, tra, trum, which of — vel, either — or. vervex, ecis, m. a weth- 

the two. velox, ocis, swift. er. 

uterque, utraque, u- vellum, i, n. sail. vescor (without perf.) 

trumque, each (of the velut, adv. even as, as. 3. c. abl. to eat. 

two), both. vena, ae,/. vein. vesper, eri and ens, m. 

utilis, e, useful. venatio, onis,/ a hunt. evening ; vesperi, at 

utilitas, atis, /. use, ad- venatus, us, m. a hunt. evening. 

vantage. venator, oris, m. hunter, vester, tra, trum, your. 

utinam, con/, with suhj. vendo, didi, ditum 3. vestio 4:. to clothe, attire. 
O that. [to use. to sell. vestis, is, / a garment, 

utor, usus sum 3. c. abl. veneo, li, ire, to he for cloth. 
utrum, interrogative sale. Vesuvius, i, m. Vesu- 

word []15, 3. b, d)]. veneror 1. to revere. vius. 

uva, ae,/. grape. venlo, veni, ventum 4. veto, ui, Itum 1. to for- 

to come. bid. 

V. venor 1. to hunt. vetus, eris, old. 

Vacca, ae,/. cow. ventus, i, m. wind. vetustas, atis,/ age. 

vacillo 1. to rock, waver. Venus, eris,/ Venus, vetustus 3. old. 
vae, alas! venustas, atis,/ grace- vexo 1. to vex, annoy. 

vagor 1. to wander. fulness. via, ae,/ way. 

valde, adv. very much. vepres, is, m. thorn- viator, oris, m. traveller. 
valeo 2. to be well ; be bush, bramble. vicinus, i, m. neighbor. 

sound, strong, able ; ver, veris, n. spring. victor, oris, victorious ; 

valeat, valeant, adieu verber, eris, n. (com- subst. conqueror. 

to something; 2) to mon\y p\m\ verbera,) victoria, ae,f victory. 

avail. blows. victus, us, m.food. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



359 



video, vidi, visum 2. 
to see. ; pass, seem, 
appear. 

vjgeo, ui 2. to he vigor- 
ous. 

vigil, His, m. watchman. 

vigilantia, ae, /. watch- 
fulness. 

vigilia, ae, /. watch, 
night-watch. 

vigilo 1. to watch. 

vigor, oris, m. power. 

vincio, nxi, nctum 4. to 
hind, restrain. 

vinco, vici, victum 3. 
to conquer, vanquish, 
overcome. 

vinculum, i, n. hond, 
chain. 

vinea, a vine. 

vinum, i. n. wine. 

violo 1. to violate. 

vir, viri, m. man. 

vireo, ui 2. to flourish. 

Virgillus, i, m. Virgil. 

virgo, in is,/, virgin. 

viridis, e, green. 

viritim, man hy man. 

virtus, utis, /. virtue, 
hravery. 



virus, 1, n. poison. 

vis, {gen. and dat. want- 
ing ; plur. viresjiiim), 
/. power, force, mul- 
titude. 

viscus, eris, n. (com- 
monly plur.) inwards. 

visum, i, n. appearance. 

Visurgis, is, m. the We- 
ser. 

vita, ae,/. life. 

vitiositas, atis, /. vice, 
vidou^sness. 

vitiosus 3. defective. 

vitium, i, n. fault, vice. 

vito 1. to avoid. 

vitulinus 3. of calf. 

vitulus, i, m. calf. 

vitupero 1. to censure. 

vivo, vixi, victum 3. to 
live. 

vivus 3. living. 

vix, adv. scarcely. 

voco 1. to coll, invite. 

volito 1. to fly, flutter. 

volo 1. to fly. 

volo, volui, velle, to 
wish (v^^ould). 

volucris, is,/ hird. 

voluntas, atis,/ will. 



voluptas, atis, / pleas- 
ure, sensuality. 

volvo, vi, utum 3. to 
roll. 

voveo, vovi, votum 2. to 
vow. 

vox, vocis,/ voice. 

Vulcanus, i, m. Vulcan, 

vulgaris, e, common. 

vulgus, i. n. people, the 
common people. 

vulnero 1. to wound. 

vulnus, eris, n. wound. 

vulpes, is,/ fox. 

vultur, uris, m. vulture. 

vultus, us, m. expres- 
sion, feature, counte- 
nance. 

X. 

Xenophon, ontis, m. 

Xenophon. 
Xerxes, is, m. Xerxes. 



Zama, ae,/ Znma. 
Zeno, onis, m. Zeno. 
zingiber, eris, n. ginger. 



11. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Ahate, mollire. 

Ahility, facultas, atis,/ 

Ahle (to be), posse, qui- 
re, valere ; not ahle. 
nequire. 

Abode, domicilium, i, n. 

Abound, abundare. 

Abounding in, locuples, 
etis. 

Ahout, circiter. 

Above, superus. 



Abroad, peregre. 

Absent, absens, tis. 

Absent (to be), abesse. 

Absolve, absolvere. 

Abstain, abstinere. 

Abundance, abundantia, 
ae, / copia, ae,/; to 

have abundare 

c. abl. 

Accompany, comitari. 

Accomplished, eruditus 3. 



Accounted (to be), exis- 

timari, haberi. 
Accustomed (to be), so- 

lere, consuescere* 
Acknowledge, confiteri, 

faleii ; ff^^lyi 

profitiri. 
Acorn, gians, dis,/ 
Acquainted with, peritus 

3. coiisultus 3. gna- 

rus 3. c. gen. 
Acquainted urith (to be), 



360 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 

novisse [§ 77, 3)] ; Agree to (on condition), Ancus Martins, Ancus 

thoroughly, per- pangere. Martins, i. m. 

noscere. Agreeable, gratus 3. ju- And, et, ac, atque, que. 

Acquire, parare, compa- cundus 3. suavis, e. And not, neque (nee). 

rare (sibi). Agricola, Agricola, ae. Anger, ira, ae,/. iracun- 

Acre, iugerum, i, n. m. dia, ae,/. 

Act, agere. Agriculture, agricultura, Angry, iratus 3. 

Actor, histrlo, onis, m. ae,/. Announce, annuntiare. 

Acute, acutus 3. subti- e/3ic?, auxilium, i, w.prae- Annoy, vexare. 

lis, e. sidium, i, n. Announcement, oracu- 

Adapted, accommoda- Aid, adjuvare c. ace. lum, i, n. 

tus 3. c. dat. or ad c. succurere c. dat. ; to Another (of several), a- 

acc. lend aid, opitulari. llus, a, ud. 

Add, addere. Alas.'vael Another, aVienus 3. 

Address, alloqui. Alcibiades, Alcibiades, Answer, respondere. 

.^rfAer&aZ, Adherbal, alis, is, m. Antiochus, Antiochus, 

m. Alexander, Alexander, i, m. 

w3c?7)wra&Ze,admirabilis,e. dri, m. Antiquity ( = ancient- 

Admiration, admiratio, Alexandria, PdexondndL, ness), vetustas, aiis,/. 

onis,/ ae,/ .y^nw"/, incus, udis, / 

Admire, admirari. All, omnes, ia. Anxious (am), curae, 

Admonish, nionere, ad- Alliance, societas, atis, mihi est. 

monere. / foedus, eris, 7?. Anxiously, anxie. 

Admonition, admonltio, Allohroges, Allobroges, Any, ullus 3. 

onis,/ um, m. Ape, simia, ae,/ 

Adopt, adsciscere. Allow, jubere. Apollo, Apollo, Inis, m. 

^cforn, ornare,adornare. Ally, socius, i, m. Appear, apparere, vi- 

coraare. Almost, fere, ferme, pe- deri. 

Advantage, lucrum, i, ne, prope. Appease, placare. 

n. commodum, i, n. Aloe, aloe, es,/ Applaud, applaudere, c. 

emolumentum, i, n. Alone, solus 3. unus 3. dat. 

fructus, us, m. Alps, Alpes, ium,/ Apple, malum, i, n. 

Adversity, res adversae. Already, iam. Apple-tree, nialus, i,/ 

Advise, suadere. Also, etiam, quoque. Apply one's self to some- 

JEduan, ^duus, i, m. Although, quamvis. thing, incumbere in 

Mmilius, ^Emillus, i, m. Always, semper. or ad aliquid. 

Mneas, ^Eneas, ae, m. ^mrtZon,Aniazori,6nis/ Apprehend, vereri, me- 
Affair, res, rei,/ Ambassador, \egai\us^\,m. tuere. 

.^^edec/, affectus 3. Ambuscade, insidiae, a- Appreliension, metus,us, 

Affirm, aio. I'un^,/ m. 

Afford, praebere. Amiable, amabilis, e. Approach, appropin- 

Africa, Africa,/ Ample, amplus 3. quare, adventare. 

Afler that, postquam, c. Anaxagoras, Anaxago- Approach, aditus, us,m. 

ind. per/. ras, ae, m. Approbation, approba- 

Against (prep.), adver- Ancestors, majores, um. tio, onis,/ 

sus. Ancient, antlquus 3. ve- Approve, approbare, 

Age, aetas, atis,/ [m. tus, eris, priscus 3. probare. 

Agesilaus, Agesilaus, i, Anciently, antiquitus. Arch, fornix, icis, m. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 361 

^irchimedes, Archime- aliquo), interrogare, Await, opperiri. 

des, is, m. rogare (aliquem). Axe, securis, is,y, 

Ardea, Ardea, ae,/. Ass, aslnus, i, m. Axle, axis, is, m. 

Ardor, ardor, oris, ?n. Assassin, sicarlus, i, m. 
Ariovistus, AriovistLis,i, Assault, oppugnare. B. 

m. Assemble, convocare, ^aftj/Zon, Babylon, onis, 

Arise, surgere, cooriri, congregare, conflu- f. [3. 

exoriri. ere. Babylonian ,B^j\omn?^ 

Aristides, Aristides, is, Assembly, coetus, us, m. Bad, mains 3. 

m. Assent to, assentiri. Badge, insigne, is, n. 

Aristotle, Aristoteles, is, Assiduously, assidue. Bake, torrere. 

m. Assign, tribuere. Band, agmen, inis, n. 

Arms, arniR, orum, n. .^5si5f,juvare, adjuvare manus, us,y. 
Army, exercitus, us, m. c. ace. succurreri, BanisTier, expultrix, 
Arpinum, Arpiuum, i, auxiliari c. dat. icis,y. [ae,/. 

n. Assyria, Assyria, ae,f. 5a;zA; (of a river), ripa, 

Arpinum [of ), subst. Ar- Athenian (a. and s.) Bargain (to make), pa- 

pinas, atis, m. Atheniensis, is, m. cisci. 

Artist, artjfex, icis, m. Attach one's self to some Bargain, pangere. 

^f. one, se applicare ad Base, foedus 3. turpis. 

Arrange (line of battle), aliquem. e, sordidiis, a, um. 

aciem instruere. Attack, impetus, us, m. Basely, foede. 

Arrival, adventus, us. Attack, aggredi, adoriri. Battle, pugna, ae /. 

m. Attacking, oppugnatio, proelium, i, n. 
Arrogance, arrogantia, onis, f. Be, esse ; in some- 

ae, /. Attain, assequi. thing, versari in ali- 

Airow, sagitta, ae,/. Attains, Attains, i, m. qua re ; present, 

Art, ars, tis, /. Attempt, conari, moliri, adesse, interesse ; 
Artaxerxes, Ariaxerxes, suscipere. wanting, desse, 

is, m. Attend to, attendere. deficere. 

Artificer, artifex, icis, m. Attention to, cultus, us. Bear, portare, gestare, 

and/ m. ferre; o^,repor- 

As, ut, quum, velut. Attentive, attentus 3. tare. 

quomodo, quemad- Attentively, attente. Beard, barba, ae,/. 

modum, ac (atque). Atticus, Attlcus, i, m. Beast, bestia, ae,/ 
As if, quasi, ac si, tan- Attic, Atticus 3. Beat, ferire. 

quam. Augustus, Augustus, i, Beautifid,pulchGr,chr8L, 

As often as, quoties. m. chrum. 

As soon as, ubi, atque, Autumn, autumnus, i, Beauty, pulchritudo, 

[§ 110, 2)] m. inis,/ 

As well — as (also), et — Avail, valere. Beautifully, pulchre. 

et. Avarice, avaritia, ae,/ Because, quia, quod, 

Ascend, ascendere. Avaricious, avarus 3, c. quoniam. 

Ascertain, experiri, res- gen. Become, fieri, evadere ; 

ciscere, comperire. Avenge (one's self on it becomes, de- 
Ashes, cinis, eris, m. one), ulcisci. cet ; it does not 

Asia, Asia, ae,/ Avert, avertere. become, dedecet. (^ 

Ask, quaerere [ex, ab, Avoid, vitare, evitare. 89, 2). 

31 



362 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Becoming, decorus 3. 

Before, ante, prius, an- 
tea, antequam, prius- 
quam ; that, an- 
tequam, priusquam. 

Beget, gignere. 

Begin, inclpere, ordiri, 
exordiri. 

Begun (to have), cepis- 
i se. 

Beginning, inittum, 
principium, i, n. 

Beggar, mendicus, i, m. 

Behold, adsplcere, tueri, 
spectare. 

Belief, opinio, bms,f 

Believe, credere, putare. 

Bellows, follis, is, m. 

Belly, alvus, \,f 

Belong to some one, es- 
se alicujus (§ 88, 7). 

Bend, flectere. 

Benefit, utilitas, atis, f 

Benefit, prodesse. 

Beset, circumsedere. 

Besides, porro. 

Besiege, obsldere, cir- 
cumsidere. 

Besmear, oblinere. 

Bestow, largiri, adhibe- 

re, praestare ; 

upon, collocare in c. 
abl. 

Betake one^s self, se con- 

ferre ; hack, se 

recipere. 

Betraying, proditio, 
onis,/. 

Bid, JLibere. 

Bind, vincire. 

Binding (to make), ad- 
stringere. 

Bird, avis, is, f 

Birds of passage, volu- 
cres adventitiae. 

Birthday, natalis, is, m. 

Bite, mordere. 

Bithynia, Bithynia,ae,y*. 



Bitter, amarus, 3. acer- 

bus 3. 
Black, niger, gra, grum. 
Blind, coecus 3, 
Blockade, obsideo, onis, 

/• 

Blood, sanguis, inis, m. 

Bloody, atrox, ocis. 

Bloom, florere. 

Blooming, florens, tis. 

Blows, verbera, n. 

Boar, aper, pri,?n ; 

wild, aper, pri, m. 

Boat, linter, tris,/. 

Body, corpus, oris, n. 

Bodily powers, corporis 
vires. 

Boeotian (s.), Boeotus, i, 
m. 

Bold, audax, acis. 

Boldness, audacia, ae,/. 

Bolt, vectis, is, m. 

Bone, OS, ossis, n. 

Book, liber, bri, m., co- 
dex, icis, m. 

Booty, praeda, ae,/. 

Border, finis, is, m. 

Born (to be), nasci. 

Born, natus 3. 

Both — and, et — et. 

Bow, arc us, us, m. 

Boy, puer, eri, m. 

Bracelet, spinther, eris, 
n. 

Bramble, sentis, is, m. 
vepres, is, m. 

Brand, notare. 

Brass, aes, aeris, n. 

Brave, fortis, e. 

Bravely, fortiter. 

Bravery, fortitudo, inis, 
J. virtus, utis,/. 

Bread, pan is, is, m. 

Break down (= over- 
come), frangere. 

Break down, rescindere ; 
forth, erumpe- 



re, cooriri ; 



UTumpere ; — — 
break out afresh, den- 

uo erumpere ; 

through, perrumpere. 

Breakfast, prandere. 

Breast, pectus, oris, n. 

Bridge, pons, tis, m. 

Bright (= clear), sere- 
nus 3. 

Bring, ferre, arcessere ; 

about, efficere ; 

forward, afFer- 

re ; up, edu- 

care. 

Bring war upon some 
one, bellum inferre, 
alicui. 

Britain, Britania, ae,/. 

Broad, latus 3. 

Brother, frater, tris, m. 

Brutus, Brutus, i, m. 

Build, aedificare. 

Building, aedeficium, 
i, n. 

Bundle, fascis, is, m. 

Burn, ardere, flagrare ; 

up, deflagrare, 

comburere. 

Bushel, modius, i, m. 

Busily, sedulo. 

Business, negotium, i, n. 

Business, it is the busi- 
ness oj some one, est, 
alicujus. 

Busy, sedulus 3. 

But, autem, sed, at (^ 
101. R.). 

But if, sin. 

Butter, butyrura, i, n. 

Butterfiy, papilio, onis, 
m. 

C. 

Cabbage, crambe, es,/. 

caulis, is, m. 
Caesar, Caesar, aris, m. 
Call, appellare, vocare, 

nominare, dicere ; 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 363 

— to mind, recor- thing), curare with CAoice, voluntas, atis,/. 

dari c. ace. and gen. ; gerundive. Choose, eligere, creare ; 

together, con- Cautious, cautus 3. rather, malle. 

vocare. Cease, desinere, desis- Christ, Christus, i, m. 

Called (to be), vocari, tere. Church, ecclesia, ae, /. 

nominari, appellari. Celebrate, celebrare. Chrysogonus, Chryso- 

[§ 84. c)]. Censure, vituperatio, gonus, i, m. 

Callisthenes, Calhsthe- 6ms, f. Cicero, Cicero, onis, m. 

nes, is, m. Censure, vituperare. Cimon, Cimo, onis, m. 

Camel, camekis, i, m. Cerberus, Cerberus,i, m. Cihna, Cinna, ae, m. 

Camillus, Cami\\us,i,m. Ceres, Ceres, eris,/. Circe, Circe, es,/. 

Camp, castra, pi. Certain, certus 3. Circle, orbis, is, m. 

Can, posse, quire. Chabrias, Chabrias, ae, Circle of the earth, orbis 

Cannot, nequire. m. terrarum. 

Canal, canalis, is, 7n. Chain, vinculum, i, n. Circuit, circuitus, us,m. 

Capital punishment, su^)- Chain, vincire. Citadel, arx, cis,f. 

plicium, i, n. Chalets, Chalcis, idis,/. Citizen, civis, is, c. 

Capitol, Capitolium, \,n. Chance, casus, us, m ; Citizenship, civltas, atis, 

Caprice, libido, inis,/. by chance, fortuito. /. 

arbitrlum, i, n. Change, vicis, is,/. City, urbs, bis,/. 

Captive{to take),capere. Change, mutare. Civil, civil is, e. 

Capture, expugnare. Character, mores, urn, Cm7 war, bell um civile. 

Care, cura, ae,/ m. Class, classis, is,/ 

Care, take care, curare, Charge one with some- Claw, unguis, is, m. 

cavere. thing, insimulare ali- Clear, limpldus, 3. 

Careful, diligens, tis. quern alicujus rei. Clear (not cloudy), se- 

Carefully, diligenter. Charles, Carolus, i, m. renus, 3. 

Carefulness, diligentia. Chattel', garrire. Cleomenes, Cleomenes, 

ae,/ CAec^, compesci. is, m. 

Caria, Caria, ae,/ Cheer, exhilarare, del- Cleopatra, Cleopatra, 

Carpenter, faber ligna- ectare. ae?/ 

rius. C/iee//M%, hilariter, se- Cliff, rupes, is, f. 

Carrot, siser, eris, n. rene. Clitus, Clitus, i, m. 

Carry, portare, ferre ; Cheese, caseus, i, m. Clodius, Clodius, i, m. 

on, gerere ; — Cherish, fovere. Close, claudere. 

over, trajicere ; Cherry, cerasum, i, n. Clothe, vestire. 

forth, efferre. Cherry-tree, cerasus, i,/ Cloud, nubes, is, /. 

Carthage, Carthago, Chicken, pull us, i, m. Club, fustis, is, m. 

inis,/ Chick-pea, cicer, eris, Coalesce, coalescere. 

Carthaginian, Cartha- n. Coelius, Coellus, i, m. 

giniensis, is, m. Chief city, caput, itis, n. Coin, procudere. 

Cassius, Cassius, i, m. Childish, puerilis, e. Colchis, Colchis, idis,/. 

Catch, capere, depren- Children (in reference Cold, frigid us, 3. 

dere. to their parents), li- Cold (s.), frigus oris, n. 

Catiline, Catilina, ae, m. beri, orum, m. ; Collect, colligere. 

Cato, Cato, onis, rn. (without such ref- Colony, colonia, ae, /. 

Cause, causa, ae,/ erence), pueri, Color, color, oris, m. 

Cause (to do some- m. Comb, pecten, inis, m. 



364 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Come, venire ; desire to 

come, accire ; 

out, evaders, fugere, 
efFugere ; to, ad- 
venire ; together, 

convenire ; to 

pass, fieri, incidere. 

Command, imperare c. 
dat. 

Commence, aggredi, atis- 
picari. 

Commit, committere ; 
to, committere. 

Common, communis, e. 

Companion, soclus, i. m. 

Compare, comparare, 
conferre. 

Compel, cogere. 

Complain, queri; 

of, accusare. 

Complain (= weep), 
ejulare. 

Comply with, ohsequi. 

Composed, composltus, 
3. 

Composition, confectio, 
6ms,f. 

Conceal, occultare, oc- 
culare, celare c. 
dupLacc. [§91.5.6)]. 

Concealed, occultns 3. 

Concede, concede re. 

Concern, cura, ae,y. 

Conclude (of a league), 
icere. 

Condemn, damnare, 

condemnare ; to 

death, capitis. 

Condescending, submis- 
sus 3. 

Condition, conditio, 
onis, /. 

Conduce to something, 
for some one, esse c. 
dupl. dat. [§ 90. 4. 
a)]. 

Confer, conferre. 

Confess, confiteri. 



Confidence (to have), fi- 
dem habere. 

Confidently, audacter. 

Confirm, confirmare. 

Conflagration, incendi- 
um, i. n. 

Confused, dissonus 3. 

Confusion, confuslo, 
onis, /! 

Confusion (to throw in- 
to), pertubare. 

Connect, connectere. 

Conqueror, victor, oris, 
m. 

Conscience, conscientia, 
ae, f ; a good con- 
science^ conscientia 
recta. 

Conscious, consclus 3. 

Consciousness, consci- 
entia, ae,y. 

Consider, intueri, pervi- 
dere, reputare. 

Consider as, existimare, 
habere, judlcare, ar- 
bltrari, ducere c. 
dupl. ace. [§ 89. 5. 
a)]. 

Consolation, solatium, 
i, n. consolatio, onis, 

/ 

Consort, uxor, oris,/! 
Conspiracy, conjuratio, 

6nis,y! [i, m. 

Conspirator, conjuratus. 
Constitute, constituere. 
Consul, consul, ulis, m. 
Consult, consultare. 
Consume, absumere, ex- 

edere, comedere. 
Contempt, contemptio, 

onis,/. 
Contend, certare, de- 

certare. 
Contented, contentus 3. 
Continue, pergere. 
Continuous, continuus 

3. 



Contracted, angustus 3. 

Contrary (on the), con- 
tra. 

Conversation, sermo, 
onis, m. 

Convict, convincere. 

Convince, persuadere c. 
dat. 

Corinth, Corinthus, i,/. 

Corinthian, Corinthius 
3. 

Cork-tree, suber, eiis, n. 

Corn (a), granum, i, n. 

Cornelius JVepos, Cor- 
nelius (i)Nepos (otis), 
m. 

Corn-fan, vannus, i, /. 

Corpse, cadaver, eris, n. 

Correct, corrigere. 

Correctly, recte. 

Corrode, exedere. 

Corrupt, corrumpere. 

Cost, stare, constare. 

Costly, pretiosus 3. 

Cover, tegere ; up, 

obruere. 

Covetous, avarus 3. 

Cough, tussis, is, /. 

Counsel, consilium, i, n. 

Countenance, 6s, oris, n. 
vultus, us, m. 

Country, terra, ae,/. re- 
gio, onis, /. rus, ru- 
ris, n. ager, gri, m. 

Countryman, rusticus, 
i, m. 

Courage, animus, i, m. 

Courageously, aequo 
animo. 

Course, cursus, us, m. 

Cow, vacca, ae,/. bos, 
bovis,c. 

Coi^ar<iice,ignavIa, ae,/. 

Cowardly, ignavus 3. 

Crassus, Ci'assus, i, m. 

Creak, crepare. 

Create, creare. 

Creator, creator, oris, m. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



365 



Crime, scelus, eris, n. 
Croak, coaxare. 
Croesus, Croesus, i. m. 
Crop, messis, is, /. se- 

ges, etis,/. 
Croton, Croto, onis, m. 
Crow, corvus, i, m. 
Cruel, saevus 3. imma- 

nis, e. 
Cruelty, crudelitas, atis, 

/. 
Crush, contundere. 
Cry, clamare. 
Cry (plaintive), querela, 

ae,/. 
Cucumber, cucumis, 

eris, m. 
Cultivate, colere, exco- 

lere. 
Cultivation, culture, 

cultus, us, m. 
Cunning, astutia, ae, f. 
Cup, calix, icis, m. 
Curb, coritinere, com- 

pescere, perdomare. 
Cure, curatio, onis,/. 
Cure, sanare c. ace; 

mederi c. dat. 
Curius, Curius, i, m. 
Custom, mos, oris, m. 
Customary, usitatus 3. 
Cut off, resecare, dese- 

care. 
Cyrus, Cyrus, i, m. 

D. 

Dagger, sica, ae,/. 
Daily, quotidle. 
Dance, saltare. 
Danger, periculum, i,n. 
Dare, audere. 
Darius, Darius, i, m. 
Darkness, caligo, inis,/ 
Dart, telum, i, n. 
Datamas, Datamas, an- 

tis, m. 
Daughter, filia, ae,/. 
Dawn, illucescere. 



Day, dies, ei, m. ; by day, 

interdiu. 
Dead body, cadaver, 

eris, n. 
Dear, carus 3. ; to hold 

dear, carum habere. 
Death, mors, tis,/ 
Decay, iuterire, occi- 

dere. 
Deceive, fallere, delu- 

dere. 
December, December, 

bris, m. 
Dea-ease, decrescere. 
Dedicate, dedicare. 
Deed, factum, i, n. 
Deep, altus 3. 
Defend, defendere. 
Delay, cunctari. 
Deliberate, deliberare, 

consultare. 
Deliberately, consulto. 
Delicate, tenuis, e. 
Delight, oblectamen- 

tum, i, n. 
Delight, delectare, ob- 

lectare, permulcere. 
Delight (with), libenter. 
Delightful, jucundus 3. 

suavis, e. 
Delightfully, suavlter. 
Deliver from something, 

liberare aliqua re, le- 

vare c. abl ; up, 

iradere. 
Delphi, Delphi, orum, 

m. 
Demand, postulare, pos- 

cere, deposcere ; 

back, reposcere, 

Demaratus, Demaratus, 

i, m. 
Demolish, evertere. 
Demosthenes, Demos- 
thenes, is, m. 
Dense, densus 3. 
Deny, negare. 
Deplore, deplorare. 
31* 



Deprive, privare, spo- 

liaro c. abl. 
Deride, deridere, irri- 

dere. 
Descend, descendere. 
Descendant, proles, is,/. 
Desert, deserere, relin- 

quere. 
Desert, meritum, i, n. 
Deserve, mereri, dig- 

num esse ; of 

something, mereri de 

aliqua re. 
Designedly, consulto. 
Desire, cupido, inis,/, 

cupiditas^ atis, /, ap- 

petitus, us, m., ardor, 

oris, m. ; unre- 
strained, libido, inis,/ 
Desire, concupiscere, 

cupere. [pidus 3. 
Desirous, avldus 3. cu- 
Despair, desperare. 
Despise, contemnere. 
Destitute, inops, opis ; 

of, expers, rtis, 

exsors, rtis, c. gen. 
Destroy, delere, destrii- 

ere, diruere, evertere, 

excidere. 
Destruction, exitlum, i, 

n. pernicies, ei,/ 
Destructive, periiiciosus 

3. 
Detect, detegere. 
Deter, deterrere, abste- 

rere. 
Determine, constituere, 

decernere. 
Detraction, obtrectatio, 

onis,/ 
Deviate, deflectere. 
Devote one's self, se de- 

dere. 
Devour, devorare. 
Dialect, dialectus, i,/ 
Diamond, adamas, an- 

tis, m. 



366 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Diana, Diana, ae,f. 
Dictator, dictator, oris, 

m. 
Die, mori, obire. 
Dionysius, Dionysius i, 

m. 
Different, diversus 3. 
Difficult, difficilis, e, 

gravis, e. arduus 3. 
Difficulty, difficultas, 

atis,/. 
Difficulty, with difficulty, 

difficillter. 
Diffuse, diffundere. 
Dig, defodere ; -out 

or up, efFodere, eru- 

ere. 
Dignity, digiiitas, atis, 
/. amplitudo, mis, /., 

gravltas, atis,/. 
Diligence, diligentia, 

ae,/. 
Diligent, diligens, tis, 

industriLis 3. 
Diligently, diligenter. 
Diminish, deminuere, 

comminuere, minu- 

ere. 
Diphthong, diphthon- 

gus, i./. 
Disadvantage, incom- 

modum, i, n. dam- 
num, i, n. 
Disagreeable, inj aciin- 

dns 3. ingratus 3. in- 

suavis, e. 
Discharge, fungi. 
Discipline, disciplina, 

ae,/. 
Discord, discordia, ae, 

/• 
Discover, prosplcere. 
Discourse, loqui. 
Discourse, oratio, onis, 

/• 
Disease, morbus, i, m. 
Dishonorable, inhones- 

tus 3. 



Dismiss, dimittere. 
Disparage, obtrectare 

c. dat. 
Dispel, discutere, ab- 

stergere. 
Disperse, dispergere. 
Displease, displlcere. 
Disprove, redarguere. 
Disputation, disputatio, 

onis,/ 
Disquiet, exagitare. 
Dissatisfied (to be) with 

something, indignari 

c. ace. ; / am dissat- 
isfied with something, 

poenitet me alicujus 

rei. 
Dissent, dissentire. 
Dissolve, dissolvere. 
Dissuade, dissuadere. 
Distaff, colus, \,f. 
Distinction, discrimen, 

mis, n. 
Distinguish, dijudicare, 

distinguere. 
Distribute, distribuere, 

dispertire, dividere 

c. dat. 
Distrust, diflidere. 
Disturb, turbare, solli- 

cltare. 
Disturbance, perturba- 

tio, onis,/ 
Divine, divlnus 3. 
Do, agere, facere. 
Dog, can is, is, c. 
Dollar, thalerus, i, m. 
Domestic, domestlcus 3. 
Dominion, dominatio, 

onis, / imperiura, 

i, n. 
Door, fores, pi./. 
Doubt, dubrtare. 
Doubtful, dublus 3. an- 

ceps, cipltis. 
Dowry, dos, dotis,/ 
Draught, potus, us, m. 
Draw, trahere, ducere, 



baurire : 
elicere : 



- forth, 
-together^ 



contrabere. 

Dream, somnium, i, n. 

Dress, vestire. 

Drink, potus, us, m. 

Drink, bibere. 

Drive back, propulsare. 

Drive off, explodere. 

Drunken, ebrius 3. 

Duck, anas, atis,/. 

Duty, officlum, i, n. mu- 
nus eris, n.; it is the 
duty of some one, ali- 
cujus est. 

Dwell, habltare. 

E. 

Each, omnis, e, quisque. 
Each of two, uterque, 

utraque, utrumque. 
Eager, avidus 3. 
Eagerly, avide, cupide. 
Eagle, aquila, ae,/. 
Ea7% auris, is,/. 
Early, maturus 3; too 

early, praematurus 3. 
Early (adv.), mature. 
Earth, terra, ae,/ tel- 

bjs, uris,/. humus, i,/ 
Earthly, terrestris, e. 
Earthquake, terrae mo- 

tus. 
Easily, facile. 
Easy, faciiis, e. 
East, orlens, ntis, m. 
Eat, edere, vesci; 

down, depascere. 
Echo, echo, us,/ 
Edifice, aedificium, i, n. 
Effect, efFicere, creare. 
Effectual, efficax, acis. 
Effeminate, efFemina- 

tus 3. 
Effort, studium, i, n. 
Either — or, aut — aut, 

vel — vel. 
Elbe, Albis, is, m. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 367 

Elect, eligere, deligere. Enter upon, ingredi. Ever, unquam. 

Elegant, ellgans, tis. Enticement, illecebra, Every, omnis, e, (^ 94. 
Elegantly, eleganter. ae, f. 11). 

Elephant, elephantus, Entreat, rogare, preca- Evidently, plane. 

i, m. ri, petere (abaliquo). Evil, malus 3. 

JG/zcz7, elicere. Entreaty (to obtain JEmZ(s.), malum. 
Elm, ulmus, \,f. by), exorare. Evil-doer, maleficus, i, 

Eloquence, eloquentia, Envy, invidla, ae,/. m. 

ae,/. Epaniinondas, Epami- Examine, exquirere. 
Eloquent, disertus 3. nondas, ae, m. Example, exemplum, i, 

Embrace, amplecti, Ephesian, Epheslus, 3. n. 

complecti. Ephesus, Ephesus, i,/. Excel, excellere. 

Embroider, SiGM pingere. Epicurus, Epicurus, i, Excellence, praestantia, 
Eminent (to be), emi- m. ae,/. 

nere. Epirus, Epirus, i,/. Excellent, praestabllis, 

Emit, evomere. Equal, aequalis, «, par, e, eximtus 3. prae- 
Emotion, perturbatio paris. stans, tis. 

onis,/. Equally, aeque. Excite, excitare, excie- 

Emperor, imperator, 6- Equ animity, aequus an- re and excire. 

vis, m. imus. Exercise, exercitatio, 6- 

Emulate, aemulari. Ere, antequam, prius- nis,/. 
Encompass, cingere. quam. Exercise, exercere. 

Encounter, proellum, i, Erectheus, Erectheus, Exert one^s self, con- 

n. ei, m. tendere, intendere. 

Encourage, hortari, ad- Erect, aediflcare, stru- Exertion, contentio, 6- 

hortari, cohortari. ere. nisjy. labor, oris, m. 

End, finis, is, m. Err, errare. Exhaust, exhaurire ; 

End, finire. Error, error, oris, m. entirely, eneca- 

Endeavor, studere. Escape, efFiigere c. ace. re. 

Endowed, praeditus 3. Establish, cavere. Exhilarate, exhilarare. 

Endure, ferre, tolerare. Estate, res familiaris. Exhort, hortari, adhor- 

sustinere, perferre ; jEsff em,aestrmare (mag- tari. 

(= last), du- ni etc.), diligere. jE.ns^, esse. 

rare. Estimate, aestimare, Expect, expectare. 
Enemy, hostis, is, m. censere. Expel, exterminare, ab- 

inimicus, i, m. Eternal, aeternus 3. igere. 
Enfeeble, hebitare, di- seinpitiirnus 3. Experience, experien- 

luere, elidere. Eternity, aeteruitas, a- tia, ae,/. 
EAZzgma, aenigma, atis, tis,/. Explain, QX^Wckve, in- 

n. Etruria, Etruria, ae, /. terpretari. 

Enjoy, frui, perfrui c. Eumenes, Eumenes, is, Explore, explorare. 

abl. m. Expression, vultus, us, 

Enjoyment, fructus, us, Eurysthcus, Erystheus, m. 

m. ei, m. Extend, tendere. 

Enough, sat, satis. Europe, Europa, ae, /. Extirpate, exstirpare. 

Enraged, irritatus 3. Evening, vesper, eri. Extinct (to become), 
JEnm/f, augere. and eris, m. extiiigui. 

Enter, intrare. Even if, etiam si. Extinguish,QximguQve, 



368 ENG-LISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 

Extol, praedicare. Fear exceedingly, exti- Flax, carbasus, \,f. 

Extracts (to make mescere. Flaxen, flavus 3. 

from), excerpere. Fear (to put in), per- Flee, fugere c. ace. 
JJi'MZf , laetjtia exultare, terere. Fleet, classis, is,/. 

Eye, oculus, i, m. Feel, sentire. Fleeting, fluxus 3. 

Feeling, sensus, us, m. Flesh, caro, carnis,/. 
F. Fell, caedere. Flight, fuga, ae,/. 

Fahius, Fabius, i, m. Fencer, gladiator, oris. Flight (to put to), fu- 
Fable, fabula, ae,/. m. gare. 

Fabridus^ ahncius, i,m. Fetter, compes, idis, /. Flock, grex, gis, m. ag- 
Faculty, facultas, atis,/. Fever, febris, is,/. men, inis, n. 

Fail, def icere. Few, pauci, ae, a, pi. Flourish, virere. 

Fair, pulcher, chra, Fidelity, fides, ei,/. Flow together, conflu- 

chrum. Field, ager, gri, m. ere. 
Faithful, fid us 3. Field-mouse, sorex, icis. Flower, flos, floris, m. 
Faithless, perf idus 3. m. . Fluency of speech, fa- 
Fall, labi ; (in war), Fierce, saevus 3. cuncda, ae,/ 

occldere ; down, Fiery, igneus 3. Fly, musca, ae,/ 

procumbere ; Fight, pugna, ae,/ Fly, Yolkre. 

to one^s lot, contin- Fight, pugnare, diml- Follow, sequi, conse- 

gere, obtingere ali- care, confligere, con- qui c. ace. 

cui. gredi. Folly, stultitia, ae./ 

False, falsus 3. Fill, implere, complere, Food, cibus, i, m. 

Far, longe. refercire ; up. Fool, stultus, i, m. 

Fate, fatium, i, n. for- explere, opplere. Foolish, stultus 3. in- 

tuna, ae, / Finally, denlque. siplens, ntis. 

Father, pater, tris, m. Find, invenire, reperire. Foot, pes, pedis, m. 
Father-in-law, socer, Find satisfaction in. Footman, soldier, -pedes, 

eri, m. acquiescere c. abl. or itis, m. 

Fault, vitlum, i, n. pec- in c. abl. conquies- Forbear (can not), fa- 

catnm, i, n. cere c. abl. cere non possequin. 

Fault (to commit), pec- Finger, digitus, i, m. Forbid, vetare. 

care. Finish, finire. Force, vis, vim,/ 

Faustulus, Faustulus, i. Fire, ignis, is, m. Forehead, frons, ntis,/ 

m. Firm (to make), confir- For hoiv much ? (with 

Favor, beneficium, i, n. mare. verbs of buying and 

benefactum, i, n. Firmness, constantia, selling), quanti. 
Favor (to do), gratiam ae,/ Foreign, alienigena, ae, 

facere. First, at first, primum. m. alienus 3. 

Favor, favere. Fish, piscis, is, m. Foresee, providere. 

Favorable (to be), fave- Fit, aptus 3. idoneus 3. Foresight, providentia, 

re. Fitted, aptus 3. ido- ae,/ 

Fear, metus, us, m. ti- neus 3. Forget, oblivisci c. gen. 

mor, oris, m. pavor. Fitly, apte. or ace. [gere. 

oris, m. Flame, flamma, ae,/ Form, conformare, fin- 

Fear, timere, vereri. Flatter, adulari, blan- Former, pristlnus 3 ; in 

metuere, reformida- diri. [oris, m. former times, anti- 

re. Flatterer, assentator, quitus. 



ENGLIl!rH-LATIN VOCABULAEY. 



369 



Formerly, quondam. 
Forthwith, continuo. 
Fortify, munire. 
Fortuitous, fortiiitus 3. 
Fortunate, beatus 3. fe- 

lix, icis, prosper, era, 

erum. 
Fortunately, feliclter. 
Fortune, fortuna, ae,/ 
Fortune (gifts of), for- 

tuiiae. 
Foul, foedus 3. teter, 

tra, trum ; (= 

filthy), sordidus 3. 
Foul deed, flagitium, i, 

n. 
Found, condere. 
Foundation, fimdamen- 

tum, i, n. [m. 

Founder, conditor, oris. 
Fountain, fons, ntis, m. 
Frail, fragllis, e. 
Frailty, fragilitas,atis,/ 
Freedom, ]ibertas,atis. f. 
Freely, libere. 
Freeze, frigere, algere. 
Frenchman, Francogal- 

lus, i, m. 
Frequent, frequentare. 
Frequented, celeber, 

bris, bre. 
Friend, amicus, i, m. 
Friendship, amicitia, ae, 

/. 
Frighten, terrere, per- 

terrere. 
Frightful, horibrlis, e. 

atrox, ocis. 
Frog, ran a, ae,/. 
Fruit, fructus, us, m. 
Fruitful, ferax, acis c. 

gen. 
Fulfil, explere. 
Full, plenus 3. 
Full (to be), scatere. 
Fulvia, Fulvia, ae,/ 
Furniture, suppellex, 

ectilis,/. 



G. 

Gain, lucrum, i, n. 

quaestus, us, m. 
Garden, hortus, i, m. 
Garland, corona, ae,/. 
Garment, vestis, is,/. 
Gate, porta, ae,/ 
Gaul, Gall us, i, m. 
Gazelle, oryx, ygis, m. 
General, imperator, 

oris, m., dux, cis, c. 
Generally, plerumque. 
Genius, genius, ii, m. 

ingenium, i, n. 
Gentle, placidus 3. 
German, Germanus, i, 

m. 
Germany, Ger mania, 

ae,/. 
Get one's self ready, 

expedire. 
Giant, gigas, antis, m. 
Ginger, zingiber, eris,n. 
Give, dare, tribuere ; 

attention, at- 

tendere ; one's 

self up to, indulgere 

c. dat. ; '^vay, 

cedere. 
Glide away, dilabi, ela- 

bi. 
Glory, glorlari. 
Go, ire, pergere ; 



around, circumire 

hack, recedere 

forth, exire 

out, excedere 

to, accedere 

away, abire. 

Goad, stimulus, i, m. 

God, deus, i, m. 

Gold, aurum, i, n. 

Golden, aureus 3. 

Good, bonus 3. 

Good (s.), bonum, i, n. 

Goodness, bonltas, atis, 

/• 

Goose, anser, eris, m. 



Gordius, Gordius, i, m. 
Gorgias, Gorglas, ae, 

m. 
Govern, gubernare, mo- 

derari. 
Governess, moderatrix, 

Icis,/. 
Government, imperlum, 

\,n. 
Governor, moderator, 

oris, m. rector, oris, 

m. 
Grain, frumentum, \,n. 
Gramma?', grammatica, 

ae,/. 
Grand-son, nepos, otis, 

m. 
Grand-daughter, nep- 

tis, is,/. 
Grand-father, avus, i, 

m. 
Grape, uva, ae, / 
Grappling-iron, harpa- 

go, onis, m. 
Gravity, gra vitas, atis,/ 
Great, magnus 3 ; 

very, ingens, ntis. 
Greatly, valde, vehe- 

menter, admodum. 
Greatness, magnitude, 

Inis,/. 
Greece, Graecia, ae,/. 
Greedy, avid us 3. 
Greedily, avide. 
Greek (s.), Graecus, i,m. 
Greek, Graecus 3. 
Green, virldis, e. 
Green (to be), virere. 
Grief, moeror, oris, m. 

luctus, us, m. 
Grieve, dolere. 
Grotto, specus, us, m. 
Ground, solum, i, n. 
Grow, crescere ; 

old, consenescere. 
Guard, custodire ; he 

on one's guard, ca- 

vere. 



370 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 

Guide, regere. He, she, it, is, ea, id. Homer, Homerus, i, m. 

Guilt , culTpa, ae, f. Head, caput, It'is, n. Honor, honos, oris, m. 

Gymnastic,gymnic\JLsS. Health, yaWtudo, mis, f. decus, oris, n. 

Hear, audire. Honor, honorare, co- 

ll. Heart, cor, cordis, n., lere. 

Hadrian, Hadrianus, i, animus, i, m. Honorable, honestus 3. 

m. Heat, calor, oris, m. honoriflciis 3. 

Hair, crinis, is, m. ca- Heaven, coelum, i, n. Hope, spes, ei,/. 

pillus, i, m. Heavenly, coelestis, e. Hope, sperare. 

Haii'y, pilosus 3. Heavy, gravis, e. Horace, Horatiiis, i, m. 

Half, dimidium, i, n. Hedge around, sepire. Horn, cormi, us, n. 
Halicarnassus, Halicar- Height, altitude, lms,f. Horse, equus, i, m. 

nassus, '\,f. Heir, haeres, edis, c. Horseman, eques, itis, 

Hand, manus, us,f. Helmet, cassis, idis,y. m. 

Hand in hand, manum Helplessness, inopia, ae. Hostile, hostilis, e. 

conserere cum ali- f. Hour, hora, ae,/! 

quo. Hen, gallina, ae, /. House, domus, us, /. 

Hannibal, Hamiibal, Hence, hinc. aedes, \s,f. 

alis, m. Hephaeston, Hephaes- How, qui. 

Happen, acddere, even- tlo, onis, m. How long, quamdiu. 

ii'e, cadere ; it hap- Hei'b, herba, ae, f. How many?- quot ? 

pens, accidit, contin- Hercules, Hercules, is. How much ? quantum ? 

git. m. How often ? quoties ? 

Happily, feliciter. Hei'd, grex, gis, m. However much, quam- 

Happy, feWx, icis,hea- Hesitate, duhltarec. inf. vis. 

tus 3. Heiv, exasciare. Human, human us 3. 

jHrzrc?, durus3. High, altus 3.; very Humanity, humanltas, 

Hardship, aerumna, ae, high, praeahus 3. atis,f 

f. Highest, summus 3. Humble, humilis, e. 

Hare, lepus, oris, m. Hill, collis, is, m. Hump, tuber, eris, n. 

Harrow, occare. Himself, of himself, sui, Hunger, fames, is,f 

Hasten, accellerare ; etc. Hunger, esuiire. 

up, advolare. Hindrance, impedi- Hunt, venari. 

Hastily, propere, prae- mentum, i, n. Hunter, venator, oris, m. 

propere. Hindrance (to be), ob- Hunter^s-net, cassis, is 

Hatch, exclddere. stare, impedimento [commonly plur.),m. 

Hate, odisse, {§ 77. 3). esse. Hurt, laedere. 

Hated greatly, perosus Hipparchus, Hippar- Husbandman, agricola, 

3. chus, i, m. ae, m., rustlcus, i, m. 

Hating greatly, pero- His, her, its, suus, ejus. Hut, casa, ae,f 

sus 3. {§ 94. 3—5). 

Hatred, odium, i, n. Hiss off, exsibllare. I. 

Have, habere, esse (§ History, historia, ae,f I, ego. 

90. 3), in, te- Hoarseness, ravis, is,/! Ice, glacies, ci,f 

nere ; in use. Hold, tenere, obtlnere ; Ides, Idus, ium,f 

uti c. abl. ; one^s hack, retineie. Idle, otiosus 3. 

self, sese habere. Home (at), domi. (§ 92. If, si. 
Haven, portus, us, m. R.). If not, nisi. 



ENG-LTSH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 371 

If also^ etsi, tametsi, Increase, augere, ac- Intelligent, prudens, tis. 

etiamsi. crescere. Intercourse, consuetu- 

igno6/e, illiberalis, e, in- Incredible,\ncvedih\\is,e. do, mis,/! 

honestus 3. Incumbent on some one Interest, one is interest- 

Ignominy, ignominia, (to be), esse aliciijus. ed in, interest, refert. 

ae,y. Indeed, quidem (stands (§ 88. 10). 

Ignorance, ignorantia, after the word to Intermix, admiscere. 

ae,y. which it refers). Invent, invenire, re- 

Ignorant, ignarus 3. Indicate, indic5re. perire. 

Ignorant (to be), igno- Indignant (to be), in- Inventress, inventrix, 

rare, nesoire. dignari. icis,/! 

Ill [adv.), male. Indolence, ignavla, ae. Investigator, mAagatrix, 

El disposed, malevolus f. pigritia, ae,y. in- icis,/! 

3. ertia, ae, f. segni- Invincible, invictus 3. 

Illuminate, collustrare. ties, e\,f. Invite, invitare. 

Image, imago, jnis,y. Indolent, piger, gra, lo, lo, us,/. 

Imitate, imitari c. ace. grum, tardus 3. ig- Irascible, iracundus 3. 

(§ 89. 2). {f. navus 3. Irascibility, iracundla, 

Imitation,\m\taXlo,6ms, Indulgent to [to he), in- ae,/. 

Immature, immaturus S. dulgerec.dat. [/. Ireland, 'iiiherma,ae,f. 

Immediately, extemplo, Industry, industria, ae. Iron, ferrum, i, n. 

statim, protinus. Inflame, accendere, in- Iron, of iron, ferreus 3. 

Immense, ingens, ntis. cendere. Irruption (to make), ir- 
Immodesty, immodestia, Inform, edocere. rumpere. 

ae,/. Inhabitant, incola, ae,m. Is it possible thaf? num 

//WTMor/aZ, immortal is, e. Injure, nocere, obesse. [^15. 3. b. (c)]. 

Immortality, immortal- Injurious, noxius 3. Isocrates, Isocrates, is, 

itas, atis,/. perniciosus 3. dam- m. 

Impious, implus 3. nosus 3. Issus, Issus, i,/. 

Implant, igignere. If^jii^y, injuria, ae, /. It is the part of some 

Import, importare. ofFensIo, onis,/. one, est alicujus. 

Impress, impremere. /wmo5#, intlmus 3. /^aZ?/, Italia, ae, /. 

Improve, emendare. Innocence, innocentia. Ivory, of ivory, ebur- 
Impunity, impumtas, ae,/. neus 3. 

atis,/. Insolence, temeritas. 

Impute, dare, ducere, atis,/. J. 

vertere c. dupl. dat. Innumerable, innumer- Jest, lepor, oris, m. 

In like manner — as, ae- abilis, e. Join together, conjun- 

que — atque (ac). Inquiry, quaestio, onis, gere. 

Inborn, insltus 3. /. disputatio, onis, /. Joint, articulus, i, m. 

Incite, incitare. Instruct, emdire, in for- Journey, iter, itineris, n. 

Include, contTnere. mare, edocere. Journey, proficisci. 

//icome, vectigal, alis, n. Instruction, institutio, Jo?/, laetitia, ae,/. 

Inconsiderateness, te- onis,/. Joyful or joyous,\aetus3. 

merltas, atis,/. Instructress, magistra, Jw^ge, judex, icis, m. 

Inconsiderately, temere. ae,/. /wc?g-e, judlcare, existi- 
Inconstancy, inconstan- Intellect, mens, tis, /. mare, sentire. 

tia, ae,/. ingenium. Judgment, iud'\cium,\,n. 



372 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Jngurtha, Jugurtha, ae, navare alicui rei, o- 



Julia, Julia, ae,^. 

Julius Caesar, Julius, i, 
Caesar, aris, m. 

June, Junius, i, m. 

Junius, Junius, i, m. 

Jupiter, Juppiter, Jo vis, 
m. 

Just, Justus 3. 

Just as, ut, sicut. 

Just so many, totldem. 

Just so much, adv. (with 
verbs of valuing, es- 
teeming, buying, sell- 
ing), tantidem. 

K. 

Keep, servare. 
Keep from, arcere. 
Key, clavis, \s,f. 
Kill, occidere, exani- 
mare, necare : 



outright, enecare. 

Kind, genus, eris, n. 

Kind, benignus 3. 

Kindly, benevole. 

Kindness, beneficium, i, 
n. benefactum, i, n. 

King, rex, regis, m. 

Kingdom, regnum, i, n. 

Knee, genu, us, n. 

Knot, nodus, i, m. 

Know, scire ; per- 
fectly well, non ig- 
nare, non esse nes- 
cius ; not to know, ig- 
norare, nescire. 

Knowledge, peritia, ae, 
f cognitio, bms,f 

Known, cognitus 3 ; — 
— it is known, con- 
stat. 

L. 

Labor, labor, oris, m. 
Labor (to bestow on 
something), operam 



peram collicare in 

aliqua re. 
Labor, laborare, elabo- 

rare. 
Lacedemon, Lacedae- 

mon, 6nis,y. 
Lacedemonian, Lace- 

daemonius, i, m. 
Lake, lacus, us, m. 
Lament, lugere. 
Land, by land and by 

sea, terra marique. 
Language, lingua, ae. 

f oratio, onis,/". 
Lark, alauda, ae,/. 
Last, extremus 3.. 
Lasting, diuturnus 3. 
Later, posterior. 
Latin, Latinus 3, 
Latium, Latium, i, n. 
Laudable, laudabllis, e. 
Laugh, ridere. 
Laugh, risus, us, m. 
Law, lex, g\s,f 
Lawgiver, legislator, 6- 

ris, m. 
Lay before, proponere ; 

open, aperire, 

waste, devasta- 

re, popiilari. 
Lead, plumbum, i, n. 
Lead, ducere ; 

hack, reducere ; 

out, educeie. 
Leader, dux, cis, m. 
Leafy, frondosus 3. 
League, foedus, eris, n. 
Leap, salire ; down 

desilire ; over, 

transilire. 
Learn, discere. 
Learned, doctus 3. 
Leave behind, destitue- 

re, relinquere. 
Leg, crus, uris n. 
Legion, legio, onis,/. 



Length (of time), lon- 
ginqultas, atis, f. 

Less (adv.), minus. 

Letter (epistle), epistola, 
ae,y. litterae, arum,/! 

Letter (of the alpha- 
bet), littera, ae,f. 

Level, adaequare. 

Liar, mendax, acis. 

Liberal, ingemlus 3. 

Licentious, petulans,tis. 

Licentiousness, petulan- 
tia, ae,/. 

Lie, situm esse ; 

by, adjacere. 

Lie (to state a false- 
hood), mentlri. 

Life, vita, ae,/. 

Light, lux, lucis,/. 

Lightning, fulgur, uris, 
n. fulmen, inis, n. 

Like, similis, e. 

Limb, membrum, i, n. 
artus, us, m. 

Line (of battle), acies, 
ei,/. ; to arrange in a 
line, aciem instruere. 

Lion, leo, onis, m. 

Listen to, exaudire. 

IAferature,\iterne,ai'um, 

/■ 

Little, exiguus 3; very 
little, perexiguus 3. 

Little (adv.), paullulum. 

Little (to esteem), par- 
vi aestlmare. 

Live, vivere, versari. 

Lively, alacer, eris, ere. 

Liver, jecur, jecin6ris,w. 

Living being, animans, 
antis. 

Livy, Livjus, i, rn. 

Load, onus, eris, n. 

Loathe, I loathe some- 
thing, me taedet ali- 
cujus rei. 

Lofty, excelsus 3. [m. 

Loiterer, cunctator, oris. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



373 



hong, longus 3 ; of 

long continuance, diu- 

turiius 3. 
Longing, desideriuin, i, 

n. 
Look out f 07' something, 

curare c. ace. curam 

habere, c. gen. pros- 

picere, provldere, 

consulere, c. dat. 
Look upon intueri ; 

into, inspicere. 

Loose, solvere. 
Loquacious, loquax, 

acis, garrulus 3. 
Loquacity, garrulitas, 

atis,/. 
Lose, perdere, emittere. 
Loss, damnum, i, n. 
Lot, sors, tis,y! 
Love, amor, oris, m. 

caritas, atis,/ 
Love, amare, diligere ; 

in return, reda- 

mare. 
Low, humllis, e., infer- 

us3. 
Low state (to be in), ja- 

cere. 
Lower regions, inferi, 

orum, m. 
Lowery, tristis, e. 
Lucilius, Lucilius, i, m. 
Luxuriously, luxuriose. 
Luxury, luxuria, ae,/. 
Lycurgus, Lycurgus, i, 

m. 
Lydia, Lydia, ae,/ 
Lying, mendax, acis. 
Lysander, Lysander, 

dri, m. 

M. 
Macedonia, Macedonia, 

ae,/ 
Macedonian, Macedo, 

on is, m. 
Magian, magus, i, m. 



/ 

Magnificent, magnifi- 
cus 3., snperbus3. 

Make, facere, reddere ; 

■ good, praesta- 

re ; war upon, 

inferre helium ali- 
cui. 

Malice, malitia, ae,/ 

Malicious, male vol us 3. 

Man, homo, in is, m. 
vir, viri, m. 

Man hy man, viritim. 

Manage, administrare. 

Mane, juba, ae,/ 

Manlius, Manlius, i, m. 

Manner, modus, i, m. ; 

(with a moral 

reference), majoris, 
m. 

Many, multi, orum ; 
very many, complu- 
res, a and ia, plures, 
a, gen. ium. 

Maple-tree, acer, eris, n. 

Marble, marmor, oris, n. 

Marathon, Maratho, 
on is, m. 

Marble, of marble, mar- 
more us 3. 

Marcellus, Marcellus, i, 
m. 

March, iter, itineris. 

March, proficisci.iter fa- 
cere. 

Marcus Agrippa, Mar- 
cus, i, Agrippa, ae, m. 

Margin, margo. In is, m. 

Marsh,\iQ\ns, udis,/ 

Marry (of the woman), 
nubere c. dat. 

Massagete, Massagetes, 
ae, m. 

Master, not of, im- 

pos, Otis, impotens, 
ntis. [/ 

Matter (affairs), res, rei, 
32 



Maturity, Maturitas, 

atis,yi 
Means, opes, um, / 

facultates, um,/ 
Measure, consilium, \,n. 
Measure, metiri. 
Meet (adv.), obviam. 
Membrane, membrana, 

ae,/ 
Memory, memoria, ae,/ 
Metal, metal Ium, i, n. 
Metellus, Metellus, i, m. 
Mid-day, meridles, ei,m. 
Migrate, migrare. 
Mild, raitis, e ; to 

become, mitescere. 
Milesian, Mileslus, i, m. 
Milk, lac, ctis, n. 
Milo, Milo, onis, m. 
Miltiadts, Miltlades, is, 

m. 
Mind, animus, i, m. ; 

(state of), mens, 

tis,/ 
Mindful, memor, oris. 
Minerva, Minerva, ae,/ 
Misfortune, calamltas, 

atis,/ malum, i, n. 
Mist, nebula, ae,/ 
Mistress, domlna, ae, / 
Misuse, abuti c. abl. 
Mithridates, Mithrida- 

tes, is, m. 
Mix, miscere. 
Moderately, modlce. 
Moderation, moderatio, 

onis,/ without 

moderation,'mtem])er- 

anter. 
Modest, modestus 3., 

pudicus 3. 
Modestly, modeste. 
Modesty, modestia, ae,/ 
Molon, Molo, onis, m. 
Money, pecunia, ae,/ 
Month, mensis, is, m. 
Monument, monumeii- 

tum, i, n. 



374 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 

Moon, luna, ae,/. JVeck-chain, torquis, is, JVot even, ne-quidem. 

More, plures, a, gen. m. JVot only — hut also, iion 

ium. JVeed, indigere c. abl. ; modo (tantum) — sed 

Mortal, mortalis, e. there is need of, opus etiam. 

Most, plurlmus 3. est. J^ot yet, nondum. 

Most (adv.), plurime. JVeedy, inops, opis. jYothing, nihil. 

Mother, mater, tris,/, JVeglect, negligere. JVotion, notio, onis,/. 

Move, movere, commo- JVeigh, binnire. A^ourish, nutrire, alere. 

vere ; out, emi- JVeighhor, proximus, i, JVovemher, November, 

grare. m. bris, m. 

Mound, ager, gri, m. JVeither (of two), neu- JVow, nunc, jam. 

Mountain, mons, ntis, ter, tra, trum. J^iow — now, modo — 

m. Neither — nur, nee (ne- modo. 

Mouse, mus, mm-is, m. que) — nee (neque). JVoxious, noxius, a, 
Mow, metere. JVero, Nero, onis, m. um. 

Much, multus 3 ; for JVerve, nervus, i, m. JVuma Pompilius, Nu- 

much, (with verbs of Never, nunquam. ma (ae) Pomillus (i), 

buying and selUng), Nevertheless, taraen. m. 

magni (§ 88, 9). JVei<;5, nuntius, i, m. Numantia, Numantia, 

Much (with verbs of A^er^, proximus 3. ae,/. 

valueing and es- Nicomedes, Nicomedes, Number, numerare. 

teeming), magni. is, m. Nurse, fovere. 

Multitude, mukitudo, Night, nox, noctis, f; 

inis,/. copla, ae,/. by night, noctu. O. 

Munificent, Yn\m\ficns^. Nightingale, luscinla, O, O that! utinam c. 
Murderer, interfector, ae,/ Subj. 

oris, m. No (a.) nullus 3. nemo Obey, obedire, obsequi, 

Must, debere. (inis) c. obtemperare parere. 

No, see § 115, 5 ; no, Object, res, ei,/ 

N. nay, rather, (in opp.). Oblivion, obhvio, onis, 

JVa^e, nominare. immo (§ 115, 5). / 

Napoleon, Napoleo, Noble, praeclarus 3. Obscure, obscurus 3. 

onis, m. Noble {= noble born) Observe, observare. 

Narrative, narratio,6nis, ingenuus 3. Obtain, adipisci. 

/ Nobly, praeclare. Occasion, occaslo, onis, 

Narrow pass, augustiae. Nobody, nemo (gen. / 

anun,/ and abl. not used). Occupy one^s self zeal- 

Nation, natlo, 6ms, f JVbd«?'/?a^, nocturnus 3. ously with something, 
Natural, naturalis, e. Noise, fremitus us, m. studiosus esse alicu- 

Natnre, natura, ae,/ JVb/a, Nola, ae,/ jus rei, studere ali- 

Navigate, navlgare, No one, nullus 3. ne- cui rei, operam na- 
Navigation, navigatio, mo (inis) c. vare alieui rei. 

onis,/ Not, non; (with Imper. Ocean, oceanus, i, m. 

Near, prope. and Subj. of encour- Offended (to be), suc- 

Nearly, prope, paene. aging), ne. censere, irasci c. dat. 

Neat, lepldus 3. Not merely — but also. Offer, deferre. 

Necessary (it is), opor- non solum — sed eti- Offce, munus, eris, n. 

tet, opus est res or re. am. Offspring, proles, is,/. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



375 



Oftener, saepius; very 
ojlen, saepisslrne. 

Oil, oleum, i, n. 

Old man, senex, senis, 
m. 

Old age, senectus, litis, 

/• 
Older, major, major na- 

tu. 
On account of, causa 

(§ 88, R. 3). 
One, uiuis 3. 
One of the two, alteru- 

ter, utra, utriim. 
One, the one — the other, 

alter — alter. 
Onyx, onyx, ychis, m. 
Open, aperire ; to stand 

open, pate re. 
Opinion, opinio, onis, /. 

sententia, ae,/. exis- 

timatio, 6nis,y! 
Opposite, ad versus 3. 

contrarius 3. 
Oppress, urgere. 
Oj', aut; (in a double 

question), an ; or not, 

nee ne, annon. 
Oracle, oraculum, i, n. 
Orator, orator, oris, m. 
Order, ordo, mis, m. ; 

of battle, acies, 

ei,/. 
Order, jubere. 
Order, in order that, ut ; 

in order that not, ne. 
Orestes, Orestes, ae, m. 
Origin, origo, Inis,/. 
Ornament, ornatus, us, 

m. 
Ornately, ornate. 
Orpheus, Orpheus, ei, 

m. 
Ostentation, ostentatio, 

onis,/. 
Other, the other of two, 

alter, era, erum. 
Otherwise, aliter. 



Ought, debere. 

Our, ours, noster, tra, 

trum. 
Outliving, siisperstes, 

itis, c. dat. 
Overcome, superare. 
Ovid, Ovidlus, i, m. 
Owe, debere. 
Own, proprius 3. ip- 

sius, ipsorum, ipsa- 

rum, (§ 94. 7). 
Ox, bos, ovis, c. 

P. 

Pain, dolor, oris, m. 
Paint, pingere ; 

Old, expingere. 
Pa^ofce, domus, us,f 
Palate, palatum, i, n. 
Pale, pallldus 3. 
Pardon, venia, ae,y. 
Parents, parentes, lum, 

c. 
Parian, Parlus 3. 
Parricide, (a.), parrici- 

da, ae, c. 
Parricide, parricidium, 

i, n. 
Part, pars, rtis,/. 
Partaking of, particeps, 

cipis. 
Partner, socius, i, m. 
Pass over, transire, 

praeterere. 
Pass (time), agere, ex- 

igere. 
Passion, cupiditas, 

atis,y. appetitns, us, 

m. libido, inis,/. 
Past, praeteritus 3. 
Pasture, pasci. 
Path, callis, is, c. 
Patiently, patienter. 
Pausanias, Pausanlas, 

ae, m. 
Pay, pendere, praes- 

tare. 
Peace, pax, pacis, /. 



Peace (to make), pacem, 

coniponere. 
Peaceful, beatus 3. 
Peacefully, beate. 
Peacock, pavo, onis, m,^ 
Pear, pyrum, i. n. 
Pear-tree, pyrus, \,f. 
Peculiar, proprius 3. 
Peculiarity, it is a pecu- 
liarity of some one, 

alicujus est. 
Pedestal, basis, is,/, 
Pehpidas, Pelopldas, 

ae, m. 
People, populus, i, m. 

gens, ntis, /. ; com- 
mon people, vulgus, 

i, n. 
Pepper, piper, eris, n. 
Perceive, agnoscere. 
Perform., fungi, perpe- 

trare. 
Perhaps, fortasse. 
Pericles, Pericles, is, m. 
Period, })eriodus, i,/. 
Perish, perere. 
Permit, sinere. 
Permitted (it is), licet. 
Pernicious, perniciosus 

3. 
Persevere, permanere, 

pei'stare. 
Persia, Persia, ae,/. 
Persian (s.), Persa, ae, 

m. 
Persian, Perslcus 3. 
Persian war, bellum 

Persicum. 
Pest, pestis, is,/. 
Phaedo, Pbaedo, onis, 

m. 
Philip, Pbilippus, i, m. 
Philippi, Philippi, 

orum, m. 
Philosopher, philoso- 

plius, i, m. 
Phihsophise, philoso- 

phari. 



376 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 

Philosophy,-ph\\osoiphia, Poet, poeta, ae, m. Precept, preceptum, ],n. 

ae,/ Point out, consignare, Precious, pretiosi.is 3. 

Phocion, Pliocio, ouis, describere. Precipitately, praepro- 

m. Poison, venenum, i, n, pere. 

Phoenician, Phoeuix, virus, i, n. Predict, praedicere. 

icis, m. [?n. Pompey, Pompeius, \,m. Preeminence, virtus. 

Physician, medicus, i, Pond, lacus, us, m. tuis,/. 

Piety, pietas, atis,/. Pool, palus, udis,y! Prefer, praeferre, an- 
Pilot, guberiiator, oris, Poor,paupe)',ei-is,'mo]-}s, teponere. 

m. opis. Prepare, parare. 

PiWar, Pin darus, i, m. Ppplar,ip6])u]us,},f. Present, praesens, lis; 

Pine, pinus, i,/. Poppy, papaver, eris, n. to be, adesse. 

Pisistratus, Pisistratus, Portico, portlcus, us,/. Present, donum, i, n. 

i, m. Posidonius, Posidonius, munus, eris, n. 

Pitch (of a camp), po- i, m. [esse c. gen. Present vjith, donare. 

nere. Possess, tenere, habere ; Presei-ve, servare ; (:= 

P%, misericordia, ae,/. Possess one's self of , -po- ])rotect), conservare. 
Pity{\t excites my), me tiri c. abl. Preside over, praestare, 

miseret (alicujus). Possessed of, compos, praeesse c. dat. 
Pity, misereri c. gen. ; otis c. gen. [onis,/. Press, premere. 

to have pit}^, mise- Possession, possesslo. Pretence, simulatio, 

reri. Possible (it is), fieri po- onis, /. 

Place, locus, i, m. test ; it is not possi- Pretor, praetor, oris, m. 

Place, ponere, — in c. ble but that, fieri non Prevail upon by entrea- 

abl. potest quin. ty, exorare. 

Place something around Post, postis, is, m. Prevent, impedire, pro- 

something, or swr- Post (of honor), honos, hibere ; obstare c. 

round something with oris, m. dat. 

some^/img, circumda- Pou?ic?, hbra, ae,/. Previously, pnus. 

re ahquid ahcui, or Pour forth, efFundere. Prick, pungere. 

ahquem ahqua re. Poverty, inoplu, ae, / Pride, superbia, ae,/. 
P?am, campus, i, m. paupertas, atis, / Principle, preceptum, 

Plan, consihum, i, n. Power, vis, (uom. and i, n. doctrina, ae,/. 
Plant, planta, ae,/. dat. plur. vires, ium). Proceed, proficisci. 

Plato, Plato, onis, m. vigor, 61 is, m. poten- Produce, gignere. 

Play, hidere. tia, ae,/ opes, um,/ Productive, fecundus 3. 

P/er/sanf, amoenus 3. Pou)e?/u/, potens c. gen. frugifer, era, erura, 
Please, placere, probare opulentus 3. fertilis, e. [ficere. 

ahcui. [m. Practice, exercitatlo, Prog-?-ess (to make), pro- 

PZeasMre, voluptas, atis, onis,/ ( = habit), Promwe, piomittere, 
Plough^ arare. consuetudo, inis,/ polhccri profiteri. 

P/i/cA:, eve Here. Prazse, la us, d is,/ PronoM?zce,pronuntiare, 

Plnmtree, prunus, i,/ Praise, laudare, collau- eldqui ; — one hap- 
Plunder, dirlpere. dare ; bene dicere c. py, fortunatum prae- 

Plutarch, Plutarchus, i, dat. dicare aliqnem. 

m. Prayers, pieces, um, f. Proper, it is proper for 

Poem, carmen, Inis, n. Precede some one, prae- me, decet c. ace. it is 

poema, atis, n. cedere alicui. not proper, dedecet. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 377 

Properly, rite, probe. Pythagoras^ Pythago- Rtcently, nuper. 
Prophet, vates, is, m. ras, ae, m. Recollect, recordari. 

Propitious, proTp'itius 3. Recompense, merces, 

Proportionately, aequa- Q. edis,/. 

biliter. Quantity, numerus, i, Recover, convalescere. 

Propose, proponere. m. vis (gen. and dat. Red, ruber, bra, brum. 

Propriety (of conduct), wanting, ylur. vires, Redound, redundare. 

honestas, atis,/. lum),/. Refer, referre. 

Prosperity, res secim- Queen, regina, ae,/! Reflect upon, cogitare. 

dae, fortuna, ae,/. Question, quaestio, 6- Reflection, cogitatio, 6- 
Prosperous, prosper, era, nis,/. nis,/. 

erum. Quickly, cito. Refresh, recreare. 

Prostrate, prosternere. Qiwef (s.), quies, etis,/. i?e/i/^e, receptus, us, ?«. 
Protect, custodire. Quiet (a.), quietus 3. Region, regio, onis,/. 

Protection, tutela, ae,/. tranquillus 3. Reject, rejicere, respue- 

praesidium, i, n. Quiet, sedare. re. 

Proud, superbus 3. Quietly, quiete, tran- Reign, regnum, i, n. 

Provided that, modo, quille. Reign, regnare, domi- 

dummodo. [ae,/ nare, imperare. 

Providence, providentia, R. Rejoice, delectare, gau- 

Provident, cautus 3. Race, genus, eris, n. dere. 

Province, provincia, ae, Rage, saevire. Relate, narrare, memo- 

/. Rai7i, iniber, bris, m. rare. 

Provoke, lacessere. [/ Raise, perciere, or per- Relieve, levare. 
Prudence, prudentla ae, cire. Religion, religlo, onis,/ 

Prudent, prudens, tis. Rank, ordo, Inis, m. Religiously, religiose. 
Ptolemy, Ptolemaeus, i. Rapid, rapldus 3. Remain, manere, re- 

m. Rare, rarus 3. [tis,/ manere. 

Pungent, acerbus 3. Rashness, temeritas, a- Remarkable, insignis, e. 
Punic, Punlcus 3. Rather, potius. Remedy, remedium, i, n. 

Punish, punire, multa- Reach, pervenire. Remedy, mederi. 

re. Read, legere ; Remember, reminisci, 

Punishment, poena, ae, through, perlegere ; memlni, recordari c. 

/ supplicium, i, n. to, recitare. gen. or ace. 

Purple flsh, murex, ids, Reading, lectio, onis,/ Remembrance, memoria, 

m. [n. Ready, promptus 3., ae,/ 

Purpose, propositum, i, paratus 3. [us, m. Remind, commonere, 
Pursue, persequi, con- Readiness, promptus, commonefacere. 

sectari ; some- Reap, metere. Remove, resecare. 

thing earnestly, studi- Reason, ratio, onis,/ Removed (to be), abesse. 

osum esse alicujus Reason, there is no reas- Remus, Remus, i, m. 

rei ; literature, on that, non est quod, Renew, refricare. 

literas tractare, nihil est quod ; with- Renown, fama, ae, /, 

Pursuit, tractatio, onis, out reason, temere. gloria, ae,/ 

/ studium, i, n. Recall, revocare. Renowned, clarus 3., no- 

Pylades, Py lades, ae, m. Receive, accipere, susci- biHs, e. 
Pyrenean, Pyrenaeus 3. pere. Repair, sarcire. [re. 

Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus, i, m. Received, exceptus 3. Repel, pellere, repelle- 
32* 



378 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Repent, poenitere ; I 

repent of something, 

poenitet me aliciijus 

rei. 
Report, fama, ae,/. 
Repose, requies, etis,/. 
Reproach, probrum, i, 

n. opprobrium, i, n. 

turpitudo, In is,/ 
Reproach, maledicere. 
Reprove, castigare. 
Reputable, honestus 3. 
Request, petere, rogare 

(ab aliquo). 
Resist, resistere. 
Resound, re son are. 
Resounding, resonus. 
Resource, opes, um. 
Responsible, to become 

responsible, spondere. 
Rest, quies, etis,/. 
Rest upon something, 

niti c. abl. 
Restore, reparare, re- 

cuperare. 
Restrain, coercere. 
Retain, retinere. 
Retire, recedere, disce- 

dere. 
Return, redltus, us, m. 
Return, redire, reverte- 

re, remeare. 
Reverence, vereri. 
Revile, maledicere, c. 

dat. 
Reward, praemlum, i,n. 
Rhine, Rhenus, i, to. 
Rhodes, Rhodus, \,f. 
Rich, dives, itis, locu- 

ples, etis. 
Riches, divitlae, arum,/. 
Ride, equltare. 
Ridge (of mountains), 

jugum, i, n. 
Ridiculous, ridiculus 3. 
Right, jus, juris, n. 
Right (a.), rectus 3. 
Rightly, recte. 



Ripe, maturus 3. 
Rise, oriri. 
Rising, ortus 3. 
River, fluvlus, i, m. am- 

nis, is, m. flumen, 

Inis, n. 
Roar, rudere. 
Rock, rupes, is,/, sax- 

um, i, n. 
Rome, Roma, ae,/ 
Roman (s.), Romanus, 

i, m. 
Roman (a.), Romanus 3. 
Romulus, Romulus, i,m. 
Roof, tectum, i, n. 
Rope, restis, is,/ 
Rough, asper, era, erum. 
Round, rolundus 3. 
Rout, fundere. 
Royal, reglus 3. 
Rub off, detergere. 
Rub thoroughly, perfrl- 

care. 
Rude ( = unskilful), 

rudis e, c. gen. 
Ruin, to go to, dilabi. 
Rule (a carpenter's), 

amussis, is,/ 
Rule, regere, guberna- 

re. [dat. 
Rule over, imperare c. 
Run, currere ; in- 
to, diffluere ; 

through, percurrere. 
Rush in, irriiere. 



Sacred rites, sacra,6rum, 

n. 
Sacredly, sancte. 
Sacredness, sanctitas, 

atis,/ 
Sad, tristis, e. [itis. 

Safe, tutus 3. sospes. 
Safety, salus, utis,/ 
Saguntum, Saguntum, 

i, n. 
Sail, velum, i, n. 



Sailor, nauta, ae, m. 

Salt, sal, salis, m. 

Salutary, salutaris, e. 
saluber or bris, bre. 

Same, is, ea, id ; very 
same, idem, eadem, 
idem ; at the same 
time, simul, una. 

Samnite (s.), Samnis, 
itis, TO. 

Sanction, sancire. 

Sapid, sapid us 3. 

Sappho, Sappho, us,/ 

Satirize, perstringere. 

Save, parcere c. dat. 

Save from, something, 
servare ex or ab al- 
iqua re. 

Say, dicere, inquam (§ 
77. Rule), 

Scarcely, vix. 

Scatter, disjicere. 

Scholar, discipulus, i, to. 

Scholastic instruction, 
institutio scholastica. 

School, schola, ae,/ 

Scipio, Scipio, onis, m. 

Scrape together, conra- 
dere. 

Scruple, scrupulus, i, m. 

Scrupidously, sancte, re- 
ligiose, [to. 

Scythian (s.), Scytha, ae, 

Sea, mare, is, n. 

Season, in season, ma- 
ture. 

Seasoning, condimen- 
tum, i, n. 

Seat, sedes, is,/ [m. 

Sedition, seditio, onis, 

Seditious, seditiosus 3. 

See, videre, consplcari, 
earn ere. 

SeeJc, quaerere. 

Seize, deprehendere, 
comprehendere, ca- 
pere, occiipare, ca- 
pessere. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



379 



Self, ipse (§ 94. 6). 
Self confidence, audacia, 

ae,/. 
Sell, vendere. 
Senate, senatus, us, m. 
Send, mittere ; — —for, 

accire. 
Sense, sensus, us, m. 

mens, tis,/. 
Sensible, prudens, tis. 
Sentiment, seutentia, ae, 

/• 

Separate, separare, dis- 
cludere, secernere. 

Sepulchre, sepulcrum, i, 
n. 

Serious, gravis, e. 

Serve, servire. 

Service, officium, i, n. 

Servitude, servltus, utis, 

/ 
Set out on a journey, 

proficisci. 
Several, plures, a, com- 

plures, a and ia. 
Severe, gravis, e. [f 
Severity, severltas, atis. 
Shake, convellere, labe- 

factare. 
Shame, lam ashamed of 

something, me pudet 

alicujus rei {§ 88. 1). 
Share with some one, 

communlcare cum 

aliquo. 
Sharing in, particeps, 

ipis, consors, tis. 
Shear, tondere, radere. 
Shepherd, pastor, oris, 

m. 
Shin, crus, uris, n. 
Shine forth, elQcere. 
Ship, navis, is,/! [i, w. 
Shipwreck, naufragium. 
Short, brevis, e ; in 

short time, brevi 

(sc. tempore). 
Short time, paulisper. 



Should, debere. 

Shout, clamor, oris, m. 

Show one^s self, se prae- 
bere, se praestare. 

Shun something, aver- 
sari. 

Shut, claudere. 

Sick, aeger, gra, grum. 

Side (on the other), con- 
tra. 

Siege, obisdio, onis, f 
obsesslo, oniSjjT. 

Sight, conspectus, us,m. 

Sign, signum, i, n. ; it 
is the sign of some 
one, estahcujus. 

Silence, silentia, ae,f 

Silent (to be), tacere. 

Silkworm, bombyx,ycis, 
m. 

Silver, argentum, i, n. 

Simple, simplex, icis. 

Sin, peccatum, i, n. 

Sin, peccare. 

Since, quum. 

Sing, rantare, canere. 

Sink, demergere ; 

down, desidere ; 

under, succumbere. 

Sister, soror, oris,/! 

Sit, sedere ; at 

table, accubare. 

Situation, locus, i, m. 

Size, magnitudo, inis,/. 

Skilful, pei'itus 3., pru- 
dens, tis c. gen. 

Sky, coelum, i, n. 

Slave, servus, i, m. 

Slay, occidere, interfi- 
cere. 

Sleep, somnus, i, m. 

Sleep, dormu'c. 

Slender, gracilis, e. 

Slim, procerus 3. 

Small, parvus, 3. 

Small, olfacere. 

Smile upon, arridere. 

Smith, faber, bri, m. 



Snares, insidiae,arum,/. 

Snow, nix, nivis,/! 

So, ita ; so — so as, tam- 

quam ; great, 

tantus 3 ; — — long, 
tamdiu : 



as, dum, quamdiu, 
quoad [§ 110, 4)]; 

many, tot, in- 

decl. ; soon as, 

ubi, simulac (atque) 
[§ 110, 2)]. 

Socrates, Socrates, is,m. 

Soldier, miles, Itis, m. 

Solicitude, sollicitudo, 
inis,y. 

Solid, solid us 3. 

Solon, Solo, onis, m. 

Some, nounulli. 

Some one, alFquis, a, id. 

Sometime, aliquando. 

Sometimes, interdum. 

Son, filius. i, m. 

Son-in-law, gener, eri, 
m. [pore). 

Soon, mox, brevi (tem- 

Sooner, prior. 

Soothe, lenire. 

Sophist, sophista, ae, m. 

Sorrow, aegritudo, inis, 

Soul, animus, i, m. 
Sound, integer, gra, 

grum. 
Sow, serere. 
.Srpam, Hispama, a.e,f. 
Spaniard, liispanus, i, 

m. 
Spare, parcere c. dat. 
Sparta, Sparta, &e,f. 
Speak, dicere, loqui. 
Spectator, spectator, 

oris, m. 
Speech, sermo, onis, m, 

oratio, 6nis,y. 
Spirit, animus, i. m. 

mens, tis,y. ingen- 

ium, i, n. 



380 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Spiritedly, acriter. 
Splendid, splendidus 3., 

nitldus 3. [m. 

Splendor, splendor, oris, 
Split, diffindere. 
Sport, ludus, i, m. 
Spread, pandere; — (= 

cover), oblmere. 
Spring, oriri, Dasci, ex- 

oriri. 
Spurn, spernere, asper- 

nere, fastidire. 
Spy, explorator, oris, m. 
Stab, confodere. 
Stability, stabilitas, atis, 

f. perpetmtas, atis,/; 
Stadium, stadium, i, n. 
Staff, scipio, on is, m. 
Stand, stare. 
Star, Stella, ae,f. 
State, respublica, rei- 

publicae, f, civitas, 

atis, f. ; at the cost 

of the State, publico. 
Station, statio, onis, f. 
Statue, statua, ae,f. 
Stay {== large rope), 

rudens, tis, m. 
Steel, chalybs, ybis, m. 
Steep, praeceps, cipitis, 

arduus 3. 
Step, passu s, us, 7n. 
Stern, puppis, is,f. 
Stick, haerere. 
Still, adhuc, porro. 
Stone, lapis, idis, m. 
Stone, of stone, lapi- 

deus 3. 
Stork, cicoma, ae,/! 
Storm, procella, ae, f. 

tempestas, atis,f. 
Strengthen, firmare. 
Stretch, tendere. 
Strife, lis, litis,/. 
Strike, ferire. 
Strive, studere c. dat., 

petere c. ace, niti ad 

aliquid, tendere, con- 



tendere ; — against, 
reluctari ; — against 
something, niti, in ali- 
quid ; to obtain, 

petere, expetere, sec- 
tari. 

Strong, valid us 3. 

Study, studium, i, n. 

Subdue, domare, perdo- 
mare. 

Subject, civis, is, c. 

Subjugate, subigere. 

Succeed, succedere. 

Such, talis, e ; is, ea, id. 

Sudden, subltus 3. 

Suddenly, sublto. 

Suffer, pati, perpeti ; 

-from, laborare 

c. abl. 

Suffciently, satis. 

Suitable, idoneus, a,um. 

Sulla, Sullae, ae, m. 

Summer, aestas, atis, f 

Sun, sol, solis, m. 

Super stition,suTperstitio, 
onis,/. 

Suppliant, supplex,rcis. 

Supplicate, supplicare. 

Supply, suppedltare. 

Support, fulcire. 

Supremacy, principatus, 
us, m, summum im- 
perlum. 

Surely, certe, sane. 

Surface, aequor, oris, n. 

Surpass, praestare, c. 
dat. 

Surprise, obreperec.dat. 

Surrender, tradere. 

Surround, circumdare, 
cingere, ambire ; of- 
fundi alicui rei. 

Surviving, superstes, 
Itis c. dat. 

Sustain, sustentare. [/. 

Swallow, hirundo, inis, 

Swear, jurare. 



Sioeet, dulcis, e. 
Swift, celer, eris, ere, 

velox, ocis. 
Swiftly, celeiiter, cito. 
Swiftness, celerltas, atis, 

/• 

Swollen, turgidus 3. 

Sword, gladius, i, m. en- 
sis, is, m. ferrum, i,n. 

Syracuse, Syracusae, 
arum, f 

Syria, Syria, ae,f 

T. 

Table, tabula, ae,f 
Table (to sit at), accu- 

bare. 
Take, capere, adimere ; 

away, tollere, 

auferre, demere, ad- 
imere ; Jlre, ex- 

ardescere; — from, 

eripere ; one's 

self off, facessere ; 

possession of 

occiipare ; up. 



tollere ; 



upon 



one's self, suscipere. 
Talent (sum of money), 

talentura, i, n. 
Tame, cicur, uris. 
Tame, domare. 
Tanaquil, Tanaquil, 

Tarentum, Tarentum, 
i, m. [m. 

Tarquin, Tarquinins, i, 

Tarquinius Superbus, 
Tarquinius Super- 
bus, m. 

Tarquinius, Collatinus, 
Tarquinius, Collati- 
nus, m. [tare. 

Taste, gustare, degus- 

Teach, docere c. dupl. 
ace. [^ 89, 5. b)]. 

Teachable, docilis 3. 

Teacher, praeceptor. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



381 



oris, m. m agister, tri, 

m. 
Tear in pieces, lacerare, 

dilacerare. 
Tell, dicere. 
Temple, templum, i, n. 

aedes, Js,f. 
Tender, tener, era, 

erum. 
Tenderly, pie. 
Terrible, terribilis, e. 
Territory, finis, is, m. 
Thahs, Thales, is, m. 
Thames, Tamesis, is, 

m. 
Than, quam. 
Thanks (to give), gra- 

tias agere. 
That, ille, a, ud ; is, ea, 

id ; iste, a, ud. 
That, that not, see § 

105—108. 
The — so much the (with 

the comparative), quo 

— eo, quanto — tanto. 
Thehan Thebanus, i, m. 
Thebes, Thebae,arum,/'. 
Themistocles, Themisto- 

cles, is, m. 
Tlien, turn, deinde. 
Thence, illinc, inde. 
Theophrastus, Theo- 

phrastus, i, m. 
There, ibi. 
There are, sunt ; — is, 

est. 
Thermopylae, Thermo- 
pylae, arum,/! 
Thick, crassus 3. 
Thicket, frutex, icis, m. 
Thing, res, re],f. 
Think, putare, arbitra- 

ri, existlmare, cogl- 

tare ; of, med- 

itari. 
Thirst, sitis, is,/. 
Thirst, si tire. 
This, hie, haec, hoc. 



Thornbush, sentes, ium, 

m. 
Thou, tu. 

Thovghtless, levis, e. 
Threaten, minari; — (= 

impend), impendere, 

imminere. 
Threatening, minax, a~ 

cis. 
Three-headed, triceps, 

cipjtis. 
Thrust down, detrude- 

re ; out, extru- 

dere. 
Thumb, pollex, icis, m. 
Thunder, tonitru, u, n. 
Thunder, tonare. 
Thus, ita. [um. 

Thy or thine, tuus, a, 
Tiberius, Tiberius, i, m. 
Time, tempus, oris, n. 
Time, long time, diu. 
Timid, timidiis 3. 
Timoleon, Timoleon, 

ntis, m. 
Timotheus, Timotheus, 

i, m. 
Tire out, defatigare, de- 

fetisci. 
Titus, Titus, i, m. 
Together, una. 
Toil, labor, oris, m. 

opera, a,/. 
Tomi, Tomi, orum, m. 
Tomorroiv, eras. 
Tongue, lingua, ae,/. 
Too much, nimlum. 
Tooth, dens, tis, m. 
Torment, cruclare, vex- 

are, torquere. 
Torrent, torrens, tis, m. 
Torture, cruciatus, us, 

m. tormentum, i, n. 
Torture, cruciare, tor- 
quere. 
Toufh, tangere attin- 

gere, contingere. 
Tower, turris, is,/! 



Trace, vestigium, i, n. 

Track, vestigium, i, n. 

Trader, m creator, oris, 
m. [m. 

Ti-aitor, proditor, oris, 

Trajan, Trajanus, i, m. 

Transgress, migrare, c. 
ace. [gestire. 

Transported (to be), 

Travel through, emetiri. 

Treachery, proditio, o- 
nis,/ [J. 

Treason, proditio, onis, 

Treat, tractare. 

Tree, arbor, oris,/! 

Tremble, contremiscere. 

Trench, fossa, ae,/! 

Tribune of the people^ 
tribunusplebis. 

Trojan, Trojanus 3. 

Troop, agmen, Inis, n. 

Troops, copiae, arum,/ 

Trouble, molestia, ae,/. 
aerumna, ae,/. 

Trouble, angere ; 

one^s self about some- 
thing, curare allquid, 
operam dare. 

Troublesome, molestus 
3., impoi tunus 3. 

Troy, Troja, ae,/ 

Truce, indutlae, arum, 

/• 

True, verus 3. 

Trunk (of a tree), cau- 

dex, Icis, m. 
Trust in, fidere c. abl. 
Trust one, credere, fi- 
dere, fidem habere, 

alicui. 
Truth, Veritas, atis,/! 
Try, tentare, conari, 

experiri. 
Tullus Hostilms, Tul- 

lus Hostillus, m. 
Turn out, evadere ; — 

out ivell, contingere ; 

— towards, conver- 



382 ENG-LISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 

tere ; — upon some- Untimely (adv.), intern- facessere ; vex 

thing, defigere in c. pestive. to death, enecare. 

abl. Uhmse, insipleiis, tis. Vexation, angor, 6ns,m. 

Twisted, tortus S. Unworthy, indignus 3. Vice (= viciousness), 
Tyrant, Tyrannus i, m. c. abl. vitiosltas, atis,/. 

Tyrian{s.), Tyrius, i,m. Uptight, probus 3. hon- Vice, vitlnm, i, 7n. 

estiis 3. Vicissitude,\iic\s, vicis,/. 

U. Uprightly, probe. Victory, victoria, ae,/. 

Udder, uber, eris, n. Uprightness, probitas, View, conspectus, us,m. 

Ulysses, Ulixes, is, m. atis, /.honestas,atis,/. View (= sentiment), 

Umbrenus, Umbrenus, Use, usus, us, m, sententia, ae,/. 

i, m. Use, uti c. abl. Vigorously, strenue. 

Unacquainted ivith, ig- Useful, utTlis, e. Vine-branch, tradux, u- 

narus 3. imprudens. Useless, inutllis, e. cis, m. 

ntis. UticM, Utica, ae,/. Violate, violare. 

Unarmed, inermis, e. Violant, violentus 3., 
Uncertain, incertus 3., V. vehemens, tis, atrox, 

anceps, cipltis. Vain, irritus 3. ocis. 

Uncover, detegere. Vain, in vain, nequic- Violently, graviter. 

Understand, intelligere, quam. Virgil, Virgillus, i, m. 

tenere. Valuable, canm '3. Virgin, Vwgo, mis, f. 

Understanding, mens, Fa^we, pre tium, i, n. Fifr^we, virtus, utis,/. 

tis,/ Value, aestimare, cen- Virtuous, honestus 3. 

Undertake, suscipere, sere magni etc. Force, vox, vocis,/. 

moliri. Vanish, avolare. Volcanic, ignivomus 3. 

Unfavorable, iniquus 3. Vanquish, vincere, de- Vow, vovere. 

C7?7/bre5een,impr6visus3. vincere. Vulture, vultur, uris, m. 

Unfortunate, calamito- Vapor, vapor, oris, m. 

sus 3., miser 3. Variance (to be at), dis- W. 

Ungrateful, ingratus 3. cordare. Wages, stipendium, i, n. 

Uninjured, integer, gra. Variegated, discolor, Wait, expectare. 

grum. oris. Walk (to take), ambu- 

Unintelligent, impm- Various, varlus 3. lare ; — go to walk, 

dens, tis. Vein (swollen), varix, ambulare. 

Unite, conjungere, con- icis, m. Walk upon, incedere. 

cillare. Venison, caro ferina. Wall (of a house), pa- 
Unjustly, injuste. carnis ferinae. ries, etis,/. — (as a 

Unknown, incognltus. Venues, Verres, is, m. protection), moenla, 

Unless, nisi. Versed in, peritus 3., ium, n. — (as a 
Unlike, dissimllis, e. consultus 3. structure), munus. 

Unmindful of, imme- Very, admodum, valde. eris, n. 

mor c. gen. Very often, persaepe. Wander, errare. 

Unprnfddblc, inutllis, e. Vespasian, Vespasia- Wandering, error, oris, 
Unrestrained, e^nswsZ. nus, i, »?. m. 

Unripe, immaturus 3. Vessel, vas, vasis, n. Want, egestas, atis, /, 

Unskilful, imperitus 3. Vesta, vesta, ae,/ inopta, ae,/. 

Until, donee, quoad, Vesuvius, Ves\\v\\\s,\,m. IFrm/, carere c. abl. 

dum. Vex, angeie, negotlum War, bellum, \,n. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



383 



Warfare, res militaris. 
Wares, merx, rcis,/. 
Warlike, bellicosus 3. 
Warm, callldus 3. 
Wash, lavare. 
Waste, atteiere, confi- 

cere. 
Watch, vigilare ; keep 

watch, exciibare. 
Water, aqua, ae,/. 
Waver, vacillare. 
Way, via, ae,/. iter, iti- 

neris, n. 
Way (= manner), mo- 
dus, i, m. 
Way (to stand in), ob- 

stare, ofFlcere c. dat. 
Weak, infirmus 3., im- 

potens, tis. 
Weaken, diluere. 
Weakness, infirmitas, a- 

tis,/. 
Wealthy, locuples, etis. 
Wearied, fessus, 3. 
Weary (to be), defetisci, 

defatigari. 
Weather, tempestas,atis, 

/• 

Weep, flere. 
Welfare, salus, iuis,/". 
Well [to be), valere. 
Weser, Visurgis, is, m. 
West, occldens, ntis. 
Wether, vervex, ecis, m. 
Jfhat (in number or 

order) ? quotus ? 3. 
When, quum. 
JVhenct, unde. 
Where, ubi. 
Whereivith, qui. 
Whether (in indirect 

questions), num, 

ne, utrum. 
Whetstone, cos, cotis,/. 
Which of the two, uter, 

tra, trum. 
While, dum. 
Whither, quo. 



Who, qui, quae, quod. 
Who ? inter, 'quis, quae, 

quid ? 
Whoever you please, 

quilibet. 
Whole, universus 3., 

omnis, e. 
Wholly, omniuo. 
Why, cur. 
Wicked, impius 3., sce- 

leratus 3., improbus 

3., malef Icus 3. 
Wickedly, improbe. 
Wickedness, pravitas, 

atis,/. 
Wide, amplus 3. 
Widely, late. 
Wife, uxor, 6ns, f. 
Wild, ferus 3. 
Will, testamentum, i,n. 

voluntas, atis,/. 
^i7/, velle; not to will, 

nolle. 
Willow, siler, eris, n. 
Wind, ventus, i, m. 
Wine, vinum, i, n. 
Winter, hiems, emis,/. 
Wisdom, consilium, i, n. 
Wise, sapiens, tis, pru- 
de ns, tis. 
Wisely, sapienter, pru- 

denter. 
Wise man, sapiens, tis, 

m. 
Wish, optare, velle, cu- 

pere. 
Wit, sal, salis, m. 
Without (to be), carere. 
Wolf, lupus, i, m. 
Woman, mulier, eris, /. 

femina ae,/ 
Wonder, mirari. 
Wood, lignum, i, n. 
Wood (a.), silva, ae, /. 
Wooden, of wood, lig- 

neus 3. 
Wood-pigeon,-^a\umbQS, 

is, m. 



Word, verbum, i, n. 
Work, opus, eris, n. 
World, mundus, i, m. 
Worm, vermis, is, m. 
Worthy, dignus 3. c. 

abl. 
Wrest from, extorquere. 
Wretched, miser, era, 

erum. 
Wretchedness, miseri'a, 

ae,/ aerumna, ae,/ 
Write, scribere. 
Writer, scriptor, oris, m. 
Writing, scriptum, i, n. 
Writing-tablet, codicil- 

li, orum, m. 
Wrong, injuria, ae,/. 
Wj'ong {do), delinquere. 

X. 

Xenocrates, Xenocra- 

tes, is, m. 
Xenophon, Xenophon, 

outis, 7n. 
Xerxes, Xerxes, is, m. 



Year, annus, i, m. this 

year, (adv.), homo. 
Yes, see § 115. 5. 
Yes, (to say), aio, [§ 77. 

1)]. 
Yesterday, heri, hodie. 
Yet, at, tamen. 
Young man, juvenis, is, 

m. [inis,/. 

Young ivoman, virgo, 
Younger, natu minor. 
Your, vester, tra, trum. 
Ybw^/i, juventus, utis,/ 

adolescentia, ae,/. 
Youth (a), adolescens, 

tis, m. adolescentu- 

lus, i, ?w. juvenis, is,m. 

Z. 

Zeal, studium, i, n. 
Zealously, naviter. 



ERRATA. 

Page ]3, line 7, read proavus for proavu. p. 17, 1. 18, debeo for dobeo. 
23, 34, consonants for vowels. 25, 24, bona for bona. 29, 25, name (m.) for 
name {n.). 32, 9, neuter ^ox feminine. 33, 39, antecedet for antecedet. 34, 
20, venator, oris for venator, oris. 35, 38, adversis for adveris. 39, 1, wild 
for mild. 42, 33, object for objective. 43, 36, cantus, us, m. for cantus, us 
n. 47, 25, vitupero for vitupero. 51, 5, quoddam for quodam. 60, 10, Ro- 
mam for Roman. 61. 1 , (ob) for (ab). 62, 26, Aenea for Aena. 68, 25, ate 
for were. 69, 5, frater for fater. 71, 7, premature for primature. 83, 29, 
porticus for portlcus. 83, 31, old woman for old man. 90, 8, amatus for 
amamatus. 105, 5, comparo for comparo. 109, 37, potio for portio. 132, 1, 
coena for coeno. 146, 24, flagitiafor flagita. 1.52, 9, heat for heart. 157, 10, 
spondeo for spandeo. 210, 2, pluit for puit. 253, 23, molestus for molcstus. 
255, 7, idonei for idoni. 263, 23, sentence for sentences. 291, bottom, third 
for second. 303, 10, Hac for Haec. 307, 10, flectendum for lectendum. 307, 
note, pick for prick. 310, 8, philosophum for philospophum. 329, 14, Canio 
or Canto. 



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